Case Reports in Otolaryngology
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 5428975, 5 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5428975

Case Report

Metastasis to Paranasal Sinuses from Carcinoma of Prostate: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

Elio Bittar Barbosa,¹ Evaldo César Macau Furtado Ferreira,¹ Fernanda Viviane Mariano,² Albina Messias de Almeida Milani Altemani,² Emerson Taro Inoue Sakuma,³ and Eulalia Sakano¹

¹Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
²Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
³Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Correspondence should be addressed to Elio Bittar Barbosa; eliobb2006@gmail.com

Received 21 December 2017; Accepted 8 March 2018; Published 25 March 2018

Academic Editor: Richard T. Miyamoto

Copyright © 2018 Elio Bittar Barbosa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Metastasis from distant primary tumors is extremely rare in the paranasal sinuses with few hundred cases in the literature. Metastatic carcinoma of the prostate is even rarer, despite being one of the most common tumors, with only 24 cases published. In this article, we report a case of a 58-year-old male presenting with epistaxis and nasal obstruction as initial symptoms of a metastatic prostate carcinoma in the ethmoid cells and maxillary sinus.

1. Introduction

Paranasal sinus cancer represents a small portion of the head and neck cancer, approximately 5% of all head and neck tumors [1]. These tumors may arise from multiple tissues present in the nose and paranasal sinuses [2] or more rarely be a metastasis from a distant primary cancer.

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent malignant cancer in the male population. In Europe, the incidence rate is 214 cases per 1000 men [3]. Metastases from prostate tumors are a major determinant of survival rates, and prostate-specific antigen tests decrease the incidence of metastatic disease at diagnosis [4].

In this article, we presented the rare case of a patient with a distant metastasis in the right ethmoid cells from a prostate adenocarcinoma.

2. Case Report

A 58-year-old male patient was referred to the Otolaryngology Emergency Service because of important unilateral epistaxis, the third episode in the previous month. He also presented with ipsilateral nasal obstruction and diplopia with a three-month evolution. In his medical report, there was a record of penile squamous cell carcinoma treated with surgery and radiotherapy in 2014 and stage IV prostate adenocarcinoma (iliac, lumbar, and encephalic metastasis) refractory to hormone therapy and chemotherapy, submitted to palliative radiotherapy one month earlier.

During endoscopy, a polypoid, papilloma-like mass originated from the middle meatus was visible, occupying the entire right nasal fossa. No other abnormality was seen in the left nasal fossa. The epistaxis was controlled; the patient was stabilized and referred to biopsy.

The computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed soft tissue density lesion in the right nasal fossa, ethmoid cells, and maxillary sinus with extension into the inferior portion of the orbit through the lamina papyracea and posteriorly to the pterygomaxillary fissure (Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1: CT demonstrates lesion occupying ethmoid cells, nasal cavity, and maxillary sinus and extending through the lamina papyracea.

Figure 2: T1-weighted MRI with fat suppression demonstrates the lesion extending to the pterigomaxillary fissure.

The biopsy resulted in adenocarcinoma (Figures 3(a) and 3(b)). Since the patient had a medical report of prostate adenocarcinoma, the sample was submitted to an immunohistochemical panel. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was highly positive, and the diagnosis was confirmed as metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)).

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: (a) Neoplasia infiltrating surrounding tissue with irregular margins (H&E stain). (b) Atypical epithelial islands with ductal characteristics resembling adenocarcinoma (H&E stain).

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: (a) Positive reaction to the PSA antigen in the epithelial islands, and there is no reaction in the superficial epithelium. (b) Strong expression of the PSA antigen in the ductal cells.

Because of the clinical status of the patient, a few symptoms presented, and the fact that he was already submitted to radiotherapy at the same field, it was opted for a clinical follow-up. After two months of the diagnosis, the patient deceased.

3. Discussion

Paranasal sinuses are a complex anatomic area, surrounding important structures such as the orbit and skull base. The most incident tumors are the squamous cell carcinoma, followed by adenocarcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma [5].

In a review, Prescher and Brors reported 169 cases of metastatic tumor to the paranasal sinuses [6]. Most cases originated from the kidney, followed by the lung, breast, thyroid, and prostate. Prescher and Brors also reported that the maxillary sinus was the most affected, followed by the sphenoid, ethmoid, and frontal sinuses [6]. These data are similar to those published by Bernstein [7]. In 77% of the cases, just one paranasal sinus was affected [6].

The nonspecific symptoms are similar to those of primary tumors. The nasal symptoms are usually nasal mass, nasal obstruction, facial deformity, and epistaxis. Orbital symptoms may also occur, such as proptosis, ptosis, decreased vision, and diplopia. Occasionally, these symptoms may be the first presentation of an occult primary tumor [8, 9].

The most frequent sites involved in prostate metastasis are the bone (90%), lung (46%), and liver (25%) [10]. The head and neck are rare locations for metastasis, and it occurs more frequently in the brain, dura, and lymph nodes [11]. The treatment may be hormone therapy, chemotherapy, radioisotopes, and radiotherapy [12].

Metastasis may reach the paranasal sinuses by hematogenous, lymphogenous, or vertebral venous plexus pathways. First postulated by Batson [13], this low-pressure valveless system is a connection between deep pelvic veins, intercostal veins, vena cava, and the azygos system. A rise in the abdominal pressure might redirect the blood flux from the vena cava system to the vertebral venous plexus. This flux alteration can allow the tumor to reach the paranasal sinuses [14].

This is the twenty-fifth reported case of metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma in the paranasal sinuses. The majority of cases involved patients with known prostate cancer, with a mean age of 63.15 years, and the most affected sinus was the sphenoid (44.5%). Radiotherapy was the preferred treatment option (40.7%). In Table 1, we describe the cases reported in full text, available online so far.

Table 1: Prostate metastasis to the paranasal sinuses.

Author
Age
Sinus
Symptoms
Treatment
Survival

Barrs et al. [15]
61
Sphenoid
Diplopia
Unknown
Died 2 years after presentation

Barrs et al. [15]
57
Sphenoid
Diplopia, decreased visual acuity, ptosis, and numbness of the left face
Unknown
Died 2 years after presentation

McClatchey et al. [16]
54
Sphenoid
Frontal headache and blurring of the right eye
Radiotherapy
Alive 1 year after presentation

Leduc et al. [17]
75
Sphenoid
Diplopia and ptosis of the right eye
Pulpectomy
Alive 19 months after presentation

Matsumoto et al. [18]
79
Sphenoid
Headache and diplopia
Orchiectomy
Unknown

Har-el et al. [19]
77
Maxillary
Exophthalmos of the right eye
Orchiectomy and hormonal block
Unknown

Mickel and Zimmerman [20]
67
Sphenoid
Diplopia and numbness on the right side of the nose
Radiotherapy
Died 2 and a half months after presentation

Saleh et al. [21]
71
Sphenoid
Bilateral exophthalmos and hemoptysis
None
Died 1 month after biopsy

Fortson et al. [22]
50
Ethmoid
Nasal obstruction, diplopia, proptosis, and blurred vision
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Died 7 months after presentation

Telera et al. [23]
61
Sphenoid
Ptosis and diplopia of the right eye
Radiotherapy
Died 13 months after presentation

Oliver et al. [8]
72
Maxillary, frontal, and ethmoid
Frontal headache and retro-orbital pain
Hormonal block
Alive three months after presentation

Hunt et al. [11]
76
Sphenoid
Unknown
Radiotherapy and hormonal block
Alive 14 months after presentation

Lavasani et al. [24]
67
Sphenoid
Decreased visual acuity
Radiotherapy
Alive 6 months after presentation

Başeskioglu et al. [25]
69
Maxillary
Sinus fullness
Radiotherapy
Died 32 months after diagnosis

Ibarguren et al. [26]
64
Maxillary and frontal
Ptosis, proptosis, and facial numbness
Hormonal block and chemotherapy
Alive 8 months after presentation

El Khatib et al. [27]
57
Maxillary
Facial swelling
Pulpectomy and hormonal block
Died 9 months after presentation

Viswanatha [28]
68
Ethmoid and frontal
Facial swelling and epistaxis
Radiotherapy
Lost to follow-up after 3 months of presentation

Tunio et al. [29]
65
Ethmoid
Nasal obstruction, diplopia, and proptosis
Radiotherapy and hormonal block
Alive until article publication

Azarpira et al. [30]
74
Maxillary
Nasal obstruction
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Died 11 months after presentation

Petersson et al. [31]
55
Sphenoid
Headache, diplopia, and blurred vision
Hormonal block
Unknown

Puche-Sanz et al. [32]
56
Sphenoid
Decreased visual acuity and facial numbness
Radiotherapy and hormonal block
Alive 5 years after presentation

Akdemir et al. [33]
73
Frontal and ethmoid
Headache and exophthalmos
Hormonal block
Unknown

Evarts et al. [34]
59
Maxillary and ethmoid
Cheek numbness, headache, decreased visual acuity, nasal obstruction, and drainage
Chemotherapy
Died 2 months after biopsy

Lechien et al. [35]
67
Frontal
Diplopia, facial pain, and headache
Hormonal block
Died a few months after presentation

Present case
58
Ethmoid and maxillary
Epistaxis, nasal obstruction, and diplopia
None
Died 2 months after diagnosis

Imaging is not able to differentiate a local tumor from a metastasis; however, it is essential to determine location and extension and for surgical planning. CT may show enhancement, bone erosion, remodeling, and invasion. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has an important role to help, defining leptomeningeal and orbital invasion [13]. Positron emission tomography (PET-CT) might be useful in the primary occult tumor.

Histopathology has an essential role in the diagnosis. When metastasizing to the paranasal sinuses, normally prostate carcinoma is not well differentiated. Immunohistochemical panel is also important, with positivity of prostate-specific antigen, prostate acid phosphatase, EpCam, NKX3.1, and prostein [36].

Usually, the diagnosis of a metastasis to the paranasal sinuses means a poor prognosis. An important factor that can be crucial is whether the metastasis is isolated or part of a widespread disease.

Normally, the treatment involving the metastasis to the paranasal sinuses is palliative, with the exception of an isolated metastasis, for which the radical surgery may be a viable option. The patient’s quality of life should be a priority. The main goal is pain relief and bleeding prevention. Management has not changed greatly over the years, and therapy options include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and, more recently, endoscopic surgery [37].

Endoscopic surgery may provide symptom relief faster, with lower systemic and local side effects [37]. Tabaee et al. suggested three criteria to help in the decision of the surgery: reasonable expectation of improvement, possible prolongation of life, and survivability after anesthesia [38].

4. Conclusion

Despite being a rare entity, metastatic prostatic tumor in the paranasal sinuses should always be part of the differential diagnosis in patients with known prostatic tumor and recently developed nasal or orbital symptoms.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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