Case Reports in Dentistry
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 2505864, 3 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2505864

Case Report

Eminectomy for Habitual Luxation of the Temporomandibular Joint with Sedation and Local Anesthesia: A Case Series

Joe Iwanaga,1,2 Yoshiaki Nakamura,³ Jingo Kusukawa,¹ and R. Shane Tubbs²

¹Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
²Seattle Science Foundation, 550 17th Ave, James Tower, Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
³Department of Dental and Oral Surgery, Saiseikai Hita Hospital, 643-7 Miwa, Hita, Oita 877-0000, Japan

Received 15 August 2016; Revised 19 September 2016; Accepted 25 September 2016

Academic Editor: Kai-Yuan Fu

Copyright © 2016 Joe Iwanaga et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Eminectomy which is one of the popular and most effective treatments for habitual temporomandibular joint luxation was first described by Myrhaug in 1951. There are few reports which described eminectomy being performed under local anesthesia and conscious sedation. We present a case series of habitual luxation of the TMJ treated by eminectomy performed under local anesthesia and conscious sedation and general anesthesia. Five patients were examined and found to have recurrent luxation of the TMJ. The age of patients ranged from 18 to 93 years. Bilateral eminectomy of the TMJ was performed for two patients, and unilateral eminectomy was performed for three patients. Two were examined under intravenous propofol sedation and local anesthesia, while three patients were examined under general anesthesia. One patient died from ileus one month after surgery. The follow-up period except for the case that died from ileus ranged from 12 to 33 months. No recurrent dislocation of the TMJ has been identified. Based on our experience and two other series in the literature, eminectomy with sedation and local anesthesia can be considered and might be a good option in elderly patients.

1. Introduction

Habitual luxation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) often occurs in the elderly and often occurs during activities such as yawning and laughing [1]. Treatments for habitual TMJ luxation, which can be conservative or surgical, include eminectomy, which was first described by Myrhaug in 1951 [2]. Although almost all such procedures have been performed under general anesthesia [2, 3] there are a few reports that have described eminectomy being performed under local anesthesia and conscious sedation [4, 5]. We present a case series of habitual luxation of the TMJ treated by eminectomy performed under local anesthesia and conscious sedation and general anesthesia. This study was performed in keeping with the requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki (64th World Medical Assembly, Fortaleza, Brazil, October 2013).

2. Case Series

A total of five patients (three males and two females) were examined and found to have recurrent luxation of the TMJ (at least twice a week for 3 months). The age of patients ranged from 18 to 93 years (mean age: years). The medical histories included asthma, myocardial infarction, and hypertension. All five cases had undergone autologous blood injection (ABI) prior to surgery. However, the recurrent dislocation had occurred in all cases. Bilateral eminectomy of the TMJ was performed for two patients, left unilateral eminectomy was performed for two patients, and right unilateral eminectomy was performed for one patient (Figure 1). Two patients were examined under intravenous propofol sedation and local anesthesia. Under sedation, movement of the TMJ was confirmed. Three patients were examined under general anesthesia. Postoperatively, in one case, the patient experienced mild left ptosis but recovered a month later. One patient died from ileus one month after surgery, but any relationship between use of propofol and ileus was not confirmed. The follow-up period excluding the case that died from ileus ranged from 12 to 33 months (mean period: months). No recurrent dislocation of the TMJ has been identified at long-term follow-up (Table 1).

Table 1

Case
Age
Sex
Systemic disease
Anesthesia
Side
Follow-up (months)

1
81
F
Dementia
Local
L
33

2
88
F
Pneumonia
Local
L
12

3
93
M
Hypertension
General
bilat
23

4
18
M
None
General
R
17

5
80
M
Heart disease, asthma
General
bilat
—

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 1: Eminectomy of the left temporomandibular joint. (a) Skin incision line. (b) Inside the TMJ capsule. (c) Incision of the eminence. (d) Following bone incision.

3. Discussion

Since eminectomy was first described by Myrhaug [2], a variety of treatments for the habitual luxation of the TMJ have been developed, such as ABI [6–8], miniplate eminoplasty [9], Dautrey’s procedure [10], glenotemporal osteotomy [11], and botulinum toxin injection [12]. However, to date, determining which treatment options result in the best long-term results has been difficult [13]. ABI is a nonsurgical and minimally invasive treatment, and many clinicians have tried to reveal the efficacy [6–8]. Candirli et al. [8] described the benefits of ABI as being limited to patients whose joints dislocated very frequently (at least twice a day). According to Undt et al. [14], eminectomy should be considered in patients of advanced age, in patients with neurologic disorders that increase muscular tension, or in those suffering from epilepsy.

Eminectomy is usually performed under general anesthesia [2, 3]. However, rarely, reports of eminectomy under local anesthesia and sedation have been described [3–5]. From our case series, three cases were performed under general anesthesia and in two, who were high risk for general anesthesia, intravenous propofol sedation and local anesthesia were used. No anesthetic complications were observed in our case series. As many patients with chronic TMJ dislocation are elderly and have other health issues, performing eminectomy under local anesthesia plays a very important role for these patients [15]. Kitamura et al. [4] reported the advantages of eminectomy compared to other open surgeries in terms of recurrence rates. They followed up 16 patients after surgery for 6 to 36 months and none had recurrence. Recurrence was also not seen in our case series although one patient died soon after the procedure due to ileus. Lastly, the use of sedation allows patients to obey operator commands [5] so that volitional joint movements can be observed during the procedures.

Based on our experience and two other small series in the literature, eminectomy with sedation and local anesthesia can be considered for some patients and might be a good option in elderly patients in whom other health conditions could prohibit general anesthesia.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

References

A. M. Bayoumi, M. O. Al-Sebaei, K. M. Mohamed, A. O. Al-Yamani, and A. M. Makrami, “Arthrocentesis followed by intra-articular autologous blood injection for the treatment of recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation,” International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 1224–1228, 2014.

H. Myrhaug, “A new method of operation for habitual dislocation of the mandible; review of former methods of treatment,” Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, vol. 9, no. 3-4, pp. 247–261, 1951.

B.-C. D. E. Vasconcelos, G.-G. Porto, J.-P. Neto, and C.-F. D. M. Vasconcelos, “Treatment of chronic mandibular dislocations by eminectomy: follow-up of 10 cases and literature review,” Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. e593–e596, 2009.

N. Kitamura, S. Sentou, F. Hamada, S. Ohno, T. Yamada, and T. Yamamoto, “Surgical treatments for habitual dislocation of the temporomandibular joint and their problems—a comparison between the Buckley-Terry method and eminectomy,” Japanese Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 2–6, 2014.

L. F. Stassen and M. O'Halloran, “Functional surgery of the temporomandibular joint with conscious sedation for ‘closed lock’ using eminectomy as a treatment: a case series,” Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. e42–e49, 2011.

O. Hasson and O. Nahlieli, “Autologous blood injection for treatment of recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation,” Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 390–393, 2001.

N. Oshiro, H. Yoshida, M. Uemura, F. Suwa, and S. Morita, “Analysis of MRI findings in minimum invasive treatment for habitual temporomandibular joint dislocation by autologous blood injection around the temporomandibular joint capsule,” Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 1486–1490, 2014.

C. Candirli, Y. T. Korkmaz, S. Yuce, E. H. Dayisoylu, and F. Taskesen, “The effect of chronic temporomandibular joint dislocation: frequency on the success of autologous blood injection,” Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 414–417, 2013.

J. J. Kuttenberger and N. Hardt, “Long-term results following miniplate eminoplasty for the treatment of recurrent dislocation and habitual luxation of the temporomandibular joint,” International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 474–479, 2003.

H. Kobayashi, T. Yamazaki, and H. Okudera, “Correction of recurrent dislocation of the mandible in elderly patients by the Dautrey procedure,” British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 54–57, 2000.

A. Costas Lopez, F. Monje Gil, J. Fernandez Sanroman, C. Goizueta Adame, and P. Castro Ruiz, “Glenotemporal osteotomy as a definitive treatment for recurrent dislocation of the jaw,” Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 178–183, 1996.

T. R. Stark, C. V. Perez, and J. P. Okeson, “Recurrent TMJ dislocation managed with botulinum toxin type a injections in a pediatric patient,” Pediatric Dentistry, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 65–69, 2015.

V. L. de Almeida, N. S. Vitorino, A. L. O. Nascimento, D. C. da Silva Júnior, and P. H. L. de Freitas, “Stability of treatments for recurrent temporomandibular joint luxation: a systematic review,” International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 304–307, 2016.

G. Undt, C. Kermer, and M. Rasse, “Treatment of recurrent mandibular dislocation, part II: eminectomy,” International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 98–102, 1997.

J. H. Southerland and L. R. Brown, “Conscious intravenous sedation in dentistry: a review of current therapy,” Dental Clinics of North America, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 309–346, 2016.