Case Reports in Gastrointestinal Medicine
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 5879374, 6 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5879374

Case Report

Gastric Metastasis from Renal Cell Carcinoma, Clear Cell Type, Presenting with Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Mouhanna Abu Ghanimeh,¹ Ayman Qasrawi,² Omar Abughanimeh,² Sakher Albadarin,³ and John H. Helzberg⁴

¹Internal Medicine Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
²Internal Medicine Department, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
³Division of Gastroenterology, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
⁴Saint Luke’s Hospital of Kansas City, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Mouhanna Abu Ghanimeh; mouhannaka87@yahoo.com

Received 17 May 2017; Revised 12 July 2017; Accepted 27 July 2017; Published 29 August 2017

Academic Editor: Naohiko Koide

Copyright © 2017 Mouhanna Abu Ghanimeh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 80–85% of all primary renal neoplasms. Although RCC can metastasize to any organ, gastric metastases from RCC are exceedingly rare. A 67-year-old male presented with melena and acute blood loss anemia. The patient had a history of RCC that had been treated with a radical nephrectomy. He had a recent myocardial infarction and was receiving double antiplatelet therapy. After hemodynamic stabilization, esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed a polypoid mass in the gastric fundus. The mass was excised. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluation were consistent with clear cell RCC. The polypoid lesion is consistent with a late solitary metastasis.

1. Introduction

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common cancer originating from the kidney [1]. Lungs, bones, liver, and brain are the most common sites of RCC metastasis [2, 3]. Uncommon metastatic sites, including the gastrointestinal tract [2–4], have also been reported. Gastric metastasis from RCC is rare [5, 6]. Gastric metastases are typically asymptomatic, single, and located in the gastric body or fundus [5, 6]. If they are symptomatic, then gastrointestinal bleeding and anemia are the most common presentations [5, 6]. RCC has the potential for late solitary metastasis. Isolated gastric metastasis from RCC can occur up to 20 years after radical nephrectomy [7]. Immunohistochemistry is useful and increasingly utilized in the diagnosis of RCC [8, 9]. The prognosis in patients with metastatic RCC is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of 5–30% [10]. Treatment options include embolization and epinephrine injection for bleeding and endoscopic resection or surgery [11–16]. Surgical resection remains the best therapeutic option for a solitary gastric metastasis, resulting in significant survival prolongation in eligible patients [8].

2. Case Summary

A 67-year-old man presented with multiple episodes of melena. His past medical history involved polycystic kidney disease, live donor renal transplantation in 2002 with chronic immunosuppression, and metastatic left-sided RCC that had been treated with radical nephrectomy and the resection of a pulmonary metastasis in 2014. The patient had chronic kidney disease, stage 3, and a recent ST segment elevation myocardial infarction with percutaneous coronary intervention and drug eluting stent insertion. The patient was on 81 mg of aspirin daily and 90 mg of ticagrelor twice daily.

His vital signs on presentation were blood pressure of 121/82 mmHg, pulse of 105 bpm, and oral temperature of 97.7°F (36.5 C). On physical examination, the patient was pale and in mild distress. Abdominal and cardiopulmonary exams were unremarkable. Initial laboratory evaluation included a hemoglobin (Hb) level of 8.8 g/dl (normal: 13.5–17.5 g/dl), white blood cell (WBC) count of 11,300/cmm (normal: 4,000–11,000/cmm), platelet count of 344,000 cmm (normal: 150,000–450,000/cmm), serum creatinine level of 2.3 mg/dl (normal: 0.9–1.2 mg/dl), aspartate aminotransferase level of 27 units/L (normal: 15–46 units/L), alanine aminotransferase level of 14 units/L (normal: 13–69 units/L), alkaline phosphatase level of 117 units/L (normal: 42–140 units/L), and international normalized ratio of 1.2. The patient was admitted for stabilization and further evaluation of gastrointestinal bleeding.

The patient was intravenously given 80 mg pantoprazole, followed by 8 mg/hour continuous infusion. A total of 2 units of packed red blood cells were transfused. Aspirin and ticagrelor were initially held. On hospitalization day 1, the patient was hemodynamically stable and his Hb level increased to 9.9 g/dl after transfusion. The gastroenterology service proceeded with esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). The EGD (Figure 1) showed a 2.5 to 3.0 cm polypoid mass in the gastric fundus. The polyp was completely removed with a polypectomy snare and cautery. Bleeding occurred after polyp removal, and hemostasis was achieved via local epinephrine injection and the application of two Cook hemostasis clips.

Figure 1: EGD showing a 2.5 to 3.0 cm polypoid mass in the gastric fundus.

The histological examination (Figure 2) demonstrated a submucosal tumor comprising nests and fascicles of cells with abundant clear cytoplasm and moderately pleomorphic nuclei with prominent eosinophilic nucleoli. A background vascular network and acute and chronic inflammation were observed. Immunohistochemical staining (Figure 3) was positive for pan-keratin PAX2 and PAX8. Both the morphology and immune phenotypes were most consistent with metastatic clear cell RCC, comparable with the right lung lesion resected in 2014.

Figure 2: Histological evaluation including H&E staining, showing a tumor comprising nests and fascicles of cells with abundant clear cytoplasm and moderately pleomorphic nuclei with prominent eosinophilic nucleoli.

Figure 3: Positive immunohistochemical staining for PAX-2, consistent with clear cell RCC.

The patient was observed overnight in the intensive care unit. His Hb levels were unchanged, and he remained hemodynamically stable. Aspirin and ticagrelor treatments were resumed. The oncology service decided to follow him as an outpatient. Chemotherapy was not initiated with his recent gastrointestinal blood loss and myocardial infarction. He is following up now with the oncology and cardiology clinics and has been doing well about 1 year after his presentation.

3. Discussion

RCC is the most common cancer originating from the kidney. This cancer is responsible for 80 to 85% of all primary renal neoplasms and accounts for 3% of all adult malignancies [1]. RCC has an abundant blood supply and can metastasize to any organ [2, 3]. The most common sites of metastasis include the lungs, bones, liver, and brain [2, 3]. However, RCCs can also metastasize to unusual sites, including the pancreas, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, skeletal muscle, and skin [4]. Studies have reported that a metastasis is detected in approximately 30% of RCC patients on initial presentation [3].

Gastric metastases from RCC are exceedingly rare [5, 6]. Pollheimer et al. [5] reported 5 patients who developed gastric metastases from an Austrian database of 2,082 RCC patients. In one instance, an isolated gastric metastasis from RCC was reported 20 years after radical nephrectomy [7]. Table 1 summarizes the reported cases of gastric metastases from RCC in English literature.

Table 1: Reported cases of gastric metastases from RCC in English literature.

Case and reference
Age (years), sex
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Location
Gross appearance
Histology
Treatment

Sullivan et al. 1980 [17]
69, male
Bleeding
Antrum
Mass, single
Not specified
Antrectomy

Boruchowicz et al. 1995 [18]
48, male
Dysphagia
Fundus
Polypoid, single
Clear cell
Chemotherapy

Blake et al. 1995 [11]
63, male
Bleeding
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
Embolization

Odori et al. 1998 [19]
58, male
Not specified
Not specified
Ulcerated, single
Clear cell
Total gastrectomy with regional lymph node dissection

Picchio et al. 2000 [12]
64, female
Bleeding
Body
Polyp, single
Clear cell
Subtotal gastrectomy

Mascarenhas et al. 2001 [20]
66, male
Bleeding
Body
Ulcerated, single
Clear cell
Partial gastrectomy

Kobayashi et al. 2004 [21]
78, male
Anemia
Lower one-third of stomach
Mass, single
Not specified
Gastrectomy

Kok Wee et al. 2004 [7]
60, male
Bleeding
Body
2 lesions, protruding and ulcerated
Clear cell
Endoscopic therapy

Lamb et al. 2005 [13]
69, male
Bleeding
Body
Mass, single
Clear cell
Embolization, octreotide

Riviello et al. 2006 [22]
68, male
Bleeding
Fundus
Mass, single
Clear cell
Total gastrectomy, chemotherapy

Pezzoli et al. 2007 [15]
78, male
Anemia
Body
Polyps, multiple
Clear cell
Endoscopic mucosal resection

Saidi and Remine 2007 [23]
Not specified
Bleeding
Body
Polyp, single
Clear cell
Wedge resection

Pollheimer et al. 2008 [5]
69, male
Epigastric pain, Nausea, vomiting
Body
Mass, single
Clear cell
Tamoxifen

Pollheimer et al. 2008 [5]
77, male
No symptoms
Antrum
Ulcerated, single
Clear cell
Interferon

Pollheimer et al. 2008 [5]
83, female
Bleeding
Antrum
Mass, multiple
Clear cell
Endoscopic therapy, interferon

Pollheimer et al. 2008 [5]
65, female
Bleeding
Not specified
Multiple
Clear cell
Endoscopic therapy

Pollheimer et al. 2008 [5]
69, male
Anemia, epigastric pain
Body
Multiple
Clear cell
Endoscopic therapy, sunitinib

Kibria et al. 2009 [24]
53, male
Bleeding
Fundus
Polypoid, single
Clear cell
None

Yamamoto et al. 2009 [8]
74, male
Bleeding
Body
Polypoid, single
Not specified
Wedge resection

Tiwari et al. 2010 [25]
58, female
Bleeding
Antrum
Polypoid, single
Clear cell
Subtotal gastrectomy

García-Campelo et al. 2010 [26]
75, male
No symptoms
Fundus and body
Polypoid, multiple
Not specified
Sunitinib

Sugasawa et al. 2010 [27]
69, male
Anemia
Fundus
Ulcerated, single
Clear cell
Wedge resection

Eslick and Kalantar 2011 [28]
65, male
Bleeding
Lower stomach
Polypoid, single
Clear cell
Polypectomy

Kim et al. 2012 [29]
79, male
Abdominal pain
Body
Erosive, single
Clear cell
Partial gastrectomy

Xu et al. 2012 [30]
60, male
Anemia
Body
Polyp, multiple
Clear cell
Polypectomy, sunitinib, sorafenib

Siriwardana et al. 2012 [31]
71, male
Anemia
Not specified
Polypoid, single
Clear cell
Endoscopic mucosal resection

Namikawa et al. 2012 [32]
65, male
Not specified
Body
Polypoid, single
Clear cell
Wedge resection

Rodrigues et al. 2012 [33]
45, female
Bleeding
Body
Ulcerated, single
Not specified
Sunitinib

Chibbar et al. 2013 [34]
69, female
Anemia
Body
Polypoid, single
Clear cell
Endoscopic mucosal resection

Rita et al. 2014 [6]
77, male
Bleeding, abdominal pain
Body
Polypoid, single
Clear cell
Endoscopic resection

Greenwald et al. 2014 [35]
62, male
No symptoms
Fundus
Mass, single
Clear cell
Partial gastrectomy

Costa et al. 2014 [36]
66, female
Anemia
Body
Ulcerated, single
Not specified
Laparoscopic wedge resection

Kumcu et al. 2014 [37]
59, male
Bleeding, weight loss
Body
Polypoid, single
Clear cell
Partial gastrectomy

Sakurai et al. 2014 [38]
62, male
Bleeding, anemia
Body
Mass, single
Clear cell
Partial gastrectomy

Forman et al. 2015 [39]
76, female
Bleeding, anemia
Cardia
Mass, single
Clear cell
Not specified

Kongnyuy et al. 2016 [40]
68, male
Anemia, bleeding
Fundus
Mass, single
Clear cell
Not specified

Our case 2016
67, male
Bleeding
Fundus
Polypoid, single
Clear cell
Polypectomy, plan for chemotherapy

Most RCC gastric metastases are located in the gastric body and fundus. Single tumors predominate over multiple tumors [6]. Histologically, these metastases are situated in the submucosa [3, 12]. Clear cell histology is the predominant form of RCC. The presence of clear cell morphology in any unknown lesion should prompt the pathologist to consider the possibility of metastatic RCC, even in the absence of a prior diagnosis [30]. Endoscopically, the metastasis typically appears as a polypoid submucosal-like tumor with a central depression.

In general, the outcome with metastatic RCC is poor with 5-year survival rates of 5–30% [10]. Patients with a single metastasis fare better than those with multiple metastases.

Immunohistochemistry, particularly for vimentin and PAX-2, is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of RCC [8, 9]. Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein expressed in normal renal tissues [8], and PAX-2 is a transcription factor required for the development and proliferation of renal tubules [9]. Both proteins are expressed in 85% of metastatic clear cell RCCs [8, 9].

Consent

Informed consent was obtained from the patient to publish the details of this case report.

Disclosure

This manuscript is a detailed description of a previous abstract which was presented at the annual meeting of the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) 2016 in Las Vegas and it was published as an abstract in a special supplement of the American Journal of Gastroenterology.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Mouhanna Abu Ghanimeh, Ayman Qasrawi, and Omar Abughanimeh wrote and revised the manuscript. Sakher Albadarin edited the manuscript. John H. Helzberg performed the EGD, provided images, and reviewed and edited the final manuscript.

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