Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 960950, 4 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/960950

Case Report

Jugular Vein Insufficiency and Choroidal Neovascularization in Moderate Myopia: A New Unknown Factor of Additional Risk?

Massimiliano Farina,¹ Cristiano Ratti,² and Eugenio Novelli³

¹Phlebolymphology Center, Monza Polyclinic, 20900 Monza, Italy
²Ophthalmology Center, Clinical Institutes “Milan City Studies”, 20131 Milan, Italy
³Biostatistics Unit, San Gaudenzio Clinic (Monza Polyclinic Group), 28100 Novara, Italy

Received 16 January 2015; Revised 3 April 2015; Accepted 4 April 2015

Academic Editor: Alexander A. Bialasiewicz

Copyright © 2015 Massimiliano Farina et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

To date, choroidal blood flow reduction in highly myopic eyes appears to be related to the development of choroidal neovascularization secondary to local reduction of arterial flow. Instead, no evidence of choroidal neovascularization was found in subjects with low or moderate myopia. The authors’ aim has been to encourage new studies regarding the potential role of chronic retinal venous congestion in the pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization. In December 2011, a 54-year-old woman with moderate bilateral myopia had a sudden block upon swallowing while she was eating. Subsequently (January 2013) metamorphopsia in the left eye revealed macular degeneration with choroidal neovascularization. The related echo-color Doppler study of the neck veins, performed in November 2014, showed an atypical left jugular insufficiency associated with homolateral hypertension of the superior ophthalmic veins. This singular case highlights the necessity to further investigate the potential role of chronic alterations of intra- and extracranial venous drainage in the disruption of choroidal flow in myopic patients.

1. Introduction

Maculopathy is one of the most important complications of myopia; the severity of this condition is associated with increased axial length and increased age [1]. Likewise, the prevalence increases with age and increasing myopic refractive error [2]. Laser Doppler velocimetry and echo-color Doppler (ECD) studies in humans and animals suggest that choroidal blood flow reduction in highly myopic eyes appears to be related to the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) [3, 4]. No studies on the role of retinal chronic venous hypertension in the disruption of choroidal flow are available. Here, we report on a patient with moderate myopia in which the left CNV is associated with homolateral jugular vein insufficiency.

2. Case Presentation

In December 2011 a 54-year-old woman, suffering from a bilateral spherical equivalent refraction of −5.2 diopters, experienced a violent pain in the jugular notch that was transmitted to the head, after an episode of a sudden block upon swallowing, while she was eating. Since this episode, she experiences pain while coughing and generally with every Valsalva maneuver. In January 2013, metamorphopsia in the left eye revealed macular degeneration with CNV. Table 1 shows her ophthalmological examination.

Table 1: Ophthalmological examination.

Date of examination: January 23, 2013

Patient
Gender
Birthdate

V. A.
Female
November 20, 1957

Case History

Patient complains of acute onset of blurred vision in the left eye

Best corrected vision

    Right eye
0.8 −5.25 sf −1.5 cyl @65°

    Left eye
0.4 −5.25 sf −1.25 cyl @120°

Eye pressure

    Right eye
14 mmHg

    Left eye
14 mmHg

Anterior segment

    Right eye
Nuclear cataract

    Left eye
Nuclear cataract

Ophthalmoscopy

    Right eye
Normal

    Left eye
Macular hemorrhage

Conclusions

Clinical pictures compatible with CNV in pathological myopia (fluorescein angiography not performed because of allergy). We recommend intravitreal therapy with anti-VEGF drug

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) best describes the situation (Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1: Retinal degeneration shortly after the onset of the hemorrhage.

Figure 2: Evolution after hemorrhage reabsorption.

A magnetic resonance imaging of the head and a neurological assessment were performed with negative results. In November 2014, she was brought to our attention to assess her intra- and extracranial venous vessels. ECD evaluation of neck veins in the supine position revealed atypical anterior jugular veins (AJVs) of increased size with normal valve leaflets in the proximal segment of the right vein and incontinence on the left side. The right AJV exhibited normal behavior during the Valsalva maneuver with temporary blocking of the outflow, whereas the left AJV revealed significant reflux from the confluence with the subclavian vein to the distal segment (J3) of the IJV through the anterior and common facial veins (AFV, CFV) (Figure 3; see Video 1 in Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/960950).

Figure 3: Normally evoked blocked flow () in the right anterior jugular vein (AJV) with abnormal reflux () in the anterior jugular (AJV) and facial veins (AFV) of the left side ().

The reflux also reached the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) through the AFV and the nasofrontal vein. In the sitting position, we only observed the reflux during the Valsalva maneuver, involving the proximal segment of the left AJV. The transcranial approach through the supracondylar window revealed spontaneous reflux in the left inferior petrosal sinus in the supine and sitting positions (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Reflux () in the left inferior petrosal sinus.

3. Discussion

We believe this case report is interesting because it focuses on the potential role of chronic retinal venous congestion related to the impairment of extracranial outflow in the pathogenesis of CNV. To date, studies have focused on extrinsic mechanisms involved in CNV, such as the excessive elongation of the eyeball in patients with high myopia, thereby stretching the choroid, reducing arterial flow due to the increase in vascular resistance, and resulting in the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [3, 4]. Similarly, numerous researchers have revealed increased VEGF expression in human dural arteriovenous fistula specimens and in animal models of experimental venous hypertension [5, 6]. Our case appears to confirm these experimental data. In fact, the damage to the valve leaflets of the left AJV was likely caused by a block when swallowing. This damage produced a state of venous reflux not constant but variable with posture and respiration; retinal outflow is reduced in the supine position and primarily at night. Over time, these alternative pathways become overloaded by carrying their own draining flow and the shunted flow. In the light of this case, it could also be appropriate to investigate the chronic alterations of intra- and extracranial venous drainage as potential contributors to CNV in myopic patients.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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