Stock Market Temporal Complex Networks Construction, Robustness Analysis, and Systematic Risk Identification: A Case of CSI 300 Index

. The Chinese stock 300 index (CSI 300) is widely accepted as an overall reﬂection of the general movements and trends of the Chinese A-share markets. Among the methodologies used in stock market research, the complex network as the extension of graph theory presents an edged tool for analyzing internal structure and dynamic involutions. So, the stock data of the CSI 300 were chosen and divided into two time series, prepared for analysis via network theory. After stationary test and coeﬃcients calculated for daily amplitudes of stock, two “year-round” complex networks were constructed, respectively. Furthermore, the network indexes, including out degree centrality, in degree centrality, and betweenness centrality, were analyzed by taking negative correlations among stocks into account. The ﬁrst 20 stocks in the market networks, termed “major players,” “gatekeeper,” and “vulnerable players,” were explored. On this basis, temporal networks were constructed and the algorithm to test robustness was designed. In addition, quantitative indexes of robustness and evaluation standards of network robustness were introduced and the systematic risks of the stock market were analyzed. This paper enriches the theory on temporal network robustness and provides an eﬀective tool to prevent systematic stock market risks.


Introduction
Following its rapid growth and development, the Chinese economy has become the second largest economy in the world. However, the functionality of the underdeveloped financial market in China still contains room for improvement compared with the financial markets in other countries [1].
e stock market provides the most active window of capital in the financial system because of the more frequent events than Gaussian fluctuations, which reflect the features of loss, namely, initiating systemic financial risk [2][3][4].
Some scholars have investigated stock index futures with regard to three aspects, so as to evaluate market risks [5]. First of all, due to the high liquidity, high leverage, and bidirectional operation of futures markets, stock index futures are believed to improve the volatility of the spot market [6]. Secondly, stock index futures can help to enhance the depth and efficiency of the market, thus decreasing its volatility [7,8]. Finally, the stability of the stock market is not very likely to be affected by transactions [9,10]. By introducing the CSI 300 futures market on April 16, 2010, China attempted to enhance its financial system. In the CSI 300 futures market, investors can take short positions on futures to hedge against the risk in the Chinese stock market. It is generally believed that the futures market can signal a new era for China's financial market. rough the CSI 300 stock index, the performance and price fluctuation of the Ashare index in China can be reflected. e index is designed to be a performance benchmark and a base for derivatives innovation. At present, the CSI 300 stock index has been widely used to reflect the trends and movements in the Chinese A-share markets [11]. Increasing attention has been paid to the influence of the CSI 300 index futures on the underlying stock market. For instance, Cao et al. [5] investigated the correlation between the CSI 300 markets and the China securities index 300 (CSI 300) futures according to high-frequency data, using MF-DCCA. Suo et al. [12] used the recurrence interval analysis method to explore the risk estimation, memory effects, and scaling behavior of the CSI 300 in China. Qu et al. [13] carried out a comprehensive analysis of some popular time-series models to predict the RMVHR for the CSI 300 futures. Moreover, the out-ofsample dynamic hedging performance was evaluated by comparing this with the conventional hedging models through daily prices and the vector heterogeneous autoregressive model through intraday prices.
To date, the stock index has been widely studied through the theory of the complex network. ere exist interactive individuals in technological, physical, biological, and social networks [14][15][16]. erefore, the extension of graph theory, the complex network, and the edged tool have been used to analyze the dynamic involutions and internal structure of these networks [17][18][19].
Multilayer network theory is a development tool based on single network research, which provides a new perspective for grasping information within a colorful structure.
A key aspect of multilayer network theory is that the underlying network structure can significantly influence the dynamic processes mediated by the edges [20]. Moreover, the authors adapted the implicit null model to fit the layered network, the main idea being to represent every layer through a slice [21][22][23]. A temporal network is a special multiplex network constructed on a timeline basis, which is of great importance to the process of risk dissemination. In the network, electronic or biological viruses and information or rumors are transmitted through electronic connections, social ties, and physical contact edges. e speed and extent of spreading are affected by the network structure owing to features such as degree correlations [24], degree distribution [25,26], short path lengths [27], and community.
On this basis, this paper purposes two research questions: (i) what complex network indexes characterize the special stock in the market? (ii) How to quantify the risk or to say robustness in the stock market? e contributions of this article to the existing research can be classified into the following aspects: first of all, the study establishes directed weighted stock networks using the CSI 300 index, considering the negative correlation between stocks; a multilayer time-series network was constructed. Secondly, the paper analyzes the systematic stock market risk according to the temporal network and designs an algorithm for measuring robustness. In addition, a quantitative index is provided. Finally, this article provides an effective tool for a systematic approach to risk in the stock market.
e remainder of this article is structured as follows: in Section 2, the literature pertaining to stock market risks and the application of temporal networks are reviewed; Section 3 details the data processing and the corresponding timeseries tests; in Section 4, the complex network models are established, and their statistical characteristics are analyzed; Section 5 discusses the rationality criterion of stock market robustness in the context of the time complex network; finally, Section 6 concludes this paper. Figure 1 presents an overview of the research conducted for this study.

Literature Review
2.1. Stock Market Risk. Stock market risks are generally discussed from the perspectives of the correlations of individual stocks, or whole sectors and changes in the volatility of stock prices [28,29], or in the context of financial restrictions [30,31]. ere are also some studies that explore technological risks, policy risks, and the social factors and economic policy behind stock risk. Apergis [32] studied the effect of policy and technological risks on US stock returns and emphasized the impact of economic policy uncertainty on stock returns, which rose to an all-time high after the 2007-2009 recession. Tsai [33] revealed the impact of economic policy uncertainty in China, Japan, Europe, and the United States on the risk of contagion in global stock market investments. Cao et al. [34] used a sample of A-shares listed in China from 2001 to 2012 to study the relationship between social trust and the risk of stock price collapse, finding that social trust as a social and economic factor is related to the latter risk. Regarding social factors, Li et al. [35] pointed out a correlation between stock price crash risks and social trust, based on the data of listed firms in China from 2001 to 2015.
In recent years, the distress risk anomaly in emerging markets has been investigated in many studies. For example, Gao et al. [36] investigated the significance of book-tomarket, size, and momentum factors in capturing the financial distress risks of the stock market in China. Lai et al. [37] explained stock returns in the stock markets of Australia, ailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Korea, Indonesia, and Hong Kong, finding that the four-factor financial crisis risk asset pricing model has received extensive empirical support in these markets. Eisdorfer et al. [38] studied several potential drivers of stock returns for distressed companies in 34 different countries and documented the exclusive risk anomalies in developed countries. Distress anomaly is more serious in countries with higher information transparency, lower arbitrage barriers, and stronger acquisition legislation. ese findings demonstrate that all aspects of shareholder risk are of great importance to shape the stock returns of distressed firms. Gao et al. [39] studied the abnormal risk of distress in 38 countries over the past 20 years, finding this anomaly to be highly concentrated in low-market stocks in developed countries such as North America and Europe, instead of 17 emerging markets. e existing research predicts the stock return or the national attribute in order to explain the abnormal risk of distress, none of which studies the factors that capture the risk of stock financial distress. e abovementioned research was mainly conducted using traditional measurement methods, such as the VAR model and the GARCH model, which have yielded different results without multifractality.

Complexity
In recent years, most studies have projected the time dimension by aggregating the connection between vertices and edges, even when the information about the time series of contacts or interactions was available [42]. is method, temporal network, is to split the data into adjacent time windows in which contacts gather into edges. For instance, Karimi and Holme [43] explained the consequences of social influence, such as the spread of opinions and fads, in a temporal network by establishing threshold models. By exploring the diffusion of a supermarket, Deng et al. [44] found that the system evolves in a certain order that is not completely random. Moreover, the nodes are classified according to certain rules. Flores and Romance [45] recognized the nodes connected to a given complex network to be main topics in complex network analysis. erefore, an eigenvector concentration model of a time network that evolves on a continuous time scale and sorts the nodes was proposed, according to the correlation of the nodes in the process of their occurrence in the network. For example, Everett et al. [46] used two-mode temporal data to measure the experience and knowledge held in social temporal networks. Li et al. [47] used the decision tree to find the node-level features that have a general impact on node transition over the temporal network.
In recent years, the temporal network method has been used to investigate the stock market in terms of stock risks. Huang et al. [48] put forward an algorithm-namely, a backward temporal diffusion process-to calculate the shortest temporal distance to the transmission source. Zhao et al. [49] characterized the time-evolving correlation-based networks of stock markets through the temporal network framework, in order to highlight the instability of the underlying market by portfolio selection in the evolution of the topology structure of the financial networks. Qu et al. [13] investigated the dynamic hedging performance of the highfrequency data of the CSI 300 index futures by designing the minimum-variance hedge ratio (RMVHR) approach. Lyócsa et al. [50] studied the connectedness of a sample of 40 stock markets across five continents using daily closing prices and return spillovers based on Granger causality based on the network model. Zhao et al. [51] utilized the temporal network framework to characterize the time-evolving correlation-based networks of stock markets.
All these studies focus on the critical value of the volatility, ignoring mechanism of the detail structure of the network influencing the risk propagation. is is the exact starting point of this paper.

Temporal Data Processing and Complex Networks Modeling
Stock data have a temporal property, which is mainly manifested on top price, floor price, closing price, and turnover. Annual cross section data also have a temporal property. Hence, the complex network established in the following subsections is a temporal complex one. Stocks on the CSI 300 index are those that are performing well in China's stock markets. ey are thus not only a barometer of the stock market but also a symbol of economic status. erefore, studying stocks in the CSI 300 index may be seen as significant.
Previous studies have generally constructed undirected networks with positive weights based on fluctuating stock data in a certain period. However, the influences among stocks are causal, to some extent. In this paper, directed networks were constructed to depict the collaborative relationships between stocks, and a multilayer temporal network was constructed based on several time series to describe the network's influential stocks from a long-term perspective.
3.1. Data Processing. In this paper, data from the CSI 300 index over 488 trading days from October 15, 2016, to October 15, 2018, were output from the "Choice Financial Terminals," including the opening price, top price, floor price, closing price, turnover, and volume of transaction of each stock during each trading day.
Two types of data anomalies were found during the data examination: missing data and zero transaction volume (or turnover). e missing data were due to the fact that the stock was not issued on the day or may have been issued but was not listed. For example, Merchants Highway was listed on December 25, 2017 [52], and data before were missing. Similarly, Huaneng Hydropower was listed on December 15, 2017 [53], and data before were missing. Caitong Security was listed on October 24, 2017 [54], and data before were missing. Zero transaction volume (or turnover) was caused by the suspension of stocks for major assets restructuring, the planning of nonpublic issue shares, major decision planning, and major cooperative projects. For example, the Midea Group planned an asset restructuring with the Cygnet Subsidiary and was suspended from September 10, 2018 [55]. Perfect World was planning to issue nonpublic shares and applied this to the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, so it was suspended as of June 4, 2018 [56]. Donghua Software and Tencent Cloud Computing were in the process of discussing key issues and planning to carry out extensive cooperation in the fields of medicine, the intelligent city, finance, and electricity, according to the latest communication, further promoting the update of strategic cooperation between the two parties. In addition, the dominant stockholder of Donghua Software was discussing with capital cooperation with Tencent-related companies, but this capital cooperation involved no changes to corporate control [57]. Donghua Software was suspended since May 14, 2018, after its application to the Shenzhen Stock Exchange [58]. Hence, this type of data exerted a certain disturbance and was deleted from the dataset. In the end, a total of 169 stocks were retained for the present study. e CSI 300 index stocks can be discussed from multiple aspects, such as daily closing price, daily price change ratio, historical volatility, daily amplitude, and weekly amplitude of stocks. Among them, stock amplitude reflects the stock activity, denoting not only the industrial development of the stock market but also indicating the investment orientation and investors' attitudes. e amplitude analysis of stocks covers the daily, weekly, and monthly amplitude analyses. In this paper, the daily amplitude (DA) of stocks was applied [59]. A low DA represents poor stock activity on the given day, the contrasting scenario indicating that the stocks are active.
If p t i is the share price of stock i on day t, therefore, max(p t i ) "denotes the top price of stock i" on day t, and min(p t i ) is the floor price of stock i on day t. If p t−1 si is the closing price of stock i on the previous day, the calculation formula of its amplitude on day t (DA t i ) is as follows: e daily amplitude data of each stock can be derived from equation (1). e DA data of certain stocks during 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 are shown in Figure 2.
In short, the data may be seen as stationary from the perspective of the sequence chart. e data were also tested using ADF in terms of the quantity angle.

ADF Test and Cointegration Test.
With an unsteady time series, the traditional analysis method cannot assure the validity of the data. Conversely, the unit root test can create conditions for an unsteady time series. ere are many unit root test methods, of which ADF was applied in the current study. If the DA data were to be deemed steady, they needed to meet the following condition: , is a constant related with the time interval only, but it is unrelated with time t e ADF test was applied to verify whether the DA met the above conditions. e verification results are shown in Table 1, obtained using Matlab 2017b. e DA of other stocks also underwent the ADF test. In other words, the data of these 169 stocks in the study period were found to be steady sequences.
On this basis, the DA of all of the stocks could be seen as steady sequences and thereby meet the same-order conditions of the cointegration test. Hence, the correlation coefficient between two stocks was gained through the cointegration test.
Cointegration theory plays a vital role in economic circles. It is an econometric analysis method created by Johansen and is mainly applied to study the long-term equilibrium relationship among economic variables based on an unsteady time series [59]. e higher the absolute value of the cointegration coefficient, the stronger the correlation between two stocks; otherwise, the correlation is weaker. Selected cointegration coefficients are listed based on two stocks in the following section (as listed in Tables 2  and 3).
e program results show that the cointegration coefficients between the different pairs of stocks all passed the test. e following sections detail the construction of the complex networks based on the cointegration coefficient.

Complex Networks Modeling and Statistical Analysis
In this paper, stocks were denoted as nodes and the cointegration coefficients used as the weights of edges. Out degree centrality, in degree centrality, and betweenness centrality were chosen for the correlation analysis of network characteristics.

Stock Market Complex Networks
Modeling. e above selected 169 stocks were viewed as nodes in the complex networks, and the cointegration relationships among the stocks were used as edges. e cointegration relationships between stocks i and j were determined in Section 3.2. e cointegration coefficient (a ij ) using stock i as a dependent variable and stock j as an independent variable was obtained, which corresponds to one directed side from node i to node j, with a weight of a ij . In this way, a weighted directed graph G(V, E, W) was plotted, where V represents the set of stocks, E the set of edges, and W the set of weights corresponding to the edges.
is was determined by the following method. Since the cointegration coefficients a ij and a ji may not be equal, the rule for retaining edges was such that all directed edges of a ij were retained if |a ij | > |a ji |; otherwise, all directed edges of a ji were retained. e histograms of the frequency distribution of |a ij | after screening are shown in Figure 3.
It can be seen from Figure 3 that the absolute value of the cointegration coefficient during 2016-2017 is mainly concentrated in a relatively small region and generally presents a power-low distribution. e absolute value of the cointegration coefficient during 2017-2018 presents an approximately clock-shaped distribution pattern. ere is no large frequency in regions with low and high absolute cointegration coefficient values. e number and proportions of the intervals corresponding to the two distribution tables are shown in Table 4.
Due to the positive relationship between the correlation of the pairs of stocks and the cointegration coefficient, the weight was determined as follows: where Con is the screened threshold. In Table 4, there are significantly different numbers of cointegration coefficients at different intervals. Here, the 70% quantile of two networks was selected as the screening base, according to the histogram results, and only 30% of the edges with great weights was retained. Finally, the threshold of absolute values of the cointegration coefficient during 2016-2017 was Con � 0.3117, and the threshold of the absolute value of the cointegration coefficient during 2017-2018 was Con � 0.4284. Stocks with strong correlations were chosen by this represent different communities. Both networks are divided into three respective communities: the bank security community, the industrial infrastructure community, and others. On the one hand, such a stable community division reflects the equilibrium state of economic relationships, which indirectly proves the certain coordinated relationships among stocks, to some extent. On the other hand, the

Out Degree Centrality.
Out degree centrality (k out i ) was used to depict the number of sides from point i in the network to other nodes. In this paper, k out i reflects the influencing strength of stock i on other stocks, which is called "major players" in the stock market and can be calculated as follows: where φ(|a ij |) � 1 if |a ij | ≠ 0 or otherwise φ(|a ij |) � 0. is index depicts the influence of each node in the network. e distribution of the out degree centrality reflects the overall   were obtained using Matlab 2017b, as shown in Figure 6. As can be seen from Figure 6, a high density occurs in a small degree region (degree centrality from 0 to 20) in the two distribution diagrams, indicating that significant stocks in the network occupy important positions. In order to mine out these special nodes, the top 20 stocks with a high out degree are listed in Table 5.
As can be seen from Table 5, most of the top 20 stocks located in the out degree centrality during the study period are financial securities, indicating that financial security stocks significantly influenced other stocks and the fluctuation of the stock market. e fluctuation of nodes with a high out degree centrality was quickly transmitted to most nodes in the network. Hence, this index measures the indicators that can influence other stocks, whereby stocks with a high out degree centrality are the sources of potential largescale network risks.

In Degree Centrality.
In degree centrality (k in j ) was applied to depict the number of sides from node j in the network to other nodes. Here, k in j reflects the influences of other stocks on the stock j, which is called "vulnerable players," and can be calculated as follows: where φ(|a ij |) in equation (4) is the same as above and describes the vulnerability of the stocks. A higher in degree centrality reflects a stronger vulnerability of the stock to most stocks. e distribution of the in degree centrality reflects the overall characteristics of the networks. e distribution diagrams of in degree centrality during 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 were obtained using Matlab 2017b (Figure 7). Figure 7 indicates a high density occurring in a small degree region (degree centrality from 0 to 40) in the two distribution diagrams, indicating that significant stocks in the network occupy important positions. is is similar to the distribution diagrams of the out degree centrality. To specify these nodes, the top 20 stocks that had a high in degree are listed in Table 6. Tables 5 and 6 show that the top 20 stocks in both the in degree and out degree centrality rankings during 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 are financial security stocks. is reflects the notion that financial security stocks influence other stocks and are, in turn, controlled by other stocks. However, some stocks are completely passive. For instance, the out degree centrality of Rongsheng Development and CITIC Guoan was 0 during 2017-2018. ese stocks are at the margins of the stock network and their fluctuation at the occurrence of systematic network risks may not influence other stocks.
us, these stocks can be said to be significantly controlled by other stocks, which are terminal bearers of network risks. e corresponding company thus has to pay attention to risk dispersion during the loss reduction brought about by network risks in daily management.

Betweenness Centrality.
Betweenness centrality can indicate how many shortest paths cross a certain node. e current paper demonstrates that different stocks act as "moderators" or "gatekeepers" of information (and, correspondingly, may be unwilling to develop a requested feature).
If g st is the number of shortest paths from node s to node t, n i st is the number of paths that pass node i in g st . e betweenness centrality of node i can be expressed as follows: A higher BC i (equation (5)) reflects a stronger bridging effect of node i in the network. In this paper, weight represents the closeness between points. e higher the closeness between nodes i and j, the lower the weight between them for calculating the betweenness centrality. Hence, the following conversion becomes necessary: where max(w ij ) is the maximum weight of edges in the network, min(w ij ) is the minimum weight of edges, and w ij reflects the weights after conversion. e value of w ij is negatively related with the correlation between two stocks. Such a conversion assures the weight in the interval of [1,2] and protects the significance of the betweenness calculation. Moreover, the data involved in this paper contain negative weights. e shortest path describes the shortest travelling path of fluctuation of one stock to another stock. Upon the occurrence of network risks, the government or other organizations should protect these stocks in a timely manner, which could then prevent the global loss of networks in the evolution of network risks. It shows different stocks act as moderators or gatekeepers of information. e relevant top 20 stocks with the highest betweenness centrality are listed in Table 7. e top 20 stocks in terms of betweenness centrality shown in Table 7  throughout the study period. Hence, they played a more prominent gatekeeper role in the financial network.
According to the results of the out degree centrality, in degree centrality, and betweenness centrality, some conclusions can be drawn: (a) At the occurrence of collapse, the in-edges of nodes with a large out degree centrality and in degree centrality failed, exerting a domino effect on the outgoing edges. Based on the algorithmic principle, this paper finds that weights of the outgoing edges of nodes with a large out degree centrality and in degree centrality were mainly positive, meaning that the network collapsed in a short period. ese findings prove that financial stocks are the backbone forces of stock networks, and that they are more important than other stocks to maintain the stability of the economic market. Any threats to these key financial stocks may spread over the whole network. (b) e betweenness centrality results emerged as similar to algorithm principle, with a domino effect of collapse of the top 20 stocks. For instance, the intersection of SDIC Power Holdings, East Money, and Shanxi Securities reflected their role as bridges in the stock network. ese stocks connect influential neighbouring nodes. erefore, cutting the loss in time of these stocks at the point of network collapse could effectively prevent a follow-up loss. is may thus be termed the "defense force" of the stock network.
As a result, it is recommended that stock regulation departments, enterprises, and shareholders pay attention to the governance of the "major players," "gatekeepers," and "vulnerable players" in the stock network and prevent systematic stock market risks being incurred by these stocks.

Temporal Network Modeling.
e out degree centrality, in degree centrality, and betweenness centrality of stocks during 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 were analyzed in this paper,  with certain differences found in terms of the stock ranking. Boccaletti et al. [60] introduced a basic multilayer network model and integrated structural characteristics of the multiplex network. us, two networks were effectively overlapped for a systematic analysis of stock importance. e temporal network was then analyzed from the multiplex perspective.
Firstly, a multiplex network was designed as follows: the upper layer was taken as the stock network during 2016-2017 and the lower layer as the stock network during 2017-2018. e same topics between adjacent layers were connected by lines. e multiplex network constructed is shown in Figure 8.

Robustness Analysis of Temporal Network.
is section analyzes the potential "avalanche effect" in the temporal network according to the robustness of the network, with the  overall robustness of the network also investigated. e robustness analysis of the temporal network was based on a series of domino effects brought about by the reduction of nodes. If a stock network is rousting, the overall loss of the stock network caused by the disappearance of some seriously influenced stocks in the network is not very large. is reflects that the stock network is robust and has a strong resistance to interference, if the proportion of network loss after the node elimination is lower than 50% and such nodes account for 50% or higher of the total nodes. Otherwise, this stock network is vulnerable. However, the fluctuation of one node can never be transmitted to other nodes under extreme conditions  Complexity 13 because all of the nodes are isolated. erefore, the robustness coefficient (ρ) of the network was defined as follows: where n isolated denotes the number of isolated nodes, ρ secure is the proportion of nodes with less than 50% of a destructive effect, and the corresponding ρ isolated denotes the density of isolated nodes [61]. 1 exists for adjustment purposes, to prevent the denominator of 0. is definition integrates the network connection into the robustness coefficient well. e probability of controlling network loss that is lower than 50% upon a random attack is ρ. Different from the traditional monolayer network, the multilayer network model applied in Section 4 considers the stock relationships in the study period from a time series perspective.  14 Complexity e following domino spreading algorithm was designed based on the ordinary spreading model: Step 1: initialize the spreading time vector, t, and the spreading proportion vector, percent.
Step 2: choose the starting node, i (i circulates from 1 to n). e spreading set, S i � i { }, the termination set D i � ∅ { }, and the healthy set, e spreading time and spreading proportion are also determined at t i � 1 and percent i � 1/n, respectively.
Step 3: search the starting point of all nodes in S which are connected to node i in each layer of the network and the neighbouring set, (S i neighbour ), with positive weights of connecting sides.
Step 4: if S i neighbour ⊆ D i and |H i | � 0, go to Step 6; otherwise, go to Step 5.
Step 5: for ∀j ∈ S i neighbour , search the starting point of the connecting sides of node j in each layer of network and the neighbouring set, (S i(j) neighbour ), with positive weights of connecting sides. If S i(j) After all of the elements in S i neighbour have been circulated, set t i � t i + 1 and percent i � (|S i | + |D i | − 1)/n. H i � H i − D i − S i and return to Step 3.
Step 6: if S i neighbour � ∅ and t i � 1, let t i � n + 1; otherwise, go to Step 7.
Step 7: percent(i) � percent i and t(i) � t i . If i ≤ n, go to Step 2.
Step 8: output the spreading time, t, and the spreading proportion, percent.
In Steps 3 and 5, a Boolean retrieve was applied to search the neighbouring nodes of each node in the set S and S i neighbour and to determine the potential communication target.
Step 6 examines whether the spreading nodes in the initial state are isolated or have no positive weights on the outgoing edges. Under this circumstance, the passive nodes that are isolated in the initial state, or have no outgoing edges with a positive weight, cannot influence other nodes. erefore, the nodes with the longest time are directly omitted from the algorithm. e simulated process of risk spreading based on a stock temporal network in Figure 9 is introduced in the following section. e above algorithm considers two characteristics of stock networks: (1) the development of one stock is closely related with the amplitudes of other stocks; (2) the network collapse exerts a domino effect, as reflected by the spreading time and spreading proportion in the algorithm.
An example of a stock temporal network can be seen in Figure 9, and the process of spreading network risk is shown in Figures 10(a)-10(d), with the starting point at node 1. e spreading set, (S 1 ), under each spreading time, (t 1 ), termination set (D 1 ), and the healthy set (H 1 ) and the spreading proportion of the final network (percent 1 ) after node 1 chosen as the risk spreading source in the network are shown in Table 8.
As shown in Figures 9 and 10, if risk spreading was only to occur in layer 1, the process would end with S 1 � 2, 3 { }, However, layer 2 provides more information; namely, that in some cases, node 3 is linked with node 4. If that happens, the single layer (layer 1) cannot capture this chance of risk process. Similarly, due to the negative weight of the edge between nodes 1 and 2, that is, −1, without information from layer 1, the spreading process would end with S 1 � 1 { }, D 1 � ∅ { }, and H 1 � 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 { }. In short, the algorithm takes the worst network collapse into account. If the connecting side of two nodes in one layer is positive and the starting point of the side is collapsed (infected), the node at the other end will also, ultimately, be infected. e Matlab simulation results are shown in Figure 11. e red line in Figure 11 reflects that the collapse time of the network caused by most nodes is relatively small, indicating that these nodes might lie at the edges or core of the network. is has to be further determined according to the collapse proportion because the core nodes of the network would cause a more extensive collapse at the same time. Moreover, the collapse time of a few nodes is relatively high, and most of these nodes are isolated or powerless. e statistics on the top 20 stocks in terms of the collapse proportion are presented in Table 9. Table 9 reveals that the top 20 stocks in terms of the collapse proportion fluctuate, essentially, at the same time. On the one hand, this explains the fact that these stocks can influence over 80% of the network's stocks in a short period. On the other hand, the importance of these stocks in the network varies to some extent. e difference in importance between China Yangtze Power in the first position and Shandong Dong-Ee Jiao in the 20 th position reaches as high as 20%. In conclusion, the nodes in the stock market are significantly different, and the global stability of the network is almost controlled by a few stocks.
It finds from comparison of out degree centrality, in degree centrality, and betweenness centrality that the largescale collapse of stock networks is mainly caused by financial stocks with a high out degree centrality and in degree centrality, such as those of the China Minsheng Banking Co., Ltd., Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, and Industrial Bank. Stocks with a high out degree centrality are more likely to establish positive correlations with other stocks. However, the in-sides of these stocks become ineffective when they are  Figure 9: Initial status of 6 nodes in multiplex network with 2 layers. Table 8: Risk spreading process from node 1.  collapsed, and the major domino effect occurs on the outsides. Based on the algorithmic principle, the weights of the out-sides of these stocks are mainly positive, so that they can induce a network collapse in a short period. erefore, financial stocks can be seen as the core of the stock network, making it more important to maintain their stability in the economic market. In the worst-case scenario, any threats to these important financial stocks may spread over the whole network.
Moreover, the betweenness centrality and eigenvector centrality emerged as similar in the top 20 stocks, to some extent. For instance, the intersection of SDIC Power Holdings, East Money and Shanxi Securities reflects their role as bridges in the stock network. ese stocks connect influential neighbouring nodes.
erefore, cutting the loss in time of these stocks at the point of network collapse can effectively prevent a follow-up loss.
is may thus be termed the "defense force" of the stock network.
Finally, 116 nodes were seen to cause a collapse effect smaller than 50%, given that a two-layer temporal network was constructed in the current study, and the inner layer covered 0 isolated nodes. erefore, ρ isolated � 0, and the stability index of the network was ρ � 0.6824 > 0.5, indicating the high stability of the stock network.
Based on above analysis, the new algorithm developed here is arguably superior to the traditional infection model of complex networks in actual networks. Moreover, the situation of the negative weights of the sides between nodes in the stock network is here taken into account. e domino effect of collapse among different stocks was simulated from a multiplex perspective, thus obtaining the network loss caused by the collapse of each node. Finally, the backbone force and defense force of stock networks were analyzed, based on the data in previous sections.

Conclusions
In this paper, selected stock data drawn from the CSI 300 index were divided into two time series.
Next, the daily amplitudes of stock samples were calculated. e stationarity of the calculated data of each stock was tested using the ADF method. Finally, the cointegration coefficients between any two stocks were obtained by applying a cointegration test. e thresholds of the cointegration coefficients were acquired by combining the frequency distribution. Meanwhile, edges with a high weight were chosen in order to establish a weighted directed graph, which considered the negative correlations among stocks.
Distributions of out degree centrality and in degree centrality reflected the scale-free characteristics of the network. Only a few stocks were found to play important roles in the network and to control the stability of the stock network. e top 20 node stocks in the stock network, such as "major players," "gatekeeper," and "vulnerable players," were explored by analyzing the out degree centrality, in degree centrality, and betweenness centrality of the complex network.
On this basis, the temporal complex networks were constructed and an algorithm to test the robustness of these networks was designed. e quantitative indexes and evaluation standards of robustness were then proposed, and the systematic risk of the stock market was analyzed.
In summary, this paper has the following highlights: (i) A robustness test algorithm for network stableness is designed (ii) Quantitative indexes and evaluation standards of robustness are introduced (iii) e methodology can be applied in other situations like social networks, to specify the strength among people or global supply chain networks Apart from this research, some guidance is given for other situations for researchers to follow: (i) e time slice is the year unit. It is chosen as the "year-round" feature of the stock market. In other situations, the features can be chosen as others like "month-round" and "season-round". (ii) Generally, time series should be firstly stationary.
ADF test is done for this. If the criterion is not fulfilled, the data should be differenced, and then the left jobs could be executed in the stream of Figure 1. Furthermore, the data can be analyzed in more than two layers of network, just replications of downstream of the single layer.
Also, US stock market or EU stock market could be done in the future for justifying the usage of methodology, and if real system risk dispersion data is obtained, the research could be enriched.
So, the research conclusions not only enrich the robustness theory of temporal networks but also provide an effective tool to prevent systematic stock market risks.

Data Availability
All data, the models used during the study that appear in the submitted article, and the original data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.