Case Reports in Medicine

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 496304, 5 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/496304

Case Report

Lung Metastasis from Perineal Leiomyosarcoma: A Case Report and a Review of the Japanese Literature

Masamichi Itoga,¹ Wataru Ito,¹ Shigeharu Ueki,¹ Masahide Takeda,¹ Yuki Moritoki,¹ Yoshiki Kobayashi,¹ Mami Chihara,¹ Naoshi Suzuki,² Hideto Sasaki,² and Junichi Chihara¹

¹Department of Infection, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan

²Senboku-Tazawa Municipal Hospital, Akita, Japan

Received 13 December 2012; Revised 28 January 2013; Accepted 9 February 2013

Academic Editor: Mamede de Carvalho

Copyright © 2013 Masamichi Itoga et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Pulmonary metastasis from leiomyosarcoma is rare and its clinical management is challenging. A single lung metastasis from a perineal leiomyosarcoma occurred in a 79-year-old woman. Five months after resection of the lung metastasis, a new metastatic tumor developed in the contralateral lung. Since the patient did not desire to receive hospitalized treatment, TS-1 (an oral agent consisting of a combination of tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil potassium) therapy was started on an outpatient basis. The lung metastasis has been successfully controlled for at least 17 months with excellent tolerability. The clinical features and the treatment of this case are discussed.

1. Introduction

Leiomyosarcoma, a relatively rare malignant tumor of smooth muscle origin, can arise from the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, wall of the uterus, soft tissues (e.g., subcutaneous tissue, deeper tissues, mesentery, and retroperitoneum) that are rich in a smooth muscle, or wall of the great vessels [1]. In general, middle-aged and older people are predominantly affected. While these tumors from the retroperitoneum and inferior vena cava have been reported to be more common in women, the male-female ratio has not been reported for tumors arising from other locations [2]. The tumors arise most frequently from the uterus, gastrointestinal tract, and retroperitoneal tissue including the pelvic cavity. Primary leiomyosarcomas of the rectum, external genitals, vagina, and perineal skin tissue are rarely reported [3].

Leiomyosarcomas are considered to metastasize more commonly via the hematogenous route [4]. The time interval to detection of metastasis is typically short, although some reports indicate diversity. At present, there is no standard chemotherapy for recurrent leiomyosarcoma. Nonaggressive chemotherapy might be useful for cases with intractable disease and/or of advanced age in terms of maintaining the patient's quality of life (QOL). We report a case with a lung metastasis from a perineal leiomyosarcoma that has been maintained for a long period of tumor dormancy with TS-1 (an oral fluoropyrimidine derivative consisting of tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil) therapy.

2. Case Report

A 79-year-old woman visited our hospital because of an abnormal shadow on chest X-ray performed during a routine medical checkup in October 2009. She had no particular symptom. She had a medical history of uterine myoma in 1975, which was surgically removed by hysterectomy. She also had a medical history of perineal leiomyosarcoma in 2001. The tumor size was  cm and there were no lymph node metastases or remote metastasis. The disease stage was stage I according to Unio Internationalis Contra Cancrum (UICC). The tumor was totally removed and she had no chemotherapy. She had no family history of significant diseases.

On physical examination, her temperature was 35.8°C, blood pressure 119/78 mmHg, and pulse 68 beats per minute. The oxygen saturation was 97% with ambient air. Physical examination and laboratory tests (Table 1) showed no abnormalities. All tumor markers including squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) and Sialyl Lewis X-i (SLX) showed no abnormalities. Simple chest radiography indicated a coin lesion on the middle field of the right lung (Figure 1(a)). Simple computed tomography (CT) of the chest revealed a nodule measuring 20 mm in diameter and having a well-defined border in area S2 of the right lung (Figure 1(b)). Thoracoscopic resection of the right upper lobe was performed in February 2010. Histopathological examination of the resected lesion revealed features consistent with leiomyosarcoma; therefore, based on the past medical history and histological similarity, the patient was diagnosed as having a lung metastasis from the peripapillary leiomyosarcoma.

Table 1: Laboratory data at visitation. Laboratory data showed no abnormalities.

CBC

Biochemistry

Tumor marker

WBC
4100/μL
AST
18 IU/L
SCC
0.9 ng/mL

RBC
378 × 10⁴/mL
ALT
14 IU/L
SLX
11.6 U/mL

Hb
12.1 g/dL
γ-GTP
15 IU/L

Plt
23.1 × 10⁴/μL
LDH
211 IU/L

ALP
186 IU/L

TP
7.7 g/dL

Alb
4.4 g/dL

T.Bil
0.76 mg/dL

TG
86 mg/dL

HDL
52.6 mg/dL

LDL
89 mg/dL

BUN
15.2 mg/dL

Cre
0.64 mg/dL

UA
4.4 mg/dL

Na
140 mEq/L

K
4.7 mEq/L

Cl
104 mEq/L

CHE
332 IU/L

FBS
107 mg/dL

HbA1c
5.8%

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: (a) Simple chest X-ray indicated a coin lesion on the middle field of the right lung. (b) Simple chest computed tomography revealed a nodule measuring 20 mm in diameter and having a well-defined border in S2 of the right lung.

Although she had been in her normal state of health after surgery, another tumor was detected in the opposite lung in July 2010. Simple CT of the chest revealed a nodule with an irregular but well-defined margin in S10 of the left lung (Figure 2(a)), and the clinical diagnosis of metastatic leiomyosarcoma was made. We suggested that she should be admitted to the hospital to receive combination chemotherapy, but she wanted to receive alternative therapy without hospitalization. Informed consent was obtained, and treatment with TS-1 on an outpatient basis was started in September 2010. The first cycle of treatment consisted of TS-1 100 mg/day administered in two divided doses for 28 days, followed by a treatment-free interval for 14 days. Since the patient reported loss of appetite after the end of the treatment, the TS-1 dose was reduced to 80 mg/day for the second cycle. A chest CT scan obtained at the end of the second cycle of treatment revealed a reduction in tumor size (Figure 2(b)). Subsequently, from the fourth cycle of treatment, TS-1 was administered at 80 mg/day for 14 days, followed by a drug-free period of 14 days. A total of 16 cycles of treatment were completed in March 2012. The patient remains free of side effects and shows no enlargement of the tumor. Her performance status was maintained.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: (a) In July 2010, a simple CT scan of the chest revealed a nodule with an irregular but well-defined margin in S10 of the left lung. (b) A chest CT scan obtained at the end of the second cycle of treatment revealed a reduction in tumor size.

3. Discussion

According to our literature search of the past decade in Japan, the lung was the first metastasis site in 53 cases of leiomyosarcoma. The ratio of females to males was approximately 3 to 1. The median age in the 53 cases was 58 years old (range, 34–89 years). The primary lesion was in the uterus in 31 cases, in the urinary bladder in three cases, in the thigh in two cases, and in the inferior vena cava in two cases. Perineal leiomyosarcoma has not been reported as the primary lesion. The mean interval from diagnosis of the primary tumor to detection of the pulmonary metastasis was 31 months (0 day to 12 years); in 11 cases, the metastasis was detected over 5 years after diagnosis of the primary tumor. Some cases were diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma with metastatic lesions due to the rapidly developing metastasis. The mean survival after diagnosis of the lung metastasis was 18 months (range, 26 days to 10 years). The present case’s interval to the diagnosis of lung metastasis was relatively long, that is, 8 years from resection of the primary tumor. Because of the varied prognosis of leiomyosarcoma, patients should be closely monitored for a long period even if the primary lesion was surgically removed.

According to a previous report on the growth rate of metastasis from leiomyosarcomas of the stomach, the doubling time was 20 months or less [5]. Uterine leiomyosarcomas often follow a rapid clinical course and account for only 1% or less of uterine malignancies. Metastatic leiomyosarcomas have been treated with surgery and/or adjuvant chemotherapy, but no standard treatment has been established due to the small number of patients. Various combinations of antineoplastic drugs have been used, and a number of trials have been performed to establish a standard chemotherapy regimen for recurrent leiomyosarcomas. A recent phase II study of docetaxel + gemcitabine (DG treatment) [6] and second-line treatment with DG [7] were found to yield no significant survival benefit for leiomyosarcomas. We conducted a search of the literature for reports of cases treated with chemotherapy for lung metastases from leiomyosarcoma in the past decade in Japan (Table 2).

Table 2: Lung metastases from a leiomyosarcoma treated by chemotherapy alone over the last 10 years in Japan (2001–2011).

Sex
Age
Primary lesion
Chemotherapy
Prognosis (after diagnosis of the lung metastasis)
Reference

1
Male
77
Mesocolon transversum
Doxorubicin + ifosfamide
Unknown
[8]

2†
Female
39
Uterus
CyVADIC-etoposide
One year and one month
[9]

3†
Female
41
Urinary bladder
Dacarbazine + adriamycin + vincristine + cyclophosphamide
One year and three months
[10]

4†
Female
55
Uterus
Cisplatin + docetaxel→irinotecan
Two years and three months
[11]

5
Female
48
Uterus
IA→CPT-11→docetaxel + gemcitabine
Eight months
[12]

6
Female
48
Uterus
CAP→IAP
Two years and five months
[13]

7
Female
68
Retroperitoneum
CyVADIC→MAID
Ten months
[14]

8†
Female
71
Uterus
Docetaxel + gemcitabine
Two months
[15]

9
Female
49
Uterus
HEEp-DTIC
One year and three months
[16]

10
Female
67
Left adrenal gland
Cisplatin + epirubicin + ifosfamide
One year and seven months
[17]

11†
Female
54
Uterus
CyVADIC-etoposide→IAP
Eleven months
[18]

12†
Male
44
Spermatic cord
CyVADIC
Five months
[19]

CyVADIC: cyclophosphamide + vincristine + adriamycin + dacarbazine. IA: ifosfamide + adriamycin. CAP: cyclophosphamide + adriamycin + cisplatin. IAP: ifosfamide + adriamycin + cisplatin. MAID: ifosfamide + adriamycin. HEEp-DITC: hydroxycarbamide + epirubicin + etoposide + dacarbazine.†fatal case.

TS-1 is a fluoropyrimidine derivative in which tegafur is combined with two 5-FU-modulating substances, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine (gimeracil), and oteracil potassium, at a molecular ratio of 1 : 0.4 : 1. TS-1 was invented by Shirasaka et al. in 1991, and is the first self-rescuing concept-based anticancer agent [20]. Although myelosuppression is the main toxic effect induced by TS-1, administration of TS-1 causes a low incidence of blood toxicity. Further, TS-1 can be administered orally, which permits treatment on an outpatient basis, improving a patient’s QOL [21]. TS-1 has been mainly used for treatment of stomach cancer, colon and rectal cancer, head and neck cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, inoperability or recurrence of breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and biliary cancer, and also for leiomyosarcoma in some cases [22, 23]. Chuganji et al. have reported that tumor reduction of a stomach leiomyosarcoma was achieved with prolonged treatment using Tegafur [24]. Since the present patient did not want to undergo hospitalized treatment, TS-1 therapy was started on an outpatient basis. During treatment, she reported a loss of appetite that immediately resolved after cessation of treatment. The lung metastasis has been successfully controlled for 17 months with no additional lesions. Thus, prolonged treatment with TS-1 allowed the QOL to be maintained in this patient and possibly extended the survival period.

4. Conclusion

A case with a lung metastasis from a perineal leiomyosarcoma was reported. A leiomyosarcoma can reoccur over 5 years from the initial diagnosis; therefore, patients should be monitored for a long period of time. Radical treatment in elder patients with recurrent leiomyosarcoma may result in diminished QOL. The present case may indicate the possibility of TS-1 for inoperable leiomyosarcomas, which permits treatment on an outpatient basis.

References

T. M. Mack, “Sarcomas and other malignancies of soft tissue, retroperitoneum, peritoneum, pleura, heart, mediastinum, and spleen,” Cancer, vol. 75, supplement 1, pp. 211–244, 1995.

Y. Oda and M. Tsuneyoshi, “Myogenic tumor,” Pathology and Clinical Medicine, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 146–159, 2004 (Japanese).

J. P. Rice, D. C. MacGillivray, R. W. Sharpe, E. B. Weiser, and B. C. Ghosh, “Perineal leiomyosarcoma,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 132–137, 1990.

P. G. Rose, M. S. Piver, Y. Tsukada, and T. Lau, “Patterns of metastasis in uterine sarcoma. An autopsy study,” Cancer, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 935–938, 1989.

T. Koyo, N. Azegami, A. Arimura, M. Tatsumi, T. Kuwahara, and M. Arita, “A case of leiomyosarcoma of the stomach which changed its shape in a short time. Comparison of Doubling Time between Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma of the Stomach,” The Kyosai Medical Journal, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 331–336, 1993 (Japanese).

M. L. Hensley, R. Maki, E. Venkatraman et al., “Gemcitabine and docetaxel in patients with unresectable leiomyosarcoma: results of a phase II trial,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 2824–2831, 2002.

Y. Ishiguro, M. Murakami, H. Tsukada et al., “A case report: combination chemotherapy of gemcitabine and docetaxel for the recurrent leiomyosarcoma of uterus,” Kanto Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 44, pp. 19–24, 2007 (Japanese).

T. Uemura, T. Matsui, T. Kojima, Y. Fujimitsu, and H. Kojima, “A case of successful chemotherapy for heterochrony lung and liver metastasis after resection of the primary transverse mesocolon leiomyosarcoma,” Journal of Japan Surgical Association, vol. 66, article 798, 2005 (Japanese).

H. Sohda, H. Morita, Y. Shimomura, H. Fukunishi, and S. Takeuchi, “Diagnosis and treatment of non-epithelial uterus tumor: cases of unusual leiomyosarcoma (myxoid leiomyosarcoma and epithelioid leiomyoma),” Advances in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 521–522, 2000 (Japanese).

T. Kin, T. Aizawa, K. Namiki et al., “A case of epithelial membrane antigen-positive leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder,” Acta Urologica Japonica, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 189–191, 2000 (Japanese).

T. Suzuki, R. Isogai, S. Kawara, and A. Kawada, “A case of metastasis skin tumor of leiomyosarcoma on the axilla,” Japanese Journal of Clinical Dermatology, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 444–446, 2007 (Japanese).

S. Eto, K. Hosokawa, T. Mori, H. Yamamoto, H. Fujisawa, and H. Honjo, “Successful treatment od docetaxel (DOC) and gemcitabine (GEM) combination for multiple lung metastasis of uterine cervical leiomyosarcoma: a case report,” Advances in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 472–474, 2004 (Japanese).

M. Fujita, K. Uesugi, J. Ishii, and E. Kobayashi, “A case of leiomyosarcoma in the pelvis with lung metastasis after surgical resection of uterine myoma,” Kanto Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 40, article 322, no. 3, 2003 (Japanese).

T. Matsuura, R. Katoh, W. Obara, T. Fujioka, N. Uesugi, and T. Sugai, “The recurrent retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma that responded to Mesna, adriamycin, ifosfamide and dacarbazin combination therapy,” Japanese Journal of Clinical Urology, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 433–437, 2010 (Japanese).

T. Yamaguchi, A. Kobayakawa, M. Ito et al., “A case report of uterine sarcoma treated by Gemcitabine,” Tokyo Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 502–506, 2004 (Japanese).

C. Kinoshita, T. Ogishima, A. Takahashi, M. Yoshida, Y. Nakamura, and K. Kinoshita, “A case of leiomyosarcoma with lung metastasis effectively treated by HEEp-DTIC chemoterapy,” Tokyo Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 507–511, 2004 (Japanese).

M. Mikuriya, A. Ohmori, T. Takeuchi et al., “Leiomyosarcoma of the adrenal gland with tumor thrombus: a case report,” Nishinihon Journal of Urology, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 34–37, 2001 (Japanese).

Y. Akahori, N. Kawahara, K. Odaka, K. Shigeta, and N. Akamatsu, “A case of uterine leiomyosarcoma during GnRHa therapy,” Journal of Red Cross Society Himeji Hospital, vol. 28, pp. 13–16, 2004 (Japanese).

T. Yoshii, Y. Ashizawa, K. Hariu et al., “A case of leiomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord,” Acta Urologica Japonica, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 225–227, 2002 (Japanese).

T. Shirasaka and T. Taguchi, “Timeline from discovery of 5-FU to development of an oral anticancer agent S-1 and its drug concept,” Cancer & Chemotherapy, vol. 33, supplement 1, pp. 4–18, 2006 (Japanese).

S. Obara, K. Yamamoto, N. Hosogai, and Y. Yoshimura, “Evaluation of TS-1 based treatment and expression of thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase on oral squamous cell carcinoma,” Oral Oncology, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 276–282, 2005.

H. Hachiya, Y. Iso, K. H. Park et al., “A case of surgically treated hepatic leiomyosarcoma,” Liver Cancer, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 42–46, 2011 (Japanese).

A. Kosaka, K. Yamagiwa, T. Kita, Y. Kawarada, and R. Mizumoto, “Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum: a case report and analysis of 107 cases reported in Japan,” The Japanese Journal of Gastroenterological Surgery, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 2343–2346, 1988 (Japanese).

Y. Chuganji, S. Koyama, S. Hirai et al., “A case of leiomyosarcoma of the stomach treated effectively by tegafur and absolute curative resection,” Japanese Journal of Cancer and Chemotherapy, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 357–360, 1988 (Japanese).