Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 5857935, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5857935

Case Report

Mycosis Fungoides of the Oral Cavity: Fungating Tumor Successfully Treated with Electron Beam Radiation and Maintenance Bexarotene

Juri Bassuner,¹ Roberto N. Miranda,¹ Drew A. Emge,² Beau A. DiCicco,³ Daniel J. Lewis,² and Madeleine Duvic¹

¹The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
²Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
³University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Received 13 August 2016; Revised 26 October 2016; Accepted 6 November 2016

Academic Editor: Alireza Firooz

Copyright © 2016 Juri Bassuner et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Oral involvement in mycosis fungoides is unusual and portends a poor prognosis. The clinical findings of three new cases are described along with a differential diagnosis and review of the literature. For brevity, only one patient is discussed in detail below whereas the other two cases are solely described in table form. The patient had a four-year history of mycosis fungoides before developing an exophytic tongue tumor. He was treated with local electron beam radiation and is disease-free to date while being on maintenance therapy with oral bexarotene. Analysis of the data collected from our review of the literature and the present cases reveal key insights.

1. Introduction

One of the most common T-cell lymphomas is mycosis fungoides (MF). It is a malignant, insidious, cutaneous, extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) [1]. MF encompasses about 4% of all lymphoma cases worldwide and has an incidence of 0.36 per 100,00 [2]. The MF disease process has a relatively predictable pattern: in three phases, erythematous or eczematous patches can become infiltrated plaques and cutaneous tumors [1]. Extracutaneous manifestations of MF can involve a wide array of sites, particularly lymph nodes [3].

Oral cavity involvement in MF is rare, found in less than 1% of patients. Interestingly, autopsy studies suggest up to 13% involvement [4]. This is thought to be a predictor of poor prognosis. Often, patients have advanced stage disease and the majority have expired shortly after presentation [5–8]. We present a case of oral MF and a review of the literature. Two additional patients with oral MF that presented to our hospital are presented in table form alongside the 45 patients with oral MF found in the literature (Table 2). Key observations are made from analysis of the patients.

2. Materials and Methods

We have expanded on our previous case series on oral MF (20) to include three new cases that were selected from the electronic medical records of The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC). The patients were treated at UTMDACC over periods from 2005 to present (Case  1), 2005 to 2008 (Case  2), and 2015 to present (Case  3).

3. Case Report

A 63-year-old white man (Case  1) presented in 2005 with exfoliative erythroderma. He stated that he was diagnosed with a rash localized to his right hand three years earlier. Over the course of one and a half years, his lesions spread widely. On presentation, he had 90% body surface area (BSA) involvement with a 3 : 1 ratio of plaque to patch. His skin exhibited indurated erythematous papular rash that was confluent over the upper and lower extremities with skip areas on the abdomen and relative sparing of the groin.

Flow cytometry revealed 30 × 10⁹/L CD4 cells and 96% CD4+/CD26− cells. Biopsy of the tumor showed MF with large cell transformation.

The patient received numerous systemic treatments including (1) vorinostat 400 mg daily that improved his pruritus but was accompanied by intolerable side effect of diarrhea and overall lack of response in the skin, (2) forodesine with minor partial response, (3) combined modality with interferon-alpha plus bexarotene and extracorporeal photophoresis, (4) total body skin electron beam radiation that effectively cleared his skin temporarily, and (5) alemtuzumab with which he achieved durable near-complete remission.

After these treatments, roughly four years after initial presentation, the patient presented with a rapidly growing tumor on his tongue measuring 2.0 × 2.0 × 2.5 cm with a central cleft (Figure 1). His skin at that point had 12% BSA involvement of MF. His tongue biopsy showed a large protruding lesion, lined by squamous mucosa, nonulcerated, composed of a diffuse, dense lymphoid infiltrate that extended deep into underlying skeletal muscle of tongue (Figure 2(a)). On higher magnification, the neoplastic cells were large, with vesicular nuclei and prominent central nucleoli (Figure 2(b)). Approximately 2 atypical mitotic figures per high power field were identified. The large neoplastic cells were strongly and diffusely positive for CD3 (Figure 3(a)) CD4 and CD30 (Figure 3(b)). Approximately 90% of neoplastic cells expressed the proliferation marker Ki-67. Bone marrow was positive for atypical cells as well. Imaging revealed a 1.3 cm spiculated lesion in the left upper lobe, which was subsequently biopsied and found to be positive for lymphoma. His tumor responded to 22 Gy of electron beam radiation leaving behind a 3.0 × 1.5 cm erosion that eventually formed a scar. He was restarted on bexarotene and had an excellent response on the skin. He continues to be disease-free to the time of this writing.

Figure 1: Mycosis fungoides tumor of the patient’s tongue measuring 2.0 × 2.0 × 2.5 cm with a central cleft prior to treatment. The tumor was responsive to local electron beam radiation and maintenance bexarotene.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: (a) Fungating lesion of the tongue shows a dense lymphoid infiltrate lined by the squamous epithelium of the oral mucosa. The infiltrate permeates into underlying skeletal muscle of tongue. Hematoxylin and eosin, ×40. (b) The infiltrate is composed of large cells with vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Atypical mitoses are also observed. Hematoxylin and eosin, ×1000.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: Immunohistochemistry shows that the large neoplastic cells are positive for CD3 (a) and CD30 (b). Immunohistochemistry with hematoxylin counterstain; ×40 (a) and ×100 (b).

4. Discussion

Lymphomatous lesions of the oropharynx in MF are becoming increasingly recognized in the literature. Presentation is heterogeneous, ranging from depressed ulcerations and red or white patches to exuberant outgrowth of tumors. This presents a diagnostic challenge to the uninitiated clinician. The differential diagnosis of various benign and malignant oral lesions is reviewed (Table 1).

Table 1: Differential diagnosis of oral tumors.

Disease
Oral lesion description
Diagnostic clues

Malignancy/premalignancy

    Squamous cell papilloma
Discrete exophytic papillary lesions (verruca): occur at any intraoral site
History of human immunodeficiency virus infection; association with cutaneous warts on fingers

    Squamous cell carcinoma
Nonhealing ulcers, papules, or plaques: occur most frequently at the floor of the mouth and soft palate
History of tobacco and alcohol consumption; mechanical trauma from ill-fitting dentures

Mesenchymal neoplasms and tumor-like lesions

    Fibrous and vascular overgrowths
Discrete lesions of cheek or tongue
History of chronic irritation, usually from some tooth-related cause or chronic cheek/tongue biting

    Pyogenic granuloma
Exuberant overgrowths usually at the gingiva but can occur at any intraoral site
May bleed spontaneously or following irritation due to extreme vascularity

Odontogenic tumors and cysts

    Ameloblastoma
Oral swellings occurring on the mandible that typically produce multicystic appearance on radiograph
Painless and slow growing; untreated, may reach substantial size

    Odontogenic cysts
Oral swellings arising adjacent to teeth that usually produce a well-demarcated cyst on radiograph
Painless and slow growing

Table 2: Data from the literature where oral mycosis fungoides was identified before death. An asterisk denotes that the value was not stated or unknown.

Author
At onset of MF
At onset of oral lesion
At death
Time to death from onset of oral lesion (yr.)
Sex
Stage
Cutaneous involvement
Extracutaneous involvement
Lymph node involvement
Multiple sites of oral involvement
Presence of GI involvement
Lesion type
Location of oral lesion(s)

Age
At onset of oral lesion

Laskaris
52
65
65.2
0.2
F
IIb
+
+
+
+

Buccal mucosa, lips

Crane
70
73.5

F
IIa
−
−
−
−
−

Gingiva

Yao
54
57.8
59.1
1.3
M
Ib
+

+

Patch
Gingiva, buccal mucosa

Brousset
47
50
52
2
F
Ib
+
−
−
−
−
Tumor
Lingual margin

Vicente

    Case 1
51
59
59.5
0.5
F
IIb
+
−
−
+

Plaque
Hard palate, mandibular gingiva

    Case  2
72
77
77.5
0.5
F
IIb
+

−

Plaque
Hard palate

Kasha

    Case  1
65
66
67.2
1.2
M
IIb
+
−
−
−
−
Plaque
Dorsal tongue

    Case  2
62
80
81
1
M
IIa
+
−
+
+
+
Plaque
Tongue, esophagus

Evans
52
65
66.2
1.2
F
Ib
+
−

+

Plaque
Dorsal tongue, Lateral tongue

Barnett
39
69
69.2
0.2
M
IIb
+

+

Plaque
Palate, tongue, mucosa, gingiva, pharynx

Cohn
50
52.5

M
IIb
+
+
+
+

Plaque
Hard palate, buccal mucosa, tongue

Damm
68
68

M
IIb
+
−
−
+
−

Hard palate, soft palate, alveolar ridge

Whitbeck
68
72
72.6
0.6
M
IVb
+
+
−
+
−
Tumor
Hard palate and, later, tongue

Ellams
52
52
52.3
0.3
F
Ib
−
−

+

Tumor
Gingiva, buccal mucosa, palate

Reynolds
60
75.5
76.7
1.2
F
Ib
+
−

+

Patch
Tongue, hard palate

Wright
60
61.5
62.7
1.2
M
IVb
+
+
−
+

Patch
Hard palate, upper gingiva

Sirois

    Case  1
71
75
76
1
M
IVa
+

+

Gingiva, palate, tongue, lip, buccal mucosa, tonsil

    Case  2
44
57
58
1
M
III
+

−

Tongue

    Case  3
46
49
50
1
M
IVa
+

+

Gingiva, tongue

    Case  4
71
74
75
1
M
IIb
+

+

Gingiva, palate

    Case  5
62
66
69
3
F
IIb
+

+

Gingiva, palate

    Case  6
51
53
56
3
F
IVa
+

−

Gingiva

    Case  7
67
73
81
8
F
Ib
−

−

Gingiva

    Case  8
43
51
53
2
M
III
+

−

Tongue

McBride

63
63.1
0.1
F
IIa
+

−

Tumor
Dorsal tongue

Harman

57
57.6
0.6
M
IIb
+
−
−
+
−

Gingiva, palate

Cawley

    Case  1
72
72
74
2
M
Ib
+
+
−
−
−

Hard/soft palate, tonsils

    Case  2
65
65
65.0
0.04
M
IIb
+
+
+
+
−
Tumor
Labial commissure, tongue

Postorino et al.

60

M
IIb
+
−
+
−
−
Plaque
Mucosa

Corbett et al.

F
IIb
+
−
−
+
−
Tumor
Soft palate, throat

Wain et al.

M
Ib
+
−
−
+
−
Plaque
Soft palate, tongue, lips

Wahie et al.
60
69

M
Ia
−
−
−
+
−

Suprahyoid region, epiglottis

Viswanathan
69
69

M
Ia
+
−
−
+
−

Tongue, soft palate

Luigetti et al.
27
38

F

+
+
+
+
−
Plaque
Lip, mucosa, tongue, pharynx

Goldsmith et al.
44
64

F

+
−
−
−
−
Plaque
Hard palate

Le et al.
32
36

M
IIb
+
+
+
−
−
Tumor
Tonsil

Tillman et al.

60

M

Chua et al.
80
80.7

M
Ib
+
−
−
−
−
Tumor
Hard palate, gingiva, mucosa

Gomez

    Case  1
35
45
45.5
0.5
F
IIb
+
−
−
+
−
Tumor
Tongue, uvula, oropharynx

    Case  2
66
70

F
Ib
+
−
−
+
−

Uvula, soft palate, tonsils

May

    Case  1

40

F
Ia
+
−
−
−
−
Tumor
Tongue

    Case  2
44
44

M

−
−
−
−
−

Tongue

Present report

    Case  1
60
74

M
IVb
+
+
−
−
−
Tumor
Tongue

    Case  2
50
55
55.7
0.7
M
IVb
+
+
−
+
−
Tumor
Palate, uvula

    Case  3
35
38

M
IVb
+
+

+
+
Ulcer
Tongue, palate

MF is classically divided into three progressive, often overlapping, stages: patch, plaque, and tumor. Clinically and histopathologically, patch stage MF is commonly misdiagnosed as psoriasis. Lesions appear erythematous and sometimes scaly usually responding to topical steroids, the mainstay treatment [9]. Microscopically, there is nonspecific inflammatory infiltrate. Atypical cells are not readily identified.

During the plaque and tumor stages, lesions present a much more characteristic histologic picture. There are a dense polymorphous infiltrate and characteristic epidermotropism. Malignant cells called Sezary cells may be seen in the peripheral blood and subsequently may spread to lymph nodes. Sezary cells can be identified in peripheral blood by flow cytometry immunophenotype [10]. Treatments are often directed systemically with medicines such as bexarotene, a vitamin A derivative. In our experience, lesions respond well to local electron beam radiation.

To our knowledge, there are 42 reported cases of oral MF (Table 2). At presentation of oral MF, the age ranged from 36 to 81 years, with a median of 64. Forty percent were women and 60% were men. Skin involvement universally preceded oral involvement with the exception of two cases ranging from 6 months to 20 years, with a median of 4 years.

At time of oral lesion diagnosis, 33% of patients had stage IB disease or lower and 11% had no active cutaneous disease. Most commonly, patients presented with oral lesions on the palate () and/or tongue (), which is consistent with the literature [8, 11–19]. Sixty-one percent had multiple sites of oral involvement. Of the lesions identified, there were 12 tumor, 11 plaque, and 3 patch.

Our patient is remarkable in that he is in complete remission seven years after onset of oral lesion, which defies the median time of one year from diagnosis of oral lesion to death. Further, our patient had large cell transformation, which carries additional poor prognosis [20]. At the time of oral lesion development, no lymphadenopathy was present whereas in many of the reported cases, oral lesions occurred mostly in advanced stages of the disease.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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