Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 9182747, 4 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9182747

Research Article

Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: An Emerging Health Threat in Aseer Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Mohammed K. Almaghrabi,¹ Martin R. P. Joseph,¹ Mohammed M. Assiry,² and Mohamed E. Hamid¹

¹Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
²Microbiology Laboratories, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia

Correspondence should be addressed to Mohammed K. Almaghrabi; malmaghrabi@kku.edu.sa

Received 25 May 2017; Revised 31 October 2017; Accepted 14 December 2017; Published 4 February 2018

Academic Editor: José A. Oteo

Copyright © 2018 Mohammed K. Almaghrabi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Objective. The study aims to determine the prevalence of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii in Aseer Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods. This study evaluated the antibiotic susceptibility of ninety-four (n = 94) clinical isolates of A. baumannii. The isolates were collected from the south region of Saudi Arabia, and notably Aseer Region, during the period from 15 October 2014 to 15 January 2015. The isolates were tentatively identified as A. baumannii by routine bench tests and were confirmed by using VITEK® 2 Compact. The latest instrument was used to identify antibiotic susceptibility of these isolates. Results. Antibiotic susceptibility in this study showed that 69% of these isolates were multidrug-resistant strains. Moreover, they were highly resistant to carbapenem drugs. Several strains of these isolates were found to be extremely resistant to test antibiotics and were only sensitive to one or two of them. Conclusion. High rate of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii bacteraemia has emerged in the south region of Saudi Arabia as an important health problem. Therefore, it is considered as a new threat in hospitals, which requires a tremendous effort to stop its escalation and spread.

1. Introduction

Acinetobacter baumannii is a strictly aerobic, nonmotile, Gram-negative, nonfermentative, oxidase-negative, and catalase-positive organism. Within the healthcare settings, Acinetobacter baumannii has become a common pathogen, which can infect the respiratory tract, blood, soft tissues, and urinary tract of an individual. It is the etiological agent of nosocomial infections resulting in septicemia, meningitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, wound, and urinary tract infections [1, 2]. There are 32 Acinetobacter named and unnamed species, which have been identified [3]. The Acinetobacter species cause infections, which are associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates [4, 5].

A. baumannii is tolerant to wide ranges of temperature, pH, and humidity. Studies have shown that this bacterium can survive on dry surfaces for 5 months, posing a challenge to hospital infection control measures [4]; therefore, this pathogen is considered as progressively important nosocomial pathogen, which can cause outbreak of serious infections. Despite the fact that the organism is often nosocomial, initial infection can be transmitted by patients, admitted from other hospitals [6, 7].

Almost 25 years ago, A. baumannii was found to be resistant against antimicrobial drugs, such as aminopenicillins, cephalosporins, first- and second-generation cephalosporins, cephamycins, aminoglycosides, ureidopenicillins, chloramphenicol, and tetracyclines. Strains of A. baumannii have started to acquire resistance to newly developed antimicrobial drugs and become prevalent in many hospitals [8]. More recently, the term “extensively drug-resistant” A. baumannii (XDRAB) has been used to characterize bacterial isolates resistant to all authorized antibiotics except two categories of antibiotic such as tigecycline and polymyxins [9].

The possibility of A. baumannii isolation from hospitalized patients is related to some important factors, such as bacterial colonization, medical staff-to-patient ratio, and other ward characteristics [10]. The current study was designed to determine the prevalence of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii in Aseer Region. Bacterial strains were isolated from patients who attended Aseer Central Hospital, Aseer Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

2. Materials and Methods

2. 1. Ethical Approval

This research was approved by Research Ethics Committee, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.

2.2. Bacterial Isolates

94 clinical isolates of A. baumannii were collected from the south region of Saudi Arabia and notably Aseer Region (Figure 1) during the period from 15 October 2014 to 15 January 2015. All these strains were initially isolated and identified in Aseer Central Hospital laboratory and were sent to Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, for further assessment.

Figure 1: Multidrug resistance pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii.

2.3. Media and Reagents

Two culture media were used in this experiment: blood agar (Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, and Hampshire, United Kingdom) and MacConkey agar (Oxoid). MacConkey agar was used as a selective and differential medium; while, blood agar was used for other processes, such as the sensitivity test. Biochemical reagents, such as catalase, oxidase, and indole, were used as initial identification tests.

2.4. Bacterial Identification and Purification

All clinical isolates were cultured on blood and MacConkey agar and then tested for Gram staining to identify Gram reaction and bacterial morphology. In order to ensure that all isolates are pure, they were cultured several times. Several biochemical tests were undertaken to confirm that all these isolates were belonging to A. baumannii, such as catalase, oxidase, and indole tests. Identification of all strains was done, using the automated VITEK 2 system (bioMérieux) following manufacturer instructions as briefly described below.

2.5. Antibiotic Susceptibility of A. baumannii

All isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility, using the automated VITEK 2 Compact system. All samples were cultured on blood agar, and then, a suspension was made for every isolate. Liquid suspension of all isolates was loaded on the VITEK system and left overnight to get the results. The next day, the results have illustrated the identification and antibiotic susceptibility of loaded samples.

VITEK 2 system was used for authenticating names of Acinetobacter species as described by the manufacturer (bioMérieux Inc., Durham, NC 27712, USA). The VITEK card contains 64 wells, which hold different fluorescent biochemical assays. Out of the 64, 20 were carbohydrate assimilation; 4 were phosphatase, urea, nitrate, and actidione tests. The VITEK 2 machine controlled the card automatically including the filling, sealing, and then transferring the cards into the linked incubator (35°C). Each output report is decoded according to a particular algorithmic system. The acquired results were compared to the ID-GN (identification of Gram-negative bacteria) databank. In case of most known Acinetobacter species with a clear cut profile, the system led to a correct identification of the unknown organism.

3. Results

3.1. Identification of Tested Isolates

Colony characteristics of isolated colonies were obtained using blood and MacConkey agar. On MacConkey agar, colonies of A. baumannii appeared as a nonlactose fermenter. On blood agar, colonies of all isolates were appeared as nonpigmented, domed, and mucoid, with smooth-to-pitted surfaces in a diameter of 1-2 mm colonies. All strains of A. baumannii were found to be catalase positive and oxidase/indole negative. The isolates were tentatively identified as A. baumannii by routine bench tests and have been confirmed by using VITEK 2 Compact.

3.2. Antibiotic Susceptibility of A. baumannii

Antibiotic susceptibility testing has shown that 69% of these isolates were multidrug-resistant strains (Figure 1). 34 isolates were resistant to all antibiotics of interest and were only sensitive to colistin. The results have also shown that 15 of these isolates were only sensitive to colistin and a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, whereas 21 of isolates were sensitive to the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. One isolate and other two of them were resistant to all tested antibiotics except piperacillin and amikacin and tobramycin, respectively. The correlation between the number of isolates and their sensitivity to all tested antibiotics is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Numbers of sensitive Acinetobacter baumannii isolates to tested antibiotics.

4. Discussion

Multidrug-resistant A. baumannii is currently a major cause of respiratory infections in intensive care unit patients. However, Acinetobacter was identified as a low-virulent pathogen, which infects mostly immunocompromised hosts; however, the emergence of resistant strains to antibiotics over the past several years has increased. Therefore, the concern toward this phenomenon has increased as well. MDR A. baumannii is recognized as one of the most difficult nosocomial pathogens to be treated and controlled [11, 12].

In this study, multidrug-resistant and extensively resistant A. baumannii strains have been isolated and identified in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. The study has shown that 74% of these isolates are multidrug-resistant strains. Among these MDR strains, approximately 50% are extensively drug-resistant isolates, which are sensitive to colistin and resistant to all other drugs of choice. This should raise the concern toward this potentially dangerous pathogen. The most effective antibiotic with high spectrum to treat A. baumannii is colistin (60%) and then the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (46%); these rates of spectrums were approximately compatible with previous studies [13].

A. baumannii isolates were extremely resistant to two carbapenem drugs: imipenem and meropenem. Among tested strains, only 5 (0.05%) and 4 (0.04%) isolates were susceptible to imipenem and meropenem, respectively. This process indicated that these isolates were more dangerous than previously identified MDR strains, which showed more than 90% susceptibility to both drugs [8].

Susceptibility of A. baumannii to carbapenems showed a clear drop, and it denotes a main epidemiological worry. The resistance mechanism was found due to class D OXA-type enzymes (oxa-23 and oxa-24/40) with carbapenemase activity [14]. This fact made the medical choices very limited mainly based on polymyxin combinations with other antibiotics. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. have been described from many parts of the world, and Saudi Arabia is not an exception [15]. These authors examined 64 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates during 2013 and 2014 from four different medical centers in Saudi Arabia and Egypt. All the isolates were found to be resistant to ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin. They reported the emergence of ST236 in Saudi Arabia and Egypt and the spread of distinct carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii clones belonging to ST884, ST945, and ST1096 in Saudi Arabia [15]. Another study revealed a detailed molecular analysis of many isolates from Saudi Arabia including the detection of OXA-58 gene in five isolates and other OXA genes [16]. A number of studies must be undertaken to eliminate extra emergence and distribution of this potent pathogen across the country. Some molecular projects are being processed and designed to study the type of antibiotic-resistant genes in these strains.

5. Conclusion

Higher rate of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii bacteraemia has emerged in the southern region of Saudi Arabia as an important health issue. Such a higher prevalence has now been considered as a new threat in the clinical settings, which requires a tremendous effort to stop its escalation and spread. The occurrence of Acinetobacter strains and the antimicrobial resistance degree continue to rise. The results among the patients, exposed to infections from these organisms, were discovered to be strong enough. Acinetobacter strains also indicated vast challenges for the healthcare facilities, public health, and elderly population.

Consent

Informed consent has been obtained from the participants before starting the procedures.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge microbiology staff at the laboratory of Aseer Central Hospital for their cooperation in passing these isolates to the laboratory.

References

C. K. Murray and D. R. Hospenthal, “Treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter,” Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 502–506, 2005.

M. L. Joly-Guillou, “Clinical impact and pathogenicity of Acinetobacter,” Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 868–873, 2005.

L. Dijkshoorn, A. Nemec, and H. Seifert, “An increasing threat in hospitals: multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii,” Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 939–951, 2007.

A. Kramer, I. Schwebke, and G. Kampf, “How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review,” BMC Infectious Diseases, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 130, 2006.

L. S. Young, A. L. Sabel, and C. S. Price, “Epidemiologic, clinical, and economic evaluation of an outbreak of clonal multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection in a surgical intensive care unit,” Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1247–1254, 2007.

K. Montefour, J. Frieden, S. Hurst et al., “Acinetobacter baumannii: an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen in critical care,” Critical Care Nurse, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 15–25, 2008.

A. T. Bernards, H. M. Frenay, B. T. Lim et al., “Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii: an unexpected difference in epidemiologic behavior,” American Journal of Infection Control, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 544–551, 1998.

A. M. Al Jarousha, A. H. El Jadba, A. S. Al Afifi, and Iyad A. El Qouqa, “Nosocomial multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in the neonatal intensive care unit in Gaza City, Palestine,” International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 623–628, 2009.

C. Çelik, M. Gözel, F. Dayı, and E. Gültürk, “Increasing antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens; multidrug-resistant extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii,” Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 7–12, 2014.

A. Abbo, S. Navon-Venezia, O. Hammer-Muntz, T. Krichali, Y. Siegman-Igra, and Y. Carmeli, “Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 22–29, 2005.

C. C. Chang, C. H. Lu, C. R. Huang et al., “Culture-proven bacterial meningitis in elderly patients in southern Taiwan: clinical characteristics and prognostic factors,” Acta Neurologica Taiwanica, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 84–91, 2006.

A. F. Saleem, I. Ahmed, F. Mir, S. R. Ali, and A. K. M. Zaidi, “Pan-resistant Acinetobacter infection in neonates in Karachi, Pakistan,” Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 30–37, 2010.

M. E. Falagas, K. Z. Vardakas, and N. S. Roussos, “Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for Acinetobacter spp.: a review of current microbiological and clinical evidence,” International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 231–241, 2015.

S. Al-Obeid, L. Jabri, M. Al-Agamy, A. Al-Omari, and A. Shibl, “Epidemiology of extensive drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (XDRAB) at Security Forces Hospital (SFH) in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA),” Journal of Chemotherapy, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 156–162, 2015.

B. S. Lopes, M. H. Al-Agamy, M. A. Ismail et al., “The transferability of blaOXA-23 gene in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Saudi Arabia and Egypt,” International Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol. 305, no. 6, pp. 581–588, 2015.

M. Aly, H. T. Tayeb, S. M. Al Johani et al., “Genetic diversity of OXA-51-like genes among multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,” European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 1223–1228, 2014.