Case Reports in Pathology
Volume 2019 (2019), Article ID 8463890, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8463890

Case Report

Adrenal Cavernous Hemangioma: A Rarely Perceived Pathology—Case Illustration and Review of Literature

Jad A. Degheili,¹ Nassib F. Abou Heidar,¹ Mouhammad El-Moussawi,¹ Ayman Tawil,² and Rami W. Nasr¹

¹Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
²Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon

Correspondence should be addressed to Rami W. Nasr; rn05@aub.edu.lb

Received 12 July 2019; Revised 3 October 2019; Accepted 29 November 2019; Published 26 December 2019

Academic Editor: Imtiaz A. Chaudhry

Copyright © 2019 Jad A. Degheili et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Cavernous hemangiomas are endothelial tumors that rarely affect the adrenal glands. Most of these tumors remain silent and are incidentally found on abdominal imaging. Hardly ever, these tumors are endocrinologically functional. They may present as vague abdominal pain. Surgical resection remains the mainstay for large masses. In this paper, we are presenting a case of adrenal cavernous hemangioma in a 83-year-old male patient who initially presented for workup of vague abdominal and bilateral flank pain. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen showed an 8 cm right adrenal adenoma which was metabolically nonfunctional. The mass was completely resected through an open subcostal incision, with no encountered postoperative complications. A highlight of all published cases of adrenal hemangiomas since 1955 is also presented and reviewed.

1. Introduction

Incidental adrenal masses are a growing concern, especially with the significant increase in their detection upon the many abdominal imaging modalities utilized for the workup of various patient’s complaints. The prevalence of incidental adrenal masses approaches 7% in the general population [1]. Adrenal masses tend to be heterogeneous in nature and comprise of benign adenomas, secreting adenomas, lymphomas, myelolipomas, cysts, and adrenocortical carcinoma most commonly as well as other rarer pathologies such as adenomatoid tumors and sex-cord stromal tumors [2]. On the other hand, adrenal cavernous hemangiomas are unusual tumors arising from the endothelial lining of blood vessels [3]. We hereby present a case of a cavernous hemangioma diagnosed on histopathology after an adrenalectomy, as well as a review of all reported cases of this entity in the literature.

2. Case Presentation

A 83-year-old previously healthy male presented with vague abdominal and bilateral flank pain of several months duration. The pain was dull in nature, with no recent change in weight and appetite, no reported hematuria, no gastrointestinal symptoms, and no reported episodes of headache. All basic blood work up, including complete blood count, creatinine, electrolytes, and liver function tests, were within normal range. An initial imaging with an enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis was performed, revealing a right supra renal mass measuring around 8 cm in greatest dimension, possessing a significant enhancement, with a Hounsfield Unit (HU) of 15 on noncontrast phase and a 55HU on the contrast phase. No other abdominal or pelvic findings were noted.

For better characterization of such adrenal lesion, a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the abdomen with gadolinium was requested. Again showing was a mass in the right suprarenal space, measuring 7.3 × 6.5 × 6 cm, showing heterogeneous signal intensity on all sequences, predominately mildly increased on T2-weighted and predominately decreased signal on T1-weighted images, and no appreciable signal drop on the out-of-phase images. The lesion appeared inseparable from the lateral limb of the right adrenal gland and remained separate from the upper edge cortex of the right kidney (Figure 1).

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: Enhanced magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the abdomen and pelvis with gadolinium. (a) Coronal view of an in-phase T1-weighted image identifying a large suprarenal mass measuring around 7.3 × 6.5 × 6 cm occupying the space of the right adrenal gland, showing a significant rim enhancement with marked vascularity. (b) Coronal view of a T2-weighted image identifying the similar right suprarenal mass with heterogeneous component inside it, possessing various signal intensities.

Imaging was also accompanied by a full metabolic work-up, as usually performed for any incidentally discovered large adrenal mass, including: urine and plasma metanephrines, dexamethasone suppression test, DHEA-S, and aldosterone/renin ratio, and all yielded results were within normal range.

Due to the size of the tumor, a shared decision was made to surgically remove the adrenal gland due to a potential risk of being an adrenocortical carcinoma. The patient therefore underwent a right radical adrenalectomy through an open subcostal incision. Intraoperatively, the adrenal was noticeably friable and tended to bleed on minimal manipulation, which was expected from the preoperative imaging done (Figure 1). No significant blood loss was encountered since complete dissection of the adrenal gland was done for better hemostatic control.

On gross pathological examination, the specimen measured 8 × 7 × 3 cm and the tumor was shiny tan-yellow, in nature with distinct demarcation from the normal adrenal parenchyma. Histologically, the tumor was proven to be a hemorrhagic cavernous hemangioma (Figure 2).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: Histopathological images of an adrenal cavernous hemangioma cross section, showing dilated capillaries with capsule and significant fibrosis on Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining (a). Magnified image showing red blood cells inside dilated capillaries (b), divided by thick fibrous septa (c).

Patient recovered well after his operation with no complications encountered thereafter. He was discharged home on his fourth postoperative day, to follow-up in clinic one month from discharge.

3. Discussion

Cavernous hemangiomas are unusual tumors of the endothelial linings with a propensity for skin, liver, and brain involvement [3]. Cavernous hemangiomas tend rarely to affect the genitourinary system [3].

Adrenal hemangiomas are one of the rarest nonfunctioning benign adrenal tumors that are commonly diagnosed postoperatively [4]. Although many cases of adrenal hemangiomas were presented at autopsy reports before 1869, the first surgical adrenal hemangioma was reported by Johnson and Jeppesen in 1995 [3].

Sixty-six cases of adrenal cavernous hemangiomas were published between the years 1955 and 2018 (Table 1), and identified after conducting an extensive literature review using PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Scopus databases. These cases were reviewed and summarized in Table 2. The median age of patients at diagnosis was 60 years. This neoplasm had a female preponderance with a female to male prevalence ratio of 3 to 2. No laterality preference was associated with adrenal hemangiomas. Two bilateral cases were only reported in the literature so far. Metabolic workup of adrenal neoplasms was normal in 45 of the 66 reported cases. Only 6 clinically functional adrenal hemangiomas were identified; with 3 cases of hyperaldosteronism and three other cases of subclinical Cushing’s syndrome. The so far reported cases of adrenal hemangiomas, with detailed published tumor characteristics, exhibited a mean diameter of 11 cm and a mean weight of 752 grams. Of the 66 published cases, 38 were incidentalomas that were clinically silent and asymptomatic; 8 presented with vague abdominal symptoms such as bloating, epigastric pain, and heaviness, and 6 cases reported solely flank pain. Another two cases presented with spontaneous rupture of the adrenal mass with subsequent retroperitoneal hemorrhage and hematoma; a serious complication that is seldom seen.

Table 1: List of all published cases of adrenal cavernous hemangiomas.

Case number
Authors (year of publication)
Age/gender
Laterality
Size (cm)
Presentation
Surgery

1
Johnson and Jeppesen (1955) [3]
46/F
Right
6.5  4  3
Hypertension
Open right adrenalectomy

2
Elliot et al. (1963) [5]
37/F
Left
25
Incidental finding
Open left adrenalectomy

3
Chodof et al. (1966) [6]
76/F
Left
18  16
Abdominal mass and discomfort
Open left adrenalectomy

4
Weiss and Schulte (1966) [7]
70 /M
Right
11  7  6
Acute urinary retention (−ve met)
Open right adrenalectomy

5
Ruebel (1973) [8]
75/M
Right
8  7.3  6.5
Hematuria
Open right adrenalectomy

6
Rothberg et al. (1978) [9]
72`/F
Right
14  10  7
Long standing hypertension
Open right adrenalectomy

7
Rothberg et al. (1978) [9]
74/F
Left
9  8
Incidental finding
Open left adrenalectomy

8
Vargas (1980) [10]
67/F
Left
NA
Incidental finding on barium study for chronic anemia
Open left adrenalectomy

9
Lee et al. (1982) [11]
59/F
Right
8.5  7  6
Incidental abdominal calcification
Open right adrenalectomy

10
Orringer et al. (1983) [4]
51/M
Right
17
Epigastric heaviness
Exploratory laparotomy with adrenalectomy

11
Goren et al. (1986) [12]
79/F
Right
9  7  5
Incidental finding (−ve metab)
Open right adrenalectomy

12
Nakagawa et al. (1986) [13]
71/M
Left
10  18  24
Night sweat and generalised fatigue
Open left adrenalectomy

13
Guerin et al. (1988) [14]
78/F
Left
3  2.5  2.5
Elevated ESR
Open left adrenalectomy

14
Derchi et al. (1989) [15]
69/F
Left
20
Incidental finding
Open left adrenalectomy

15
Derchi et al. (1989) [15]
60/M
Right
18
Hepatomegaly and abdominal pain
Open right adrenalectomy

16
Yoshihirio et al. (1990) [16]
78/F
Left
6  5.5  5
Incidental finding
Open left adrenallectomy

17
Honig et al. (1991) [17]
73/M
Left
NA
Incidental finding
Exprolatory laparotomy with adrenalectomy

18
Takahe et al. (1991) [18]
55/M
Left
10  9  9
Incidental finding
Open left adrenalectomy with splenectomy

19
Salup et al. (1992) [19]
73/F
Left
15
Syncope (incidental finding)
Open left adrenalectomy,distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy and left radical nephrectomy

20
Hamrick et al. (1993) [20]
66/M
left
9
Incidental finding
Open adrenalectomy

21
Sabanegh et al. (1993) [21]
60/F
left
20  20
Incidental finding
Open left adrenalectomy

22
Boraschi et al. (1995) [22]
64/M
right
10  8  6.5
Megaloblastic anemia
Open adrenalectomy

23
Stumvoll et al. (1996) [23]
60/F
Right
8
Mineralocorticoid excess syndrome
Open partial right adrenalectomy

24
Marotti et al. (1997) [24]
68/F
Left
14  10  10
Incidental finding
Open adrenalectomy

25
Marotti et al. (1997) [24]
60/F
Left
9  7.5  5
Incidental finding
Open adrenalectomy

26
Oh et al. (1997) [25]
56/M
Right
6  5  4
Right flank discomfort
Open right adrenalectomy

27
Hayakawa et al. (1998) [26]
56/M
Left
5
Incidental finding
Open left adrenalectomy

28
Hisham et al. (1998) [27]
61/F
Right
25
Flank pain
Open right adrenalectomy

29
Makiyama et al. (1998) [28]
61/F
Right
5.5  3.5  3.5
Incidental finding
Open right adrenalectomy

30
Thiele and Bodie (2001) [29]
72/F
Left
9.5  4.2  4.5
Incidental finding
Open left adrenalectomy

31
Yagisawa et al. (2001) [30]
52/M
Right
6.5  7
Dull back pain
Laparoscopic right adrenalectomy

32
Xu and Liu (2002) [31]
60/M
Right
17
Abdominal mass incidental finding
Open right adrenalectomy

33
Nursal et al. (2004) [32]
48/F
Left
13
Palpitation and unremitting hypertension
Laparotomy with left adrenalectomy

34
Wang et al. (2004) [33]
63/F
Left
5.5  5  4
Left upper quadrant pain
Left adrenalectomy

35
Forbes (2005) [34]
75/M
Left
19  18  8
Retroperitoneal hemorrhage
Laparotomy

36
Heis et al. (2008) [35]
50/F
Right
10
Flank pain
Open right adrenalectomy

37
Ng et al. (2008) [36]
59/M
Left
3.1  2.9
Incidental finding (primary hyperaldosteronism)
Laparoscopic left adrenalectomy

38
Nigri et al. (2008) [37]
58/F
Right
7  4.5  3
Incidental finding
Laparoscopic right adrenalectomy

39
Arkadopoulos et al. (2009) [38]
75/F
Left
8  6  4
Incidental finding
Open left adrenalectomy

40
Matsuda et al. (2009) [39]
51/M
Left
4  4  3.5
Incidental finding
Laparoscopic left adrenalectomy

41
Siddiqi et al. (2009) [40]
54/F
Right
2.8  2.5
Abdominal pain
NA

42
Telem et al. (2009) [41]
42/F
Left
12
Left flank pain
Laparoscopic left adrenalectomy q

43
Cheong and Kim (2010) [42]
66/F
Left
4.5  3.4
Incidental finding
Laparoscopic left adrenalectomy

44
Paluszkieweicz et al. (2010) [43]
45/M
Left
NA
Retroperitoneal hemorrhage
Laparotomy

45
Abu EL Ghar et al. (2011) [44]
44/M
Right
11  6
Incidental finding
NA

46
Al Jabri et al. (2011) [45]
19/F
Right
4.3  7.3  5.4
Incidental finding
Laparoscopic right adrenalectomy

47
kieger et al. (2011) [46]
53/F
Right
2
Microscopic hematuria
No surgical management

48
Oishi et al. (2012) [47]
75/F
Left
5  5  3
Incidental finding with positive metabolic workup for subclinical cushing disease
Open adrenalectomy

49
Quildrian et al. (2012) [48]
62/F
Left
12.5  11.5  8
Incidental finding
Open left adrenalectomy

50
Edward et al. (2013) [49]
78/F
Right
5.4  3.3
Incidental finding
Laparoscopic right adrenalectomy

51
Galea et al. (2013) [50]
84/F
Left
13  11
Flank pain
Open left adrenalectomy

52
Noh et al. (2014) [51]
27/F
Right
7.8  7.8
Incidental finding
Laparoscopic right adrenalectomy

53
Wang et al. (2014) [52]
37/M
Right
6  5  4.5
Incidental finding
Laparoscopic right adrenalectomy

54
Agrusa et al. (2015) [53]
49/F
Right
11  7.5  7
Nonspecific abdominal symptoms (epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting)
Laparoscopic right adrenalectomy

55
Wong et al. (2015) [54]
80/F
Right
12.3  13.9  13.8
Incidental finding
Laparotomy and right adrenalectomy

56
Pang et al. (2015) [55]
71/F
Left
9.5  8  7.5
Chronic abdominal distention
Laparoscopic left adrenalectomy

57
Tarchouli et al. (2015) [56]
71/F
Right
42  38  17
Intermittent abdominal pain and increase abdominal girth
Laparotomy and open adrenalectomy

58
Bacha et al. (2016) [57]
60/M
Left
17.5  17  9
Incidental finding
Open adrenalectomy

59
Kinebuchi et al. (2016) [58]
77/M
Left
5.4  4.3
Incidental finding
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy

60
Njoumi et al. (2017) [59]
30/F
Right
7
Incidental finding
Laparoscopic right adrenalectomy

61
Tadic et al. (2017) [60]
50/F
Right
11.5  11  11
Intermittent flank pain and abdominal discomfort
Open right adrenalectomy

62
Feo et al. (2018) [61]
70/M
Left
9  6.5  7
Incidental finding
Open left adrenalectomy

63
Hashimoto et al. (2018) [62]
70/M
Left
27  17  5.5
Loss of appetite
Laparoscopic left adrenalectomy

64
Iwamot et al. (2018) [63]
52/M
Left
5  3.7  3
Incidental finding
Adreno-nephrectomy

65
Lavingia et al. (2018) [64]
64/M
Right
64  5.5  4.7
Incidental finding
Open right adrenalectomy

66
Peng et al. (2018) [65]
31/F
Right
NA
Right upper quadrant and flank pain
Laparotomy and adrenalectomy

Table 2: Summary of characteristics of previously reported adrenal cavernous hemangioma in the literature.

Characteristics
Data ()

Median age (year)
60.04

Sex

Female
41(62%)

Male
25((38%)

Laterality

Right
31(47%)

Left
35(53%)

Mean size (cm)
10.8

Mean weight (g)
751.9

Symptoms

Asymptomatic
38(57.5%)

Vague abdominal symptoms
8(12.1%)

Flank pain
6(9%)

Speckled calcifications

Present
29(44%)

Absent
32(48.5%)

Metabolic workup

Normal
45(68%)

Abnormal
6 (9%)

Hyperaldosteronism
3(4.5%)

Subclinical Cushing’s syndrome
3(4.5%)

Surgical approach

Open
47(71%)

Laparoscopic
16(24%)

On imaging, 32 adrenal masses were associated with speckled calcification, a historically described finding in any adrenal hemangioma; and 29 cases failed to show calcifications. Sixty-five of the reported cases were managed surgically; out of them, 47 were excised through an open approach, and the remaining 16 cases were excised laparoscopically.

Most of the cavernous hemangiomas reported in the literature are incidental findings on imaging performed for unrelated or unspecific complaints [66]. These tumors grow insidiously until they reach a large size and start producing symptoms by virtue of mass effect and mechanical pressure on adjacent organs. Vague symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and sweating are nonspecific findings for neoplastic lesions that are reported in adrenal hemangiomas [41, 67]. Flank pain in the setting of normal urine analysis is the most commonly reported presenting complaint in symptomatic patients. Hypertension has been identified as a presenting symptom for adrenal hemangiomas in the setting of normal adrenal functions. Six cases reported so far presented with a hyperfunctioning adrenal mass; three of them presented with signs of hyperaldosteronism such as hypokalemia, and three other cases were consistent with subclinical Cushing [20, 44].

Histopathologically, adrenal hemangiomas are stratified into two subtypes: cavernous and capillary. The cavernous subtype is composed of an enlarged mass of blood filled endothelially-lined sinusoids, displacing potentially normal tissues. Whereas in the rarer capillary subtype, it is composed of small tufts of submucosal capillaries arranged in radiating loops or lobules [20].

Historically, adrenal hemangiomas were usually identified on plain abdominal radiographies for unrelated complaints. On radiographs, these neoplasms appear as calcified masses. Calcifications, if present, are universally speckled through the entire mass as opposed to the curvilinear calcifications usually associated with adrenal pseudocysts [68]. Computed tomography can effectively define the anatomy, configuration, and volume of any adrenal mass and can partially delineate the general tissue’s characteristics. On CT scanning, these masses are generally encapsulated and heterogenous with scattered calcifications [68]. Calcifications are usually correlated with benign adrenal lesions; however, some reports describe calcifications in malignant lesions as well. Therefore, calcifications become an unreliable sign to assess the malignant potential of any adrenal mass. Cavernous hemangiomas are mostly masses with smooth margins and low relative attenuation coefficient [20, 68]. However, rim-like calcifications within the suprarenal glands have been adopted radiologically as a sign of benignity of such lesions. A radiologic sign was first described by Rothberg et al., referred to as phleboliths, which are round calcifications with translucent centers. This finding is considered pathognomonic for adrenal gland hemangiomas [68, 69]. CT scan has been shown to be superior to ultrasound for suprarenal masses. The masses are usually heterogeneously echogenic on ultrasonography. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has sometimes been used, although a CT scan is enough as an imaging modality to identify adrenal neoplasms. Cavernous hemangiomas are hypo-intense masses on T1-weighted images and hyper-intense on T2-weighted images with peripheral enhancement after contrast administration [66].

Although not required for routine diagnostic workup of any adrenal masses, angiography on adrenal hemangiomas can reveal marked neovascularity with small vascular channels, usually arranged in a rim-like manner which retain contrast in delayed films [69]. These angiomas could be of many variants which include: angiomyelolipoma (more commonly seen), angiolipomas, cavernous hemangiomas, or epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, depending on the histopathological differences. Moreover, during pathologic examination, adrenal hemangiomas could be mistaken for adrenocortical carcinoma that has undergone cystic degeneration; therefore proper assessment of the subcapsular area is paramount [25].

After identification of adrenal masses on imaging, the common practice necessitated a full hormonal and metabolic workup to rule out primary functioning adrenal neoplasms mainly pheochromocytomas. Most cases of adrenal cavernous hemangiomas are nonsecretory and hormonally silent neoplasms [44]. Due to the scarcity of this condition, no guidelines have been developed so far to guide the treatment and therapeutic management of such entity.

Tumors originating from vessels could be associated with syndromes, but these are rather neonatal tumors, and not acquired tumors such as our present case. Nevertheless, there has been a previous single report of an adrenal cavernous hemangioma associated with familial adenomatous polyposis [57].

Most adrenal hemangiomas reported in the literature were managed surgically [20]. Asymptomatic small and benign-looking masses may be treated medically and conservatively with close monitoring. However, the follow-up schedule tends to be according to physician’s preference. Larger masses bear the risk of spontaneous hemorrhage and should be resected surgically [20, 44]. Early cases were operated through open adrenalectomy. However, a laparoscopic approach is favored due to better postoperative results and lesser complications [70]. Knowing that, the risk of malignancy might sway the operating surgeon against a minimally invasive approach.

4. Conclusion

Adrenal cavernous hemangioma is a rare entity that might be encountered when dealing with an adrenal pathology. Surgical resection is sometimes necessary to rule out any malignant potential and alleviate symptoms secondary to mass effect. Retroperitoneal bleeding is a concern in such pathology, especially when large lesions are detected. Observation is an alternative in cases where lesions are small, asymptomatic, and metabolically inactive, especially when confirmed by biopsy.

Ethical Approval

Written consent was obtained from the patient to publish his case including clinical and pathological images, and available to Editor-in-chief upon his request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

N.A. and M.M. performed the literature review, J.D., N.A. and R.N. were involved in the workup and surgery, N.A., J.D., and M.M. wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. A.T. provided the histopathological slides and commentaries. All authors approved of the final manuscript prior to submission. Jad A. Degheili and Nassib F. Abou Heidar were contributed equally to this manuscript and qualify as first authors.

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