Complexity
Volume 2019 (2019), Article ID 4706491, 10 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4706491

Research Article

Exponential Synchronization of Chaotic Xian System Using Linear Feedback Control

J. Humberto Pérez-Cruz,¹ Pedro A. Tamayo-Meza,¹ Maricela Figueroa,¹ Ramón Silva-Ortigoza,² Mario Ponce-Silva,³ R. Rivera-Blas,² and Mario Aldape-Pérez²

¹Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Unidad Azcapotzalco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 02250, Mexico
²Área de Mecatrónica, Centro de Innovación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07700, Mexico
³Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, Tecnológico Nacional de México, CENIDET, Cuernavaca 62490, Mexico

Correspondence should be addressed to J. Humberto Pérez-Cruz; jhperez@ipn.mx

Received 28 January 2019; Revised 3 June 2019; Accepted 23 June 2019; Published 25 July 2019

Academic Editor: Mohammed Chadli

Copyright © 2019 J. Humberto Pérez-Cruz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

In this paper, a new linear feedback controller for synchronization of two identical chaotic systems in a master-slave configuration is presented. This controller requires knowing a priori Lipschitz constant of the nonlinear function of the chaotic system on its attractor. The controller development is based on an algebraic Riccati equation. If the gain matrix and the matrices of Riccati equation are selected in such a way that a unique positive definite solution is obtained for this equation, then, with respect to previous works, a stronger result can be guaranteed here: the exponential convergence to zero of the synchronization error. Additionally, the nonideal case is also studied, that is, when unmodeled dynamics and/or disturbances are present in both master system and slave system. On this new condition, the synchronization error does not converge to zero anymore. However, it is still possible to guarantee the exponential convergence to a bounded zone. Numerical simulation confirms the satisfactory performance of the suggested approach.

1. Introduction

The problem of the unidirectional synchronization of chaotic systems consists of finding an appropriate control law such that when this is applied to a system with coupled inputs called “slave” or “response,” such system follows the dynamics of an autonomous chaotic system called “master” or “drive” [1–11]. This proper control action is necessary because, without it, two identical autonomous chaotic systems could never be synchronized due to their high sensitivity to initial conditions [12–18].

During the last three decades, several strategies have been proposed to solve the synchronization problem when the structure and the parameters of both chaotic systems are known. One of these approaches is active control [19–31]. In this approach, the controller is selected based on the synchronization error dynamics in such a way that the nonlinearities are compensated and the dynamics equations are decoupled [32]. Another approach is nonlinear control [33–40]. In this technique, given a Lyapunov function candidate , the control law is selected considering that the first derivative of must be compelled to be negative definite [41]. Hence, the asymptotic convergence to zero of the synchronization error can be guaranteed. The aforementioned strategies present two drawbacks: (a) their practical implementation can be difficult, particularly for analog systems; (b) the controller can be expensive with respect to the consumption of energy. These problems can be avoided if a linear feedback controller is used [42–45]. This kind of controller is formed by the product of a gain matrix and the negative synchronization error, , that is, In [46], Wang et al. proposed an approach for synchronization of Chen system using linear feedback control. Given a proper Lyapunov function candidate, they could express the first time derivative of this function as a quadratic form of the synchronization error absolute value. Thus, by taking into account the conditions on which this quadratic form is negative definite, they could guarantee the asymptotic convergence to zero. This result was obtained by using only a unique control input. Based on this technique, the synchronization of the unified chaotic system and Lü system was presented in [47] and [48], respectively. It is important to mention that both Chen system and unified system are formed by five linear terms and two cross-product terms. Lü system is formed by four linear terms and two cross-product terms. Both cross-product terms are exactly the same expression in the three cases. By using Wang’s technique, Yassen synchronized a four-scroll chaotic system formed by three linear terms and three cross-product terms [49]. However, to be able to guarantee the asymptotic convergence, Yassen had to use three control inputs. Likewise, Liu chaotic system was synchronized in [50] with three control inputs and using the same procedure but applied from a more general perspective. Based on the same technique but with a unique control input, hyperchaotic Lorenz–Stenflo system formed by eight linear terms and two cross-product terms, and Lü hyperchaotic system formed by seven linear terms and two cross-product terms were synchronized in [51] and [52], respectively. In spite of the aforementioned successful applications, this technique has two main disadvantages: (a) the design procedure must be particularized to each system; (b) the technique is valid only for a very constrained class of systems. On the other hand, by using linearization and Lyapunov’s direct methods and linear feedback control, a sufficient synchronization criterion was presented in [42] for the case of generalized Lorenz systems. A wider class (but still restrictive) of systems were considered in [44] for synchronization based on linear feedback control. In all the aforementioned works, only the asymptotic convergence of the synchronization error can be guaranteed. To overcome this situation and the limitations of Wang's technique, in this paper, a new linear feedback controller based on a matrix Riccati equation is presented. This procedure requires knowing a priori Lipschitz constant of nonlinear function of the chaotic system on its attractor. If the gain matrix and the matrices of the Riccati equation are selected in such a way that this equation has a unique positive definite solution, then a stronger result can here be established: the exponential convergence to zero of the synchronization error. The proposed strategy can be applied to a very wide class of systems. However, for simplicity, the attention is focused on a system recently reported by Xian et al in [53]. Despite the similarity between this system and the system synchronized by Yassen in [49] (the main difference is only a unique cross-product term), Wang’s technique is not able to handle this new system.

Throughout this paper, given a vector denotes the Euclidean norm of , that is, ; given a matrix and denote the minimum and maximum eigenvalues of , respectively; denotes the two-norm of , that is, .

2. System Description

The system proposed by Xian [53] is a new generalized third-order Lü chaotic system formed by three linear terms and four cross-product terms. The system can be described as

where , and are the system states and , and are constant parameters. This system shows chaotic behavior for the values and the initial condition , and . In Figure 1, the corresponding attractor is shown. The time series for the states , and during the first twenty seconds of numerical simulation are plotted in Figure 2.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 1: Attractor for Xian system: (a) phase plane, (b) phase plane, (c) phase plane, and (d) phase space.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: Time evolution of states of Xian system for first 20 seconds: (a) state , (b) state , and (c) state .

It can be noted that, by using vector notation, system (1) can succinctly be represented as follows:

where

3. Problem Formulation

The simpler structure for synchronization of chaotic systems is master-slave configuration. In this one, a slave chaotic system with control inputs must follow the dynamic behavior of an autonomous master chaotic system. For system (2), the corresponding master system can be represented simply as

where and subscript m denotes “master.” The corresponding slave system for system (2) is given by

where , , and are control inputs, and the subscript s denotes “slave.” Define the synchronization error [54] as

Thus, the problem of synchronization based on linear feedback control for systems (7) and (6) consists of finding an appropriate control law of the form

where

and , , and are real constants selectable by the designer in such a way that

4. Background Results

In this section, some basic definitions and results are reviewed briefly.

Definition 1 (see [55–57]). A function is said to be locally Lipschitz on if there exists a constant (known as Lipschitz constant) such that, for all , the following inequality holds:

Finally, is said to be globally Lipschitz if it satisfies (11) with

Lemma 2 (see [56, 57]). If a function is continuously differentiable on a set , then it is locally Lipschitz on .

Based on Lemma 2, a procedure can be established in order to calculate the Lipschitz constant [56]. For example, consider the function

on the set . Let us define and such that and . Then, on , and . On the other hand, the Jacobian matrix of is given by

Let us define the matrix as

That is, is formed by the maximum absolute values of each corresponding component in (13). Consequently,

Finally, a Lipschitz constant for (12) on the set can be taken as

Lemma 3 (see [58]). For any vectors and any positive definite matrix , the following inequality holds:

Lemma 4 (see [58]). The matrix Riccati equation

with known constant matrices has a unique positive definite solution if the following conditions are satisfied:

(a)(b) is Hurwitz(c)The pair is controllable(d)The pair is observable(e)The following matrix inequality holds:

5. Main Results

In this section, the conditions under which the control law (9) can synchronize system (7) with respect to system (6) are found. First, the dynamics of the synchronization error is determined. By taking the first derivative of (8), we obtain

By substituting (7) and (6) into (20) and taking into account that the control law has the form given in (9), we get

Let us define

Thus, (21) becomes

To evaluate the stability of the synchronization error dynamics (23), the following Lyapunov function candidate is proposed:

where is a positive definite matrix to be found. The first time derivative of (24) is calculated as

By substituting (23) into (25) and after some operations, we get

Now, let us consider the last two terms of (26):

By using Lemma 3, (27) can be bounded as

where is a definite positive matrix selectable by the designer. Besides, considering that is locally Lipschitz on the attractor of the autonomous system (6), with Lipschitz constant , then the following can be established:

and

By substituting (30) into (28) and the corresponding result into (26), the first time derivative of can be bounded by

By adding and subtracting the term , where is a positive definite matrix, into the right hand side of (31), we obtain

Now, if we define

and the following matrix Riccati equation is formed:

and if the constant matrices are selected in such a way that the conditions of the Lemma 4 are satisfied, then (34) has a unique positive definite solution and (32) becomes simply

From (35) and from second Lyapunov method, the asymptotic convergence to zero of can be concluded. However, a stronger result can still be obtained. Let us consider that

By using Rayleigh inequality into (36), we can claim that

From the last inequality and by taking into account (35),

Let us define

And from (24), (38) becomes

This implies that

By using twice Rayleigh inequality into (24), (41) becomes

or

By taking square root of both sides of inequality (43), we get

Finally, based on (44), we can conclude the exponential convergence to zero of the synchronization error . Hence, the following theorem has been proven.

Theorem 5. If the function in equations (6) and (7) is locally Lipschitz on the attractor of the autonomous system (6) with Lipschitz constant and the gain and the matrices , , are selected according to Lemma 4 in such a way that the matrix Riccati equation has a unique positive definite solution and the control law is applied to the slave system (7), then the synchronization error converges exponentially to zero.

Now, a more realistic case can be considered when unmodeled dynamics and/or disturbances are present in both master system and slave system, that is,

Assumption 6. The terms and represent unknown unmodeled dynamics and/or disturbances. Although these terms are unknown, they must be bounded. Besides, it is not necessary to know the specific value for each bound.

Consider a function defined as

which satisfies

where is a definite positive matrix selectable by the designer and is a positive constant not necessarily a priori known.

Theorem 7. If the function in equations (45) and (46) is locally Lipschitz on the attractor of the autonomous system (45) with Lipschitz constant and the gain and the matrices , , are selected according to Lemma 4 in such a way that the matrix Riccati equation has a unique positive definite solution and the control law is applied to the slave system (46), then the norm of the synchronization error converges exponentially to a zone bounded by where .

Proof. As the proof of this theorem is very similar to the proof of Theorem 5, only the main points will be presented. Given , the synchronization error dynamics is given by

To analyze this dynamics, the following Lyapunov function candidate is proposed:

The first time derivative of (50) can be expressed as

By using Lemma 3 into and inequality (48), it can be obtained that

By substituting (52) into (51), we get

By adding and subtracting the term , where is a positive definite matrix, into the right hand side of (53), we obtain

By defining

the following matrix Riccati equation is formed:

and if the constant matrices are selected using Lemma 4, then (56) has a unique positive definite solution and (54) becomes simply

Now, it can be shown that

where . By substituting (58) into (57) and (50) into the resulting expression, we get

According to [59, 60], (59) implies that

This means that

The boundedness of can be concluded from (61). Finally, by taking the limit on both sides of (61) as time tends to infinity, we can conclude the exponential convergence of to a zone bounded by .

6. Numerical Simulation

In order to use the result of Theorem 5, first, by numerical simulation, the maximum absolute value of each state of the autonomous system (6) is estimated as , and . Next, the Lipschitz constant of function on the attractor of the autonomous system (6) is determined. The Jacobian matrix of is given by

The matrix formed by the maximum absolute values of each element of the corresponding Jacobian matrix on the attractor of the autonomous system (6) is calculated as

The two-norm of is 174.88. Thus, the Lipschitz constant of can be estimated as . Given the matrix (as in (4)) with the nominal values , in order to guarantee a positive definite solution for Riccati matrix equation (34), the constant matrices are selected in such a way that the conditions of Lemma 4 are satisfied. Thus, , , With these matrices, the solution for Riccati matrix equation (34) is , and according to Theorem 5, the synchronization error converges exponentially to zero.

The performance of the control law is verified by simulation. First, the Xian master system (6) with the initial condition , and and the Xian slave system (7) with the initial condition , and are built on Simulink®. Once the error signal is obtained, the controller is applied to the slave system (7). The results of the simulation using the method ode23tb (stiff/TR-BDF2) with relative tolerance=1e-6 and absolute tolerance=1e-7 are presented in Figures 3–6. As can be appreciated in Figures 3, 4, and 5, the states of the slave system (7) do follow the corresponding states of the master system (6) in spite of the difference between the initial conditions. The exponential convergence of the error signal is shown in Figure 6. For practical purposes, the convergence to zero is attained in less than 0.1 seconds.

Figure 3: Synchronization process between slave state and master state .

Figure 4: Synchronization process between slave state and master state .

Figure 5: Synchronization process between slave state and master state .

Figure 6: Time evolution of synchronization error signals , , and .

Finally, a comparison is accomplished between the proposed technique and active control. As mentioned in Introduction, active control is based on the compensation of the nonlinearities and the decoupling of the synchronization error dynamics. Given the slave system (7) and the master system (6) for Xian system (1), the synchronization error dynamics can be determined as

However, it should be taken into account that

By substituting (65), (66), and (67) into (64), the synchronization error dynamics can be expressed as

Thus, the corresponding active control is given by

With the objective of accomplishing a systematic comparison between both techniques, the following performance index is used:

where are weighting factors and is final time. Considering a standard weighting where each term has the same importance and the signals are normalized, the following values should be used: , and  sec. To realize a fair comparison, the same values for the gains , , and are used in both cases, that is, , , and The results are presented in Figures 7 and 8.

Figure 7: Performance index for linear feedback control and active control.

Figure 8: Zoom of Figure 7.

As can be appreciated in Figure 7, the performance is almost the same for both cases. In Figure 8, it can be seen that linear feedback control produces slightly lower values for performance index. The apparent similarity in the performance of both techniques is due to the high values used for the gains. However, although the performances were similar in both cases, the implementation of linear feedback control is considerably easier with respect to active control.

7. Conclusion

The main attractiveness of the linear feedback is its simple structure being very convenient for practical purposes. In this paper, a linear feedback controller based on an algebraic Riccati equation was presented. To use this controller, first, the Lipschitz constant of nonlinear function of the chaotic system on its attractor must be determined. To achieve this objective, it is necessary to find the maximum values of the states of chaotic system. Although this could be calculated analytically, for simplicity, such values are determined by simulation. Next, values for the gain matrix and the matrices of the Riccati equation, , and , are selected in such a way that this equation has a unique positive definite solution. Consequently, according to Theorem 5, it is possible to guarantee the exponential convergence to zero of the synchronization error. The strategy is tested on two identical chaotic systems, master and slave, based on Xian system. Numerical simulation confirms the satisfactory performance of the suggested approach. In a future work, a design procedure to obtain systematically the controller gains will be provided.

Data Availability

No experimental data were used to support this study. The simulation results can be reproduced with Matlab and/or Simulink just using the mathematical model of Xian system and the proposed controller.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was financed by COFAA and SIP, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, under Grant 20190052. We acknowledge the support of EDI-IPN and SNI-Conacyt.

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