Case Reports in Infectious Diseases
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 602462, 4 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/602462

Case Report

Actinomyces naeslundii: An Uncommon Cause of Endocarditis

Christopher D. Cortes,¹ Carl Urban,1,2 and Glenn Turett¹

¹The Dr. James J. Rahal, Jr. Division of Infectious Diseases, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing, NY 11355, USA
²Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA

Received 21 September 2015; Accepted 16 November 2015

Academic Editor: Sandeep Dogra

Copyright © 2015 Christopher D. Cortes et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Actinomyces rarely causes endocarditis with 25 well-described cases reported in the literature in the past 75 years. We present a case of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) caused by Actinomyces naeslundii. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature of endocarditis due to this organism and the second report of PVE caused by Actinomyces.

1. Introduction

Actinomyces naeslundii is a Gram positive anaerobic bacillary commensal of the human oral cavity. Septicemia with this organism is uncommon and poses an increased risk of subacute and chronic granulomatous inflammation, which can affect all organ systems via hematogenous spread [1]. We discuss a rare case of endocarditis caused by this organism.

2. Case Presentation

A 51-year-old Hispanic woman, with a history of hypothyroidism, asthma, and aortic stenosis requiring a bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement, presented with fever, nausea, and a 23-pound weight loss over the prior two months. The valve was excised at another hospital prior to patient’s presentation to us and no pathology information was available. She also complained of diffuse myalgias, erythematous lesions over the arms and legs, and clouded vision. One month prior to aortic valve replacement, she had dental implants inserted. Her symptoms began two months after valve replacement surgery. Physical examination on presentation was notable for a febrile ( F) woman in mild distress, but hemodynamically stable. Pertinent findings included poor dentition with apparent tooth decay and fracture below the gum line of two adjacent teeth, small punctate lesions over her upper and lower extremities, Roth spots on ophthalmoscopic exam, a well-healed sternotomy scar, and a grade III/VI holosystolic decrescendo murmur. Abnormal laboratory tests included a WBC count of 16.5 K/μL (reference range: 4.8–10.8 K/μL) with 88.5% neutrophils and C-reactive protein (CRP) 7.02 mg/L (reference range: 0.03–0.49 mg/dL). Only one set of blood cultures was drawn prior to empirically starting vancomycin and ceftriaxone (the patient had a vague history of a nonlife threatening penicillin allergy). The aerobic bottle showed bacterial growth at 26.3 hours and in the anaerobic bottle at 57.1 hours. They were subsequently inoculated on anaerobic blood agar and Brucella Laked Blood Agar with Kanamycin and Vancomycin (LKV). The isolate was identified as Actinomyces naeslundii by VITEK 2 ANC ID Card (BioMerieux) anaerobic and corynebacterium identification. Vancomycin was discontinued and ceftriaxone alone was used.

A transesophageal echocardiogram demonstrated trace mitral and tricuspid valve regurgitation, but no definitive vegetation. Repeat blood cultures drawn on day two of admission showed no growth and she defervesced within two days. After 7 days of treatment, her leukocytosis resolved and she was no longer symptomatic. No posttreatment echo was done seeing pretreatment and 10 days into treatment, studies showed no aortic valve dehiscence or regurgitation.

A CRP repeated after 21 days was 0.8 mg/L. Four weeks into therapy, ceftriaxone was changed to ertapenem due to a febrile reaction attributed to ceftriaxone. The patient received a total of sixteen weeks of appropriate intravenous antibiotic therapy. She was evaluated by an allergy/immunology specialist and was cleared to receive amoxicillin which then was started at a dose of 1 gram every 12 hours for a planned twelve-month total course of antibiotics. The patient also had her tooth extracted after discharge from the hospital and she follows up every six months with her dentist. Eight weeks later, she presented to the clinic for follow-up. She was well compliant with and tolerating amoxicillin. Surveillance blood cultures drawn then were sterile. Two weeks after completion of the twelve months of antibiotics, she remained well and surveillance cultures drawn on that visit remained negative.

3. Discussion

We present an unusual case of Actinomyces naeslundii endocarditis in an immunocompetent individual. According to the modified Duke’s criteria, our patient had 4 minor criteria classifying her condition as possible endocarditis. The likelihood of endocarditis was strengthened by recent dental work followed by aortic valve replacement surgery and ongoing poor dentation; persistent fevers two months after surgery; bacteremia with Actinomyces naeslundii, which is associated with early caries and tooth decay [2]; significant weight loss; evidence of immunologic sequelae (Roth spots) and an elevated inflammatory marker (CRP). Respecting the possibility of prosthetic valve endocarditis prompted aggressive treatment with an extended course of parenteral followed by oral antibiotics.

Actinomyces bacteremia is well described in the dental literature following dental procedures [3]. However, Actinomyces species rarely cause endocarditis. Actinomycosis is more commonly associated with cervicofacial, pelvic, and thoracic deep-seated infections. There is no specific recommended duration of therapy for Actinomyces endocarditis. For patients with deep-seated thoracic infections, 2 to 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotics are advised, followed by oral penicillins for six to twelve months [4].

An extensive review of the literature since 1939 revealed 24 well-described cases of endocarditis due to Actinomyces including six cases of Actinomyces species [5–9], two of Actinomyces bovis [10, 11], four of Actinomyces viscosus [12–15], two cases of Actinomyces meyeri [16, 17], three of Actinomyces israelii [18–20], two of Actinomyces neuii [21, 22], and one of each of Actinomyces septicus [23], Actinomyces muris [24], Actinomyces pyogenes [25], Actinomyces funkei [26], and Actinomyces odontolyticus [27] (Table 1). Almost half of these patients were noted to have predisposing cardiac pathology. One recent report described a case of eustachian valve endocarditis caused by Actinomyces turicensis [28]. Four of the 20 patients who received therapy died from pulmonary edema and acute respiratory failure. Three patients underwent aortic valve replacement surgery and survived. Most of the patients received a beta-lactam antibiotic (mainly penicillin), but few received other classes of antibiotics (glycopeptide, sulfonamide, aminoglycoside, and chloramphenicol). In 15 patients, duration of antibiotic therapy was stated and ranged from 24 days to 13 months (mean 21.4 weeks, median 16 weeks).

Table 1: Case reports of endocarditis caused by Actinomyces species.

Reference
Age/sex
Organism
Valve
Surgery
Therapy
Outcome

Uhr, 1939 [10]
24 M
Actinomyces bovis
Aortic/Mitral
No
Sulfathiazole
Dead

Beamer et al., 1945 [5]
55 M
Actinomyces sp.
Aortic/Mitral
No
None
Dead

Blevins and Mac Neal, 1946 [23]
UK
Actinomyces septicus
Mitral
No
None
UK

MacNeal et al., 1946 [6]
39 M
Actinomyces sp.
Mitral
No
PCN
Alive

Wedding, 1947 [7]
37 M
Actinomyces sp.
Mitral
No
Sulfathiazole
Dead

Wedding, 1947 [7]
71 F
Actinomyces sp.
Aortic
No
None
Dead

Stokes et al., 1951 [24]
27 F
Actinomyces muris
Mitral
No
Chloramphenicol
Alive

Walters et al., 1962 [11]
43 F
Actinomyces bovis
Aortic/Mitral
No
PCN
Alive

Dutton and Inclan, 1968 [18]
6 M
Actinomyces israelii
Mitral
No
PCN
Dead

Gutschik, 1976 [12]
70 M
Actinomyces viscosus
Mitral
No
PCN
Alive

Lam et al., 1993 [19]
65 M
Actinomyces israelii
Aortic/Mitral
No
PCN
Alive

Moffatt et al., 1996 [16]
48 M
Actinomyces meyeri
Aortic
Yes, AVR
PCN
Alive

Reddy et al., 1997 [25]
64 M
Actinomyces pyogenes
Aortic
No
Multiple
Dead

Hamed, 1998 [13]
81 M
Actinomyces viscosus
Aortic
No
Ceftizoxime
Alive

Huang et al., 1998 [17]
55 M
Actinomyces meyeri
Mitral
No
Ampicillin-sulbactam
Alive

Mardis and Many Jr., 2001 [14]
38 M
Actinomyces viscosus
Mitral
No
Multiple, PCN
Alive

Westling et al., 2002 [26]
40 F
Actinomyces funkei
Tricuspid
No
Multiple
Alive

Oh et al., 2005 [27]
33 M
Actinomyces odontolyticus
Tricuspid
No
Ceftriaxone (CTX)
Alive

Julian et al., 2005 [15]
43 F
Actinomyces viscosus
Aortic
Yes, AVR
Amp, CTX, and vancomycin
Alive

Cohen et al., 2007 [21]
68 M
Actinomyces neuii
Aortic
Yes, AVR
Amp, CTX, and gentamicin
Alive

Oddó and Ayala, 2007 [8]
34 M
Actinomyces sp.
Mitral
No
UK
Dead

Grundmann et al., 2010 [22]
66 M
Actinomyces neuii
Aortic (prosthetic)
No
PCN
Alive

Adalja and Vergis, 2010 [20]
87 M
Actinomyces israelii
Mitral
No
PCN
Alive

Mehrzad et al., 2013 [9]
49 M
Actinomyces sp.
Tricuspid
No
Multiple
Alive

Kottam et al., 2015 [28]
30 F
Actinomyces turicensis
Eustachian
No
Multiple, pen, and CTX
Alive

Present Report
51 F
Actinomyces naeslundii
Aortic (prosthetic)
No
Vanco, CTX, ertapenem, and amoxicillin
Alive

UK: unknown, PCN: penicillin, CTX: ceftriaxone, Amp: ampicillin, Gent: gentamicin, Vanc: vancomycin, Ert: ertapenem, and valve replacement surgery.

To our knowledge, this is the first case of Actinomyces naeslundii endocarditis reported in the literature to date and the second of prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Actinomyces [22]. Grundmann et al. described a case of Actinomyces neuii prosthetic valve endocarditis also managed successfully with medical treatment alone (6-week intravenous regimen of penicillin followed by oral amoxicillin for 11 months) [22].

Similar to the treatment of other serious Actinomyces infections, endocarditis requires several weeks of intravenous antibiotic therapy, followed by six to twelve months of oral therapy. High doses of penicillin, for a prolonged period of time, remain the therapy of choice [29].

Conflict of Interests

All authors report no conflict of interests.

Authors’ Contribution

All authors contributed equally to this work.

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