A Game Mechanism of Individual Value Decision-Making Based on SVO Differences

As the externalized carrier of intrinsic value, value decision-making is an important factor affecting the social value system. As an old Chinese saying goes, “A friend in need is a friend indeed,” crisis environment provides the background for the conflicts of multiple values, while individual social value orientation (SVO) determines the ranking of the value states. /is paper defined the SVO types by means of Slider Measure method on the basis of environment description, constructed a decision-making game model in accordance with SVO differences, and finally analysed the mechanism of people’s decision-making. Taking the epidemic situation as the background, this paper conducted an empirical analysis with the sample of college students. /e results showed that the most SVO types of college students were prosocial orientation, followed by individualistic orientation, altruistic orientation, and competitive orientation. In the crisis environment, individual SVO type and decision-making constituted amapping relationship. /ere was an equilibrium point in the decision of prosocial orientation, and the dominant decision of altruistic orientation or individualistic orientation is relatively stable.


Introduction
e nature of a human being is not the inherent abstraction of a single person. In fact, it is the sum of all social relations. [1] Values are unique to human beings and can be an important measure of people's moral concept and behaviour choice. ere is no doubt that it will be affected by the social environment and the changes of the times. Nowadays, modernization, globalization, and marketization have led to value conflicts between tradition and modernity and foreign and native cultures, which in turn results in a variety of new challenges such as the diversification of value culture and standards [2]. In this case, individual values and value orientations, judgments, and decisions are full of uncertainty. e construction of the people's spiritual world and the establishment and maintenance of a good social order depend on the core values of community members [3]. A correct understanding of the impact factors, characteristics, and mechanisms of people's decision-making in social environment will help to analyse the complex and fluid social order and eliminate the risk factors restricting the development of the society.
In order to achieve the above goals, first of all, we should pay attention to the individual as the subject of behaviour, especially the difference of value orientation. e reason why individuals have value conflicts is that their consciousness contains two or multiple value forms (such as collective and individual and material and spirit) [4]. In the face of diversified value states, individuals must make order according to their value orientation or preference, which is directly related to the result of value selection [5]. People's social life is inseparable from decision-making. Faced with diversified value states, people will make a ranking according to their value orientation or preference, which is directly related to decision-making [5]. erefore, as a relatively stable judgment of the event value, the study of value orientation is of great significance for understanding decision-making. At present, the research mainly focuses on the development and change of value orientation, regional comparison and other actual states [6][7][8], and the due state of "truth, goodness, and beauty" [9][10][11] and focuses on students and other young groups. As for the research on its causal state, there is a "rational man hypothesis" in traditional theory, which holds that individuals are driven by self-interest and pursue the maximization of self-interest.
is classical theory has certain limitations, focusing excessively on individuals and ignoring social relations [12]. In view of this, some scholars proposed the theory of social value orientation (SVO), holding that social value orientation (SVO) is a relatively stable personality trait [13], which can describe the concept of individual differences of individuals' specific preference for the distribution of interests between themselves and others in the decision-making context [14,15].
Secondly, attention should be paid to the decisionmaking environment, especially the crisis environment. As a kind of inner scale, individual value orientation has the implicit characteristics, which is difficult to be perceived or observed in daily life. e reason why literary novels are attractive is which writers tend to design plots with conflicts, place characters in crisis environment, magnify the contradictions, and show the complex humanity and core orientation. is is precisely because crisis environment can provide a background for the existence and conflict of multiple values [16,17]. erefore, it is very necessary to set up crisis environment when exploring people's value decision.
Research on crisis environment mainly focuses on social dilemma [18] and moral dilemma [19,20]. eoretically, the structure of self-moral or nonself-moral dilemma [21] and high-low conflict moral dilemma [22] are divided. In practice, the "dilemma teaching method" is adopted for moral education [23][24][25], and the "Bohr model" [26] and the "Kidder model" [27] are proposed for ethical dilemma choice mode. e above research studies mainly focus on the framework structure of the crisis environment itself, which is relatively theoretical, or provide formulated decision-making methods for individuals in the crisis environment, with strong operability. However, they seldom combine the theoretical and operational aspects and have not provided mechanism and case analysis for how the crisis environment affects individual value decision-making.
irdly, the interaction between people of different SVO types and the crisis environment should be analysed. e crisis environment provides a background for the conflict of multiple values, and individual value orientation determines the weight order and strategic choice of decision factors, that is, there is some mapping relationship between the individual's behaviour choice and its value orientation.
Some scholars proposed that different individuals, faced with the same decision-making environment, would subjectively give weight to the profit and loss involving themselves and others based on their own value orientation and preference. Instead of the original matrix, the decisionmaking behaviour is based on the decision maker's subjective utility matrix [28][29][30][31]. Most of the existing studies focus on the qualitative description of the impact of the environment on individuals and their behaviours and the educational function of the environment [32,33], and there are relatively few studies on the generation procedure and interaction mechanism of optimal decision-making in the crisis environment.

Game Model Construction
Generally speaking, in an environment that does not involve too many overlapping interests, the social value orientation of most people is introverted, with little difference in value judgment and decision-making and indistinguishable distinction. However, in the severe crisis environment, such as natural disaster and sudden danger, the individual's deep core value orientation can be revealed through the greatly different value decision and result.
Due to the differences in economic conditions, family environment, and growth experience, people have unique value pursuit, evaluation, ranking, selection, and realization methods. Social preference theory believes that SVO is jointly determined by self-interest, the benefits of others, and the equality of the benefits of both parties and then proposes the existence of "cooperation (to pursue the maximization of collective interests), equality (to pursue the minimization of the relative interests of both parties), altruism (to pursue the maximization of others), individuals (to pursue the maximization of absolute self-interests), competition (to pursue the maximization of relative self-interests), and attack (to pursue the minimization of interests of others) a total of 6 types of SVO [34,35]. e first three types are collectively known as prosocial orientation, and the second three types are collectively known as proself orientation [36,37]. In crisis environment, individuals with different SVO types will transform the objective situation into subjective cognition according to their internal norms, form a series of value states, and make ranking and selection according to the principle of trust. A large number of studies have shown that, under the influence of SVO, individuals with prosocial orientation give priority to "trusting and cooperative" in their value decision-making [38][39][40].
Game theory, as a method to study the interaction between formulaic incentive structures, can bridge the decision makers and the social environments. e benefits including losses of individuals on different selection strategies under crisis environment are transformed into the subjective utility matrix of the game model, and quantitative analysis is carried out. By calculating the equilibrium point of the game, this paper analyses the mapping relationship between the decisions and people's SVO types in crisis environment and the game mechanism.
2.1. Environmental Description. Before making decisions, individuals first need to have a relatively clear understanding of the crisis environment they are in and comprehensively grasp the objective situation, which includes understanding the existence of multiple stakeholders in a particular environment, the space available for making value choices, the possibility of conflicts between different choices, and relevant influencing factors and their relationships. . is method can reduce the interference effect of rare types and improve the efficiency of main type distinguishing, and the measure can be scored in a straightforward manner to yield a single index of SVO, based on which a full ranking of preferences over motivations can be obtained. e test assumes that there are only two roles, namely, the subject and the virtual other. e measure has six primary items with nine secondary or optional items. e subject is the distributor of a given benefit (e.g., 150 yuan), and the individual needs to judge the benefit of himself and others. If X is selected, the benefit of others will be 150-X. e decision maker would indicate his or her allocation choice by marking a line at the point that defines their most preferred joint distribution, as shown in Figure 1.
e primary item is the subject of the test, mainly derived from the circle with a centre of (50, 50) and a radius of 50, as shown in Figure 2. In the figure, the horizontal and vertical coordinates, respectively, represent the benefits of self and others. After the selection, a single index of a person's SVO can be calculated. e calculation formula is as follows: where P o is the mean of one's own earnings and P s is the mean of the earnings of others. e result is a one-dimensional continuous variable. e larger the value is, the more the decision maker cares about others' benefits. e range is −16.26°∼61.39°.
According to the definition of the formula and the meaning of SVO angle, four angle intervals can be distinguished in correspondence with four idealized SVO types.

Constructing a Game Model.
First, make assumptions about the game model. e basic components of game theory are (i) Player, the decision maker who choose strategies to optimize their utility value (ii) Strategy, the decision of the players (iii) Information, the player's perception of game characteristics and the actions of another player (iv) Payment function, the level of utility value that the players get from the game (v) Results, the game analysis and information of interest to researchers (vi) Equilibrium, the optimal strategy or action combination of the players in the game Based on the above concept, the value decision-making game model based on SVO difference in crisis environment can be described as follows. In this game, the environment exists as a virtual player 1 with K-behavioural strategies, that is, the manifestation of different states of affairs; the individual participant with SVO type N exists as player 2, and four SVO types are obtained based on the Slider Measure; player 2 has u strategies. It is assumed that both players 1 and 2 are rational and jointly pursue the maximization of their own interests. Moreover, due to the progress of information technology, individual participants have a higher and higher degree of information mastery over a specific environment, even reaching the definition requirements of complete information game. In addition, individual participants usually choose strategies only based on their own judgment before acting and do not rely on the information of other players' strategic behaviours. erefore, the game model is a static game with complete information.
en, the framework and mechanism of the game model are analysed. e profit and loss variables in the model are set as follows: (i) Social value orientation type/Svo N : altruistic, prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientation (N � A, B, C, D). (ii) Environment type/En K : the environment exists as a virtual player 1 with K strategies. (iii) Strategies under SVO type/St Nu : a person with SVO type N exist as player 2 with u strategies. (iv) Payment function/K Nu : under the environment type K, the player 2 with the SVO type N selects the strategy u. e function has three independent variables:En K , Svo N , and St Nu , that is, these variables (environment type, SVO type, and strategy) have a corresponding relationship to the payment function, which is written as K Nu � f KNu En K , St Nu /Svo N }, where "St Nu /Svo N " means "strategy under a given SVO type." (v) Game module/SVON: each SVO type corresponds to a payment matrix. erefore, the number of game modules is the same as the SVO types.
According to above information, the game matrix can be constructed, as shown in Figure 3.

Equilibrium Analysis of Decision-Making.
First, construct the subjective utility function. In order to look for equilibrium solutions and analyse key variables under different environments, SVO types, and strategies, the three impact factors (En K , Svo N , and St nu ) are converted into the related expressions of P N Ku (Payments) and G N Ku (Gains) for a person of type SVON selecting strategy u under environment K: where Y N Ku is the subjective utility function value of people with SVO type N selecting strategy u under environment K and P N Ku is the total efforts or payments of the person, Complexity 3 including the costs of time, economy, and risk. Correspondingly, G N Ku is his/her obtains or gains, including commendation, spiritual satisfaction, and social contribution. a N Ku is the coefficient of the gains in the utility function en, carry on the equilibrium analysis. To simplify the solution process, let K � 2 and u � 2 which means there are 2 strategies in the research environment: strategy 1 (normal) and strategy 2 (crisis), and an individual has 2 strategies: strategy 1 (prosocial) and strategy 2 (proself ). Suppose that the probability of individual participants adopting "strategy 1" is α and that adopting "strategy 2" is 1−α. e probability of adopting "environment strategy 1" is β, and the probability of "environment strategy 1" is 1 − β. e payment matrix is constructed, as shown in Figure 4.
According to equation (2) and Figure 4, the following formula can be obtained: Based on the game matrix and the principle of indifference on difference strategies, the equilibrium conditions are set up. e total utility of a person of SVO-type NSVO.N adopting "strategy 1"/E N K1 :  4 Complexity e total utility of a person of SVO-type NSVO.N adopting "Strategy 2"E N K2 : e strategy of a person of SVO-type NSVO.N achieves equilibrium in the decision-making game model.
From the perspective of model solution, only by analysing the existence of the equilibrium solution and identifying the key variables that affect the behavioural probability of individual participants can the game mechanism behind value judgment and selection of individuals of different SVO types in crisis environment be grasped more accurately.
and Y N 11 < Y N 12 , an equilibrium solution exists.
As β is the probability of "strategy 1," there is 0 < β < 1. Only this equation satisfies the 12 and only then can the equilibrium solution of equation (6) exist.
and Y N 11 > Y N 12 , the equilibrium solution does not exist or degenerates.

Crisis Environment: With the Epidemic as the Background.
On January 20, 2020, the National Health Commission of China announced that the 2019-n CoV was classified as Class B infectious disease and the prevention and control measures of class A were adopted. On January 23, Wuhan city was on lockdown to decrease the risk of infection. Most of the taxi service were suspended, and only a small part of them are used for supporting community emergency and medical staffs' commute. However, the medical pressure in the city is huge, and the commute demand of medical staffs is far from being satisfied. In a state of extreme panic, some ordinary people have a strong desire to leave the city due to various reasons. Faced with such a situation, a car owner may have two strategies. First, he or she will pick up passengers and send them out of the city through illegal channels for seeking excessive profits, which is a proself decision. Second, be a volunteer and drive medical staffs home free of charge, which is a prosocial decision. After an objective analysis of the pros and cons comprehensively, the matrix of utility under different strategies is shown in Table 1.
e contradiction between the two strategies is how to balance the value conflict between social responsibility and self-interest. Based on their own SVO types, individuals would make subjective interpretation of the objective situation, convert the objective conditions into the subjective utility matrix according to their inner norms of value, give weights to different variables, and adopt corresponding strategies accordingly.

Distribution of SVO Types.
After the crisis environment was described, a questionnaire was prepared using the SVO Slider Measure (Figure 1) mentioned in Section 2.2 in order to grasp the value orientation characteristics of the research objects. After questionnaire recovery, the data were analysed by means of statistical software, and the SVO angle and classification of each person were determined according to mathematical equation (1) and Table 2.
e investigation was focused on college students and 877 students were selected. After eliminating 64 invalid questionnaires with the same answer or incomplete answers, 813 effective questionnaires were taken back. Affected by the epidemic, quantitative data were collected by means of an online survey and students were instructed to complete the questionnaire within the specified time. To verify the retest reliability of the questionnaire, 73 students were randomly selected from the sample to retest at a four-week interval.
e results showed that, in the two tests, 56 students were classified into the same SVO type as in the last test, and the measurement consistency was 76.7%.
As a nonparametric estimation method, Kernel Density Estimation can be used to study the data distribution characteristics from the sample itself without any assumptions, so as to compare the differences between groups and achieve good visualization effect. erefore, based on the KDE method, a program was written in R language to describe the SVO angles distribution of the results, as shown in Figure 5.
According to Figure 5, it can be seen that, in this sample, the distributions of SVO angles are the prosocial orientation type is dominant and the individualistic orientation type is at the second place, followed by the altruistic orientation type and the competitive orientation type. Among the 813 samples, 686 were prosocial orientation (22.45°∼57.15°), accounting for 84.38%, and distributed in the area near 40°; 75 were individualistic orientation (−12.04°∼22.45°) accounting for 9.23%; 39 were altruistic orientation (>57.15°), accounting for 4.8%; and 13 were competitive orientation (＜−12.04°), accounting for 1.6%.

Model Construction: A Decision-Making Game Model Based on SVO Difference under the Epidemic Situation.
Set the parameters of this game model as follows: (i) Environment type/En K : the social environment is regarded as a virtual player 1 and there are 2 strategies (K � 2, normal state, epidemic state). (ii) Social value orientation type/Svo N : it is assumed that player 2 is the owner of the vehicle and the vehicle is in an idle state. In the diagram of SVO angle distribution, the proportion of competitive orientation is very small. If it is included, the reliability and validity of statistical data will be easily affected, so it is omitted. Only three types of altruistic orientation (A), prosocial orientation (B), and individualistic orientation (C) are selected for example analysis. e number of game modules is three. (iii) Strategies under SVO type/St Nu : a person with SVO type N exists as player 2 with two strategies (u � 2, carry passengers illegally or participate in volunteer service). (iv) P N Ku : pyments under strategy u and environment K, obtained from the survey data (see Section 3.4).
(v) G N Ku : gains under strategy u and environment K, obtained from the survey data. (vi) a N Ku /b N Ku : to simplify the calculation, given the coefficient a N Ku � b N Ku � 0.5. Based on the above parameters, three game modules are obtained, as shown in Figure 6.

Equilibrium Analysis: Decision-Making under Different SVO Types.
Based on the classification obtained through the SVO Slider Measure, an additional questionnaire was set up to describe the crisis environment (as shown in Section 3.1) and to determine the subjective utility value (including gains and payments) of player 2 when they adopted strategies 1 or 2 under the normal state or epidemic state. e subjective utility value is expressed as any value in the interval [0, 10], where the higher the value is, the higher the subjective utility value is when the strategy is selected. e subjective utility values of 813 valid questionnaires were averaged and put     into equation (2) to obtain the value Y N Ku , as shown in Figure 7.
According to t Figure 7 and steps of equilibrium analysis in Section 2.4, the case analysis is as follows.
(1) Game module of SVO.A: From the subjective utility matrix, solving E A K1 � E A K2 , then β � 1.0347, which conflicts with the condition 0 < β < 1 and verifies the correctness of Proposition 2. According to the four subjective utility values, 2.37 > 2.26 > 1.53 > −4.73, which means that the analysis of equilibrium degenerates into a general optimization problem, and the dominant strategy is "under normal conditions, a person who is classified into altruistic orientation type (SVO.A) would participate in volunteer service." Draw the function graphs of E A K1 and E A K2 (see Figure 8). In Figure 8, the blue line represents the utility for strategy 1 (proself ), and the red line represents the utility for strategy 2 (prosocial). It can be seen that whenever people of SVO. A type would choose "prosocial" strategy, the subjective utility value would be greater than that of "proself" strategy. Such decision-making is relatively stable and conform to the realistic characteristics of the type.
(2) Game module of SVO.B: From the subjective utility matrix, solving E B K1 � E B K2 , then β � 0.5978, which satisfies the condition of 0 < β < 1, and the equilibrium state is as following. If the probability of the social environment (player 1) choosing strategy 1 (normal operation) is 59.78%, the game reaches the equilibrium. e utility value is the same whether the person of type B (prosocial orientation) chooses strategy 1 or strategy 2, which is −0.1026. e correctness of Proposition 1 is verified.
(ii) Draw the function graphs of E B K1 and E B K2 (see Figure 9). In the figure, the blue line represents the utility for strategy 1 (proself ) and the red line represents the utility for strategy 2 (prosocial). It can be seen that when the probability of the social environment (player 1) choosing strategy 1(normal operation) is within the range of [0, 0.5978], the utility value of the prosocial strategy is greater than that of the other strategy; when the probability is in the range of [0.5978, 1], the opposite is true. is means that the decision-making of such SVO type is greatly influenced by the crisis environment, and the impact factors and results are relatively complex.    (ii) Draw the function graphs of E C K1 and E C K2 (see Figure 10). In the figure, the blue line represents the utility for strategy 1 (proself ), and the red line represents the utility for strategy 2 (prosocial). It can be seen that, at any time, the subjective utility value function of a person of SVO.C type choosing the "proself" strategy will be greater than that of the "prosocial" strategy. Such decision-making is relatively stable and conform to the realistic characteristics of the type. rough the analysis of the above three game modules, it can be found that, in the same social environment, people of different SVO types will form different subjective utility matrix based on their inner value norms, preferences, and orientations. e results of equilibrium analysis show that, in the crisis environment, both types SOV.A and SOV.C have a dominant strategy, and type SVO.B has a Nash equilibrium, which are consistent with their actual characteristics. It does not mean that types SOV.A and SOV.C are not affected by the environment, and it shows that there is a certain mapping relationship between people's SVO types and decisionmaking. Such a relationship could be more obvious in the crisis environment. Human is the sum of social relations, and the social value orientation of human is dynamic rather than static, but once a certain type is formed, it has relative stability and persistence, and the decisions he or she makes will be based on the characteristics of their type belongings.

Conclusion
rough four steps of "describing environment, determining SVO type, and constructing game model and equilibrium analysis," the mapping relationship and game mechanism of SVO types and decision-making are analysed in crisis environment. Case analysis confirmed the effectiveness of the SVO Slider Measure in determining people's SVO types. With the "subjective utility value" as the intermediary, the proself and prosocial strategy adaptation mechanism for the individuals with altruistic, prosocial, and individual-orientation in crisis environment is further analysed. It is shown that individuals' decision-making will be affected by the social environment, but what this paper points out is that, in a specific environment, especially in a crisis environment, individuals with different social value orientations will adopt strategies with certain regularity. According to the equilibrium analysis, the decision of individuals of type SVO.A and type SVO.B tend to be more stable than that of type SVO.C. is study provides a visible equilibrium analysis chart of the game model to describe the invisible value orientation, decision-making, and the mapping relationship by means of quantitative and modelling methods, which provides a research perspective for the study of decisionmaking mechanism of individuals with different SVO types and complements qualitative analysis of other studies as well.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article. For more details, the data are available from the corresponding author upon request.

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Conflicts of Interest e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.