Case Reports in Infectious Diseases
Volume 2020 (2020), Article ID 9603428, 6 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9603428

Case Report

An Unusual Case of Campylobacter jejuni Gastroenteritis Presenting with Acute Reversible Encephalopathy in an Immunocompetent Host

Irma Huayanay,1,2,3 Leonardo Pozo,1,2,3 Salman Bangash,1,2,3 Denisse Ramirez,1,2,3 Luis Rosas,3,4 and Renzo Arauco Brown3,5

¹School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
²Internal Medicine Residency Program, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
³Doctors Hospital at Renaissance, Edinburg, Texas, USA
⁴South Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, McAllen, Texas, USA
⁵Pulmonary and Sleep Center of the Valley, McAllen, Texas, USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Irma Huayanay; irma.huayanayespinoza@utrgv.edu

Received 2 January 2020; Revised 21 March 2020; Accepted 19 June 2020; Published 6 July 2020

Academic Editor: Gernot Walder

Copyright © 2020 Irma Huayanay et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis is the most frequent organism associated with acute infectious diarrhea worldwide. The clinical presentation involves fever, diarrhea, rigors, and myalgias. Other extraintestinal symptoms that have been described involve delirium and other neurological complications, and the most well-known is Guillain-Barré, where there is cross-reactivity between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. Despite previously described multiple neurological complications, there is a lack of clinical data on the association of Campylobacter-related gastroenteritis with acute encephalopathy in immunocompetent patients. The type of population, immunocompetent stage, and unfamiliarity with the clinical presentation makes this a challenging diagnosis for clinicians. We report a case of Campylobacter gastroenteritis associated with acute encephalopathy in an immunocompetent patient.

1. Introduction

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is the most frequent organism associated with acute bacterial gastroenteritis around the world [1]. The high incidence of Campylobacter diarrhea, as well as its duration and possible complications, makes it highly important from a socioeconomic perspective [2]. It is estimated to cause 1.3 million human illnesses every year with 96 million cases in 2010 in the United States [3]. The clinical presentation is characterized mainly by abdominal pain and diarrhea. A prodrome phase characterized by fever, rigors, myalgias, and occasional delirium has been described [2]. The most well-known postinfectious neurological complications are Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS) [4]. Furthermore, worldwide the incidence is 1 to 2 in 100,000 and 1 to 2 in 1,000,000, for GBS and MFS, respectively [5]. Nearly 30–40% of GBS patients had C. jejuni infection 2 weeks prior to onset of neurological symptoms [6]. Other less frequent neurological complications include Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis, acute transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) [4, 7–9]. We present a case of Campylobacter gastroenteritis presenting with associated encephalopathy in an immunocompetent patient.

2. Case

A twenty-five-year-old female with unremarkable past medical history was brought to the emergency department due to progressive altered mental status. Per family report, the patient was in her usual state of health until one week before this admission when she started to experience abdominal pain and diarrhea. The patient’s mother described episodes of anxiety and unusual behavior-associated confusion specially the day before admission.

On the day of admission, the patient sought medical attention at an outpatient clinic. While in the office, she became confused and later she experienced a witnessed seizure. The patient received a dose of lorazepam prior to arrival at the hospital. On arrival to the emergency department, she was found unresponsive with a Glasgow Coma Scale of six. She was afebrile and tachycardic with a heart rate of 115 beats per minute. The rest of her vital signs were within normal limits.

Her physical exam was remarkable for generalized decreased muscle tone and no clear focal deficits. The patient was intubated for airway protection. She was given a loading dose of levetiracetam and was admitted to the neurosciences intensive care unit.

Her initial laboratory tests showed respiratory alkalosis with an elevated white blood cell count at 11.6 th/μl with 76.5% of neutrophils. Her complete metabolic panel showed hypokalemia. Her urine toxicology, serum alcohol levels, and urine analysis were unremarkable. C-reactive protein was 3.3 mg/dL, and her lactic acid was 1.2 mmol/L. Blood tests are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Blood studies.

Blood analysis
Result
Reference range

Complete blood count
White blood cell
11.6
(4.8–10.9) th/μL

Percent neutrophils
76.5
(49.0–77.6) %

Percent lymphocytes
17.7
(11.8–40.8) %

Percent monocytes
5
(3.70–11.80) %

Percent eosinophils
0.2
(0–4.8) %

Percent basophils
0.3
(0–1.3) %

Percent immature granulocytes
0.3
(0–1) %

Hemoglobin
12.6
(10.8–14.7) gm/dL

Hematocrit
36.8
(32.2–42.9) %

Mean corpuscular volume
87.4
(84–96) fL

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
29.9
(28.3–32.3) pg

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
34.2
(29.58–33.75) gm/dL

Platelet count
212
(146–388) th/μL

Red blood cell distribution width CV
12
(12.20–15.80) %

Red blood cell distribution width SD
38.6
(38.93–51.44) fL

Complete metabolic panel
Sodium
136
(132–143) mmol/L

Potassium
3.3
(3.5–5.1) mmol/L

Chloride
105
(98–107) mmol/L

Carbon dioxide
23
(21–31) mmol/L

Creatinine
0.7
(0.6–1.2) mg/dL

BUN
12
(7–25) mg/dL

Calcium
8.8
(8.6–10.3) mg/dL

Glucose
119
(70–113) mg/dL

Ammonia
30
(16–53) umol/L

AST
17
(13–39) IU/L

ALT
15
(7–52) IU/L

Alkaline phosphatase
73
(34–104) IU/L

Albumin
4.1
(3.7–4.9) gm/dL

Total bilirubin
0.3
(0.2–1.2) mg/dL

Coagulation studies
PT
12.9
(10.6–13) second

INR
1.11
(0.90–1.10) INR

PTT
22.8
(24–36.7) second

Others
Sedimentation rate
46
2–30 mm/hr

C-reactive protein
3.3
<1 mg/dL

Lactic acid
1.2
(0.5–1.99) mmol/L

Alcohol serum
<10.00
<10.00 mg/dL

Alcohol serum calculation
<0.01
<0.01 gm/dL

Serology
ANCA screen
Negative
Negative

dsDNA
1.5
<10 IU/mL

Symphony ANA screen
0.1
<0.7 ratio

Symphony ANA
0.2
<0.7 ratio

Complement C3
156
(87–200) mg/dL

Complement C4
26
(19–52) mg/dL

Infectious studies
HIV antibodies
Nonreactive
Nonreactive

Aspergillus flavus antibody
Negative
Negative

Aspergillus niger antibody
Negative
Negative

Aspergillus fumigatus antibody
Negative
Negative

Coccidioides antibody
Negative
Negative

Histoplasma antibody
Negative
Negative

Blastomycosis antibody
Negative
Negative

Febrile agglutinin panel
Negative
Negative

Respiratory viral panel PCR
Negative
Negative

ANCA screen: p-ANCA, c-ANCA, and atypical p-ANCA. Febrile agglutinin panel: P-OX19, POX2, P-OXK, and Brucella. Respiratory viral panel includes adenovirus, coronavirus, influenza A, influenza B, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, Enterovirus, Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

A brain computed tomography (CT) without contrast showed slightly increased low density in the left occipital white matter compared to the right which increased the suspicion of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), and these images are shown in Figure 1. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis and autoimmune epilepsy were also considered in the differential diagnosis. The brain CT with perfusion was negative for stroke. Chest X-ray showed atelectatic changes in the right upper lobe. A CT of the abdomen and pelvis was negative for ovarian teratoma. The patient was started on acyclovir for suspected herpetic encephalitis.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: CT head without contrast showing increased low density in the left occipital white matter.

A brain magnetic resonance (MRI) was negative for findings supporting the diagnosis of PRES. The electroencephalogram showed no evidence of seizure activity or epileptiform discharges. Lumbar puncture was performed, and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) had a clear appearance. The opening pressure was normal. The CSF glucose was elevated at 91 units. The CSF white blood cell count was 3/μL. Further studies on CSF for ruling out meningitis were done, and they included Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii, Cytomegalovirus, Enterovirus CSF, E. coli K1, Hemophilus influenzae, Human Parechovirus, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, varicella-zoster, and herpes simplex virus 1, 2, and 6, which were negative; details are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: CSF studies.

Variable
Result
Reference range

General analysis
CSF appearance
Clear
Clear

CSF WBC
3
0–5/μL

CSF RBC
0
0/μL

CSF glucose
91
40–70 mg/dL

CSF total protein
26
15–45 mg/dL

Infectious studies
CSF Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii antigen
Not detected
Not detected

CSF Cytomegalovirus
Not detected
Not detected

CSF Enterovirus
Not detected
Not detected

CSF Escherichia coli K1
Not detected
Not detected

CSF Hemophilus influenzae
Not detected
Not detected

CSF herpes simplex virus 1
Not detected
Not detected

CSF herpes simplex virus 2
Not detected
Not detected

CSF human herpes virus 6
Not detected
Not detected

CSF human Parechovirus
Not detected
Not detected

CSF Listeria monocytogenes
Not detected
Not detected

Neisseria meningitidis
Not detected
Not detected

Streptococcus agalactiae
Not detected
Not detected

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Not detected
Not detected

Varicella-zoster virus
Not detected
Not detected

CSF West Nile IgM
<0.90
<0.90

CSF culture
No growth
No growth

Autoimmune studies
CSF VGKC antibody
<20
<20 pmol/L

CSF NMDA receptor antibody
Negative
Negative

CSF NMDAR1 antibody, CBA
Negative
Negative

CSF AMPAR1 antibody, CBA
Negative
Negative

CSF AMPAR2 antibody, CBA
Negative
Negative

GABABR antibody, CBA
Negative
Negative

LGI1 antibody, CBA
Negative
Negative

CASPR2 antibody, CBA
Negative
Negative

GAD-65
<5
<5 IU/mL

VGKC: voltage-gated potassium channel; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate; AMPAR: alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptor; GABA: gamma aminobutyric acid B receptor; LGI1: leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1; CASPR2: contactin-associated protein 2; GAD: glutamic acid decarboxylase.

The infectious disease team was consulted, and doxycycline was added due to the high prevalence of typhus in the area. Febrile agglutinins, West Nile virus, and fungal serologies were also negative (Table 1).

CSF studies for autoimmune epilepsy, including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibodies, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-65) antibodies, and voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) antibodies, were negative for autoimmune epilepsy, the more detailed studies in Table 2. Human immunodeficiency virus was negative. Autoimmune panel was negative for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs), antinuclear antibody (ANA), and double stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies.

Due to persistent diarrhea during the initial day of admission, a gastrointestinal infectious panel was ordered and was positive for C. jejuni (Table 3).

Table 3: Stool studies.

Variable
Result
Reference range

Gastrointestinal analysis
Campylobacter
Detected
Not detected

Clostridium difficile
Not detected
Not detected

Plesiomonas shigelloides
Not detected
Not detected

Salmonella
Not detected
Not detected

Yersinia enterocolitica
Not detected
Not detected

Vibrio
Not detected
Not detected

Vibrio cholerae
Not detected
Not detected

Enteroaggregative E. coli
Not detected
Not detected

Enteropathogenic E. coli
Not detected
Not detected

Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Not detected
Not detected

Shiga-like toxin-producing E. coli
Not detected
Not detected

E. coli O157
Not detected
Not detected

Shigella/enteroinvasive E. coli
Not detected
Not detected

Cryptosporidium
Not detected
Not detected

Cyclospora cayetanensis
Not detected
Not detected

Entamoeba histolytica
Not detected
Not detected

Giardia lamblia
Not detected
Not detected

Adenovirus
Not detected
Not detected

Astrovirus
Not detected
Not detected

Norovirus
Not detected
Not detected

Rotavirus
Not detected
Not detected

Sapovirus
Not detected
Not detected

Based on the clinical scenario of a patient with extraintestinal complications of Campylobacter infection, it was decided to start azithromycin 500 mg per mouth for at least 10 days. The patient showed significant improvement after the first dose and recovered over the next few days prior to discharge.

3. Discussion

We are describing a case of Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis associated with acute encephalopathy in an immunocompetent adult. The complex initial presentation with neurological symptoms makes this clinical scenario a diagnostic challenge due to the unfamiliarity of clinicians with this disease.

Campylobacter species belongs to a distinct group of specialized Gram-negative bacteria designated as rRNA superfamily VI [10]. The most important species that can cause human disease are C. jejuni and C. coli [11]. Campylobacters invade the intestinal epithelium using flagella, high molecular weight plasmids, superficial adhesins, and chemotactic factors [12].

Patients infected with C. jejuni gastroenteritis experience acute watery or bloody diarrhea, fever, weight loss, and cramps that last six days on average [11]. Besides the gastrointestinal local infection, Campylobacter species also can cause a range of other clinical manifestations or postinfectious immune disorders [13].

While infection with C. jejuni can occur in patients of all ages, this infection is more prevalent in toddlers and young adults than in other age groups [14]. Despite most of the neurologic complications associated with Campylobacter enteritis have been historically linked to the pediatric population, some of these manifestations have been also described in adults [9].

Our patient had an unusual presentation of C. jejuni gastroenteritis associated with acute encephalopathy. Based on her initial symptoms, she was treated with acyclovir for the suspicion of HSV encephalitis. Moreover, the combination of seizures in association with the abnormalities noted in the mentioned neuroimaging raised the initial suspicion for PRES and autoimmune epilepsy. These diagnoses were ruled out with a brain MRI and a CSF autoimmune panel, respectively [15–17].

Other autoimmune systemic diseases including lupus and vasculitis were ruled out with negative ANCA, ANA, and dsDNA. We also considered ADEM following a C. jejuni gastroenteritis in our differential diagnosis. Nonetheless, the MRI did not show increased T2-signal intensity in the white matter which is a characteristic neuroimaging finding in ADEM [4]. Furthermore, patients suffering ADEM only improve with high-dose steroids that our patient never received [4].

Based on Rio Grande Valley demographics with high prevalence of murine typhus in the area, the patient was treated empirically with doxycycline until her agglutinins were negative [18]. In this clinical case, the neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms rapidly resolved once the patient was started on azithromycin for Campylobacter gastroenteritis. Azithromycin is the antibiotic of choice, has good coverage for Campylobacter jejuni, shortens the duration of symptoms, and decreases resistance compared to fluoroquinolones [19, 20].

At this present time, the exact pathophysiology of Campylobacter gastroenteritis associated with encephalopathy is unknown, but it is possible that mechanisms involving antibody cross-reactivity may play a role [9]. For example, it is well known that bidirectional signaling exists between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain in Guillain-Barré syndrome after a C. jejuni infection, where the outer membrane structures of Campylobacter containing sialic acid resemble those seen in the human gangliosides [9].This brings the topic of gut-brain axis, which explains that everything is interconnected: the gut can influence the brain, the brain can influence the gut, and they both can influence and be influenced by the immune system [21].

There are only a few cases of Campylobacter gastroenteritis with encephalopathy in immunocompetent population, and one of them went through a similar analysis process of differential diagnoses, obtained similar workup as in our patient based on the neurological symptoms, age of the patient, immunocompetent status, and severity of symptoms onset, with clinical improvement after starting antibiotics [9].

Due to the low prevalence of Campylobacter-associated encephalopathy in adults, we do not recommend assuming that mental status changes in a patient presenting with Campylobacter gastroenteritis are necessarily associated with the infection. A proper and well-directed workup should be completed to rule out other more frequent and emergent neurological diseases such as bacterial meningitis or vascular disease. We would recommend considering Campylobacter-associated encephalopathy in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea associated with mental status changes.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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