Exact Solutions of Damped Improved Boussinesq Equations by Extended (G9/G)-Expansion Method

Engineering Research Center of Heavy Machinery Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China Mechanical Engineering College, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Device Design 'eory and Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China Applied Science College, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China


Introduction
ere are various kinds of nonlinear phenomena in nature, most of which can be described by nonlinear evolution equations. It is well known that the Boussinesq (Bq) equation, which describes the propagation model of long wave in shallow water, is one of them and has the following two basic forms: where u represents displacement and subscripts x and t represent partial derivatives concerning x and t, respectively. Equations (1) and (2) were first deduced by Boussinesq [1,2]. If the coefficient δ of the fourth derivative of (1) is greater than zero, (1) is linearly stable and can be used to describe the transverse vibration of small nonlinear elastic beam, which is called the "good" Bq equation [3]. When δ is less than zero, it is called the "bad" Bq equation because of its linear instability [4]. Equation (2) is also an important model to approximate the propagation of long waves in shallow water, which is called the IBq equation. e exact solution of Bq equation can be obtained by [5][6][7]. Makhankov derived the IBq equation from the fluid dynamics equations of the plasma, which had a modified equation called IMBq equation [8], as shown in (3). In recent years, there have been many papers on the dynamics of solitons in plasma [9][10][11][12].
Equations (2) and (3) differ only in terms of nonlinear forces. Equation (2) can also be used to describe the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of anharmonic monatomic and diatomic chains [13]. In literature [14], lattice soliton dynamics of a single atomic chain under damping and external forces are studied. e IBq equation with hydrodynamic damping term and the IMBq equation with Stokes damping term are obtained, respectively, under the conditions of the third and fourth anharmonic potentials. e IBq equation with hydrodynamical damping term is shown in (3), and the IMBq equation with Stokes damping term is shown in (4). Arévalo et al. [14] obtained the solitary wave solution of (4) with bell-shaped shape through numerical simulation. Naranmandula [15] also obtained an equation similar to (4) when studying the propagation of one-dimensional longitudinal wave in nonlinear microstructural solid and simulated the influence of microstructural effect on the evolution of kinked isolated wave by finite difference method: In 2012, Wang and Xu studied the global existence of small amplitude solutions of the Cauchy problem of (4) in Sobolev space [16]. In 2013, Wang and Xu studied the global existence of small amplitude solutions of the Cauchy problem of (5) in Sobolev space [17]. In 2015, Chen gives sufficient conditions of the blow-up of the solution of the Cauchy problem of (5) in Sobolev space [18]. In order to better grasp the model represented by (4) and (5), it is necessary to obtain their exact travelling wave solutions. With the development of computer technology, many scholars interested in nonlinear science have studied the exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations and used different methods to solve different equations, such as the Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE method [19], the Exp-function method [20], the modified Exp-function method [21,22], the Exp (−ϕ)-expansion method [23], the tanh-coth method [24][25][26], the homogeneous balance method [27], the improvement of (G′/G)-expansion method [28][29][30], the formal linearization method [31], the first integral method [32], (1/G′)-expansion and modified Kudryashov methods [33], and the (G′/G)-expansion method [34][35][36][37][38].
rough searching the whole network, we find that there are many articles on Bq equation and also many articles on the existence of solutions to Cauchy problems of (4) and (5). In this paper, by means of the extended (G′/G)-expansion method, some exact travelling wave solutions of (4) and (5) are obtained, and some individual solutions are briefly presented and discussed, especially kink soliton solutions assigned to parameters. In the case of an extended (G′/G)expansion, the integral constants of the equation should not be set directly to zero, which may result in the loss of arbitrary constants in the final expression [38,39]. Although there is no uniform solution for all nonlinear partial differential equations, different methods may not yield different solutions [40] because these solutions may only be expressed differently or they may be different particular solutions belonging to the same general solution. In addition, some of the different approaches are equivalent [41,42].

Summary of the Extended (G9/G)-Expansion Method
Consider a generalized nonlinear evolution equation P u, u x , u t , u tt , u xt , u xx , . . . � 0, where u is an unsolved function, and it has two independent variables, x and t. e steps of the extended (G′/G)-expansion method to solve (6) are listed as follows: We translate (6) to the ordinary differential equation (i) Step 2. If the form of (8) allows, we can integrate it once but do not set the integral constant to zero, which will help simplify the following calculation. e travelling wave solution of (8) is proposed as follows: where a i and b i (i � 1, 2, . . . , m) are undetermined constants. G is a function of ξ. In combination with the form of (9), the highest derivative term and the nonlinear term in (8) are balanced by the homogeneous equilibrium principle, and the value of the positive integer m in (9) can be obtained. e G appearing in (8) is the solution of the second-order differential equation where λ and μ will be determined later.
(iii) Step 3. Substitute (9) and (7) into (8), use the ordinary differential (10) concerning (G′/G) to combine the same power terms of (G′/G), and then set the coefficients of all powers of (G′/G) to zero; we get a nonlinear algebraic system of equations concerning the unknowns a i , b i , λ, μ, and c. (iv) Step 4. Using the computational software Maple programming, we can solve the algebraic equations in step 3. By substituting the obtained results into (9) and using the general solutions of (10) in different situations, multiple exact solutions of different types of (6) can be obtained.
e general solutions of (10) are given as 2 Complexity ese results can further be written in some more simplified forms depending upon the conditions on the ratio of C 1 and C 2 as

e IBq Equation with Hydrodynamical Damping
where v is the damping constant of internal friction (we call this type of friction hydrodynamical). We apply (7) to (13), we integrate once concerning ξ, we set the integration constant to M, and then we can convert (12) to nonlinear ODE: At equilibrium, the highest nonlinear term in (14), and the highest derivative term in (14), we get m equal to 2. erefore, the exact solution of (14) in the form of (9) can be written as follows: Substitute (15) into (14), use the ordinary differential (10) concerning (G′/G) to combine the same power terms of (G′/G), and then let the coefficients be equal to zero; we get a nonlinear algebraic system of equations concerning the unknowns a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , b 1 , b 2 , c, and M: 4 Complexity Using symbolic computation software maple, the solution of this system is obtained as follows: Substituting the values from (17) and using the general solutions of (10) in different situations, multiple exact solutions of different types of (13) can be obtained.
Substituting the values from (30) and using the general solutions of (10) in different situations, multiple exact solutions of different types of (25) can be obtained.

Discussion
In [14], the damped IBq (14) is derived and the local waveform of its numerical solution is obtained. e local two-dimensional display of the numerical solution is a bellshaped waveform, similar to the local figure of the twodimensional figure obtained by taking time as a constant in Figure 1. Figure 1 is a three-dimensional diagram of the trigonometric solution (23). It is well known that numerical solutions may miss some solutions of the equation, as shown in Figure 2, which is a kinked type of isolated wave and is not mentioned in [14]. As can be seen from Figure 2, when we change the value of wave velocity c and increase gradually, the propagation direction of kinked isolated wave follows the change, and the amplitude of waveform increases gradually. Mathematically, the value of c can be used to modulate the kinked isolated waveform represented by this equation.
In [15], the authors deduce a damped equation similar to (14) and use a numerical method (finite difference method) to find a kinked isolated wave. e equation derived in [15] is (43), and it is also concluded that when the dissipation coefficient β 1 is much larger than the dispersion coefficient β 2 , the kinked isolated wave will have asymmetric characteristics: Using (7), we apply the travelling wave transformation to (13) and (43), integrate once, and then assume that β 1 � v and β 2 � 1 + c − 2 ; we get the same (14). e waveform of the kinked isolated wave obtained from (14) varies with the damping coefficient v, as shown in Figure 3. As can be seen from Figure 3, with the increase of v, the precise kink solitary wave solution waveform obtained by the extended (G′/G)expansion also shows the asymmetric characteristics of waveform and becomes more and more obvious. It is shown that the exact solution is helpful to verify the numerical solution.
It can be seen from solution (17) of the algebraic system of (14) that a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , b 1 , and b 2 are expressed by other parameters. When we want to find an expression for wave velocity c, we can also find a solution in the following form.
e difference is that, in the expression for solution (17), the wave velocity is arbitrary, and here the coefficient a 2 is arbitrary: When we use solution (44), the arbitrary constant M also contains an expression for a 2 , which is too long to display here. For solutions (29) and (30) of the second algebraic system, the expressions are simple, and the expressions of arbitrary constants M and wave velocity c can be easily solved from them.
In the extended (G′/G)-expansion method, when the coefficients b i (i � 1, 2, . . . , m) are set to 0, it is reduced to the (G′/G)-expansion method, which is the same idea as the simplest equation method reduced to the tanh method [43]. We think superficially that the extended (G′/G)-expansion method fuses the solutions of two Ricatti equations in a certain form. In other words, the extended (G′/G)-expansion method decomposes the solutions of nonlinear partial differential equation into the solutions of two Ricatti equations. A brief explanation is given as follows.
If G � G(ξ) is the solution of the second-order differential equation we can get