We obtain the complete convergence for weighted sums of ρ∗-mixing random variables. Our result extends the result of Peligrad and Gut (1999) on unweighted average to a weighted average under a mild condition of weights. Our result also generalizes and sharpens the result of An and Yuan (2008).
1. Introduction
In many stochastic models, the assumption that random variables are independent is not plausible. So it is of interest to extend the concept of independence to dependence cases. One of these dependence structures is ρ*-mixing.
Let {Xn,n≥1} be a sequence of random variables defined on a probability space (Ω,ℱ,P), and let ℱnm denote the σ-algebra generated by the random variables Xn,Xn+1,…,Xm. For any S⊂N, define ℱS=σ(Xi,i∈S). Given two σ-algebras 𝒜,ℬ in ℱ, put
ρ(𝒜,ℬ)=sup{corr(X,Y);X∈L2(𝒜),Y∈L2(ℬ)},
where corr(X,Y)=(EXY-EXEY)/var(X)var(Y). Define the ρ*-mixing coefficients by
ρn*=sup{ρ(ℱS,ℱT);S,T⊂Nwithdist(S,T)≥n}.
Obviously, 0≤ρn+1*≤ρn*≤ρ0*=1. The sequence {Xn,n≥1} is called ρ*-mixing (or ρ̃-mixing) if there exists k∈N such that ρk*<1. Note that if {Xn,n≥1} is a sequence of independent random variables, then ρn*=0 for all n≥1.
A number of limit results for ρ*-mixing sequences of random variables have been established by many authors. We refer to Bradley [1] for the central limit theorem, Bryc and Smoleński [2], Peligrad and Gut [3], and Utev and Peligrad [4] for moment inequalities, Gan [5], Kuczmaszewska [6], and Wu and Jiang [7] for almost sure convergence, and An and Yuan [8], Cai [9], Gan [5], Kuczmaszewska [10], Peligrad and Gut [3], and Zhu [11] for complete convergence.
The concept of complete convergence of a sequence of random variables was introduced by Hsu and Robbins [12]. A sequence {Xn,n≥1} of random variables converges completely to the constant θ if
∑n=1∞P(|Xn-θ|>ϵ)<∞∀ϵ>0.
In view of the Borel-Cantelli lemma, this implies that Xn→θ almost surely. Therefore, the complete convergence is a very important tool in establishing almost sure convergence of summation of random variables as well as weighted sums of random variables. Hsu and Robbins [12] proved that the sequence of arithmetic means of independent and identically distributed random variables converges completely to the expected value if the variance of the summands is finite. Erdös [13] proved the converse. The result of Hsu-Robbins-Erdös is a fundamental theorem in probability theory and has been generalized and extended in several directions by many authors. One of the most important generalizations is Baum and Katz [14] strong law of large numbers.
Theorem 1.1 (Baum and Katz [14]).
Let p≥1/α and 1/2<α≤1. Let {Xn,n≥1} be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables with EX1=0. Then the following statements are equivalent:
E|X1|p<∞;
∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤j≤n|∑i=1jXi|>ϵnα)<∞ for all ϵ>0,
Peligrad and Gut [3] extended the result of Baum and Katz [14] to ρ*-mixing random variables.
Theorem 1.2 (Peligrad and Gut [3]).
Let p>1/α and 1/2<α≤1. Let {Xn,n≥1} be a sequence of identically distributed ρ*-mixing random variables with EX1=0. Then the following statements are equivalent:
E|X1|p<∞;
∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤j≤n|∑i=1jXi|>ϵnα)<∞ for all ϵ>0.
Cai [9] complemented Theorem 1.2 when p=1/α.
Recently, An and Yuan [8] obtained a complete convergence result for weighted sums of identically distributed ρ*-mixing random variables.
Theorem 1.3 (An and Yuan [8]).
Let p>1/α and 1/2<α≤1. Let {Xn,n≥1} be a sequence of identically distributed ρ*-mixing random variables with EX1=0. Assume that {ani,1≤i≤n,n≥1} is an array of real numbers satisfying
∑i=1n|ani|p=O(nδ)forsome0<δ<1,#Ank=#{1≤i≤n:|ani|p>(k+1)-1}≥ne-1/k∀k≥1,n≥1.
Then the following statements are equivalent:
E|X1|p<∞;
∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤j≤n|∑i=1janiXi|>ϵnα)<∞ for all ϵ>0.
Note that the result of An and Yuan [8] is not an extension of Peligrad and Gut's [3] result, since condition (1.4) does not hold for the array with ani=1,1≤i≤n,n≥1. An and Yuan [8] proved the implication (i)⇒(ii) under condition (1.4), and proved the converse under conditions (1.4) and (1.5). However, the array satisfying both (1.4) and (1.5) does not exist. Noting that #Ank/(k+1)≤∑i=1n|ani|p≤O(nδ), we have that ne-1/k≤#Ank≤(k+1)O(nδ). But, this does not hold when k is fixed and n is large enough.
In this paper, we obtain a new complete convergence result for weighted sums of identically distributed ρ*-mixing random variables. Our result extends the result of Peligrad and Gut [3], and generalizes and sharpens the result of An and Yuan [8].
Throughout this paper, the symbol C denotes a positive constant which is not necessarily the same one in each appearance, [x] denotes the integer part of x, and a⋀b=min{a,b}.
2. Main Result
To prove our main result, we need the following lemma which is a Rosenthal-type inequality for ρ*-mixing random variables.
Lemma 2.1 (Utev and Peligrad [4]).
Let {Xn,n≥1} be a sequence of ρ*-mixing random variables with EXn=0 and E|Xn|r<∞ for some r≥2 and all n≥1. Then there exists a constant D=D(r,k,ρk*) depending only on r,k, and ρk* such that for any n≥1,E(max1≤j≤n|∑i=1jXi|r)≤D{∑i=1nE|Xi|r+(∑i=1nEXi2)r/2},
where ρk*<1.
Now we state the main result of this paper.
Theorem 2.2.
Let p>1/α and 1/2<α≤1. Let {Xn,n≥1} be a sequence of identically distributed ρ*-mixing random variables with EX1=0. Assume that {ani,1≤i≤n,n≥1} is an array of real numbers satisfying
∑i=1n|ani|q=O(n)forsomeq>p.
If E|X1|p<∞, then
∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤j≤n|∑i=1janiXi|>ϵnα)<∞∀ϵ>0.
Conversely, if (2.3) holds for any array {ani} satisfying (2.2), then E|X1|p<∞.
To prove Theorem 2.2, we first prove the following lemma which is the sufficiency of Theorem 2.2 when the array is bounded.
Lemma 2.3.
Let {Xn,n≥1} be a sequence of identically distributed ρ*-mixing random variables with EX1=0 and E|X1|p<∞ for some p>1/α and 1/2<α≤1. Assume that {ani,1≤i≤n,n≥1} is an array of real numbers satisfying |ani|≤1 for 1≤i≤n and n≥1. Then (2.3) holds.
Proof.
For 1≤i≤n and n≥1, define Xni'=XiI(|Xi|≤nα). Since EXi=0 and ∑i=1n|ani|≤n, we have that
n-αmax1≤j≤n|∑i=1janiEXni′|=n-αmax1≤j≤n|∑i=1janiEXiI(|Xi|>nα)|≤n-α∑i=1n|ani|E|X1|I(|X1|>nα)≤n1-αE|X1|I(|X1|>nα)≤n1-pαE|X1|pI(|X1|>nα)→0
as n→∞. Hence for n large enough, we have
n-αmax1≤j≤n|∑i=1janiEXni′|<ϵ2.
It follows that
∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤j≤n|∑i=1janiXi|>ϵnα)≤∑n=1∞npα-2∑i=1nP(|Xi|>nα)+∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤j≤n|∑i=1janiXni′|>ϵnα)≤∑n=1∞npα-1P(|X1|>nα)+C∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤j≤n|∑i=1jani(Xni′-EXni′)|>ϵnα2)=:I+CJ.
Noting that ∑n=1∞npα-1P(|X1|>nα)≤CE|X1|p<∞, we have I<∞. Thus, it remains to show that J<∞.
We have by Markov's inequality and Lemma 2.1 that for any r≥2,J≤(2ϵ)r∑n=1∞npα-rα-2Emax1≤j≤n|∑i=1jani(Xni′-EXni′)|r≤C∑n=1∞npα-rα-2{(∑i=1nani2E|Xni′|2)r/2+∑i=1n|ani|rE|Xni′|r}≤C∑n=1∞npα-rα-2+r/2(E|X1|2I(|X1|≤nα))r/2+C∑n=1∞npα-rα-1E|X1|rI(|X1|≤nα)=:CJ1+CJ2.
In the last inequality, we used the fact that |ani|≤1 for 1≤i≤n and n≥1.
If p≥2, then we take large enough r such that r>max{(pα-1)/(α-1/2),p}. Since r>(pα-1)/(α-1/2), we get
J1≤C∑n=1∞npα-rα-2+r/2<∞.
Since r>p, we also get
J2=∑n=1∞npα-rα-1∑i=1nE|X1|rI((i-1)α<|X1|≤iα)=∑i=1∞E|X1|rI((i-1)α<|X1|≤iα)∑n=i∞npα-rα-1≤C∑i=1∞E|X1|rI((i-1)α<|X1|≤iα)ipα-rα≤CE|X1|p<∞.
If p<2, then we take r=2. Since r>p, (2.9) still holds, and so J1=J2<∞.
We next prove the sufficiency of Theorem 2.2 when the array is unbounded.
Lemma 2.4.
Let {Xn,n≥1} be a sequence of identically distributed ρ*-mixing random variables with EX1=0 and E|X1|p<∞ for some p>1/α and 1/2<α≤1. Assume that {ani,1≤i≤n,n≥1} is an array of real numbers satisfying ani=0 or |ani|>1, and
∑i=1n|ani|q≤nforsomeq>p.
Then (2.3) holds.
Proof.
If p<2, then we can take δ>0 such that p<p+δ<min{2,q}. Since ani=0 or |ani|>1, we have that ∑i=1n|ani|p+δ≤∑i=1n|ani|q≤n. Thus we may assume that (2.10) holds for some p<q<2 when p<2.
Let Snj′=∑i=1janiXiI(|aniXi|≤nα) for 1≤j≤n and n≥1. In view of EXi=0, we get
n-αmax1≤j≤n|ESnj′|=n-αmax1≤j≤n|∑i=1janiEXiI(|aniXi|>nα)|≤n-α∑i=1nE|aniXi|I(|aniXi|>nα)≤n-pα∑i=1nE|aniXi|pI(|aniXi|>nα)≤n-pα∑i=1n|ani|pE|X1|p≤n-pα(∑i=1n|ani|q)p/qn1-p/qE|X1|p≤n1-pαE|X1|p→0,
since pα>1. Hence for n large enough, we have that n-αmax1≤j≤n|ESnj′|<ϵ/2. It follows that
∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤j≤n|∑i=1janiXi|>ϵnα)≤∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤i≤n|aniXi|>nα)+∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤j≤n|Snj′|>ϵnα)≤∑n=1∞npα-2∑i=1nP(|aniXi|>nα)+C∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤j≤n|Snj′-ESnj′|>ϵnα2)=:I+CJ.
For 1≤j≤n-1 and n≥2, let
Inj={1≤i≤n:n1/q(j+1)-1/q<|ani|≤n1/qj-1/q}.
Then {Inj,1≤j≤n-1} are disjoint, ⋃j=1n-1Inj={1≤i≤n:ani≠0}, and ∑j=1k#Inj≤k+1 for 1≤k≤n-1, since
n≥∑{1≤i≤n:ani≠0}|ani|q=∑j=1n-1∑i∈Inj|ani|q≥n∑j=1k1j+1#Inj≥n(k+1)∑j=1k#Inj.
For convenience of notation, let t=1/(α-1/q). Since ani=0 or |ani|>1, and ∑i=1n|ani|q≤n, we have a11=0. It follows that
I=∑n=2∞npα-2∑j=1n-1∑i∈InjP(|aniXi|>nα)≤∑n=2∞npα-2∑j=1n-1P(|X1|t>njt/q)#Inj≤∑n=2∞npα-2∑j=1n-1#Inj∑k≥[njt/q]P(k<|X1|t≤k+1)≤∑n=2∞npα-2∑k=n∞P(k<|X1|t≤k+1)∑j=1(n-1)⋀[((k+1)/n)q/t]#Inj≤∑n=2∞npα-2∑k=n∞P(k<|X1|t≤k+1)n⋀([(k+1n)q/t]+1)≤∑n=1∞npα-2∑k=n[n1+t/q]P(k<|X1|t≤k+1)([(k+1n)q/t]+1)+∑n=1∞npα-1∑k=[n1+t/q]+1∞P(k<|X1|t≤k+1)=:I1+I2.
Since pα-2-q/t=-α(q-p)-1<-1, we obtain
I1≤C∑n=1∞npα-2-q/t∑k=n[n1+t/q]P(k<|X1|t≤k+1)kq/t≤C∑k=1∞P(k<|X1|t≤k+1)kq/t∑n=[kq/(q+t)]knpα-2-q/t≤C∑k=1∞P(k<|X1|t≤k+1)kq/t-qα(q-p)/(q+t)≤CE|X1|p<∞.
We also obtain
I2≤∑k=1∞P(k<|X1|t≤k+1)∑n=1[kq/(t+q)]npα-1≤C∑k=1∞P(k<|X1|t≤k+1)kp(α-1/q)≤CE|X1|p<∞.
From I1<∞ and I2<∞, we have I<∞. Thus, it remains to show that J<∞.
We have by Markov's inequality and Lemma 2.1 that for any r≥2,J≤C∑n=1∞npα-rα-2Emax1≤j≤n|Snj′-ESnj′|r≤C∑n=1∞npα-rα-2(∑i=1nE|aniXi|2I(|aniXi|≤nα))r/2+C∑n=1∞npα-rα-2∑i=1nE|aniXi|rI(|aniXi|≤nα)=:J1+J2.
Observe that for r≥q and n>m,n≥∑j=1n-1∑i∈Inj|ani|q≥n∑j=1n-11j+1#Inj≥n(m+1)r/q-1∑j=mn-1(j+1)-r/q#Inj.
So ∑j=mn-1j-r/q#Inj≤Cm-(r/q-1) for r≥q and n>m.
For J1 and J2, we proceed with two cases.
(i) If p≥2, then we take r large enough such that r>max{(pα-1)/(α-1/2),q}. Then we obtain that
J1≤C∑n=1∞npα-rα-2(∑i=1n|ani|2)r/2≤C∑n=1∞npα-rα-2(∑i=1n|ani|q)r/2≤C∑n=1∞npα-rα-2+r/2<∞.
The second inequality follows by the fact that ani=0 or |ani|>1.
Noting that a11=0, we also obtain that
J2=∑n=2∞npα-rα-2∑j=1n-1∑i∈InjE|aniXi|rI(|aniXi|≤nα)≤∑n=2∞npα-rα-2+r/q∑j=1n-1j-r/q#InjE|X1|rI(|X1|t≤n(j+1)t/q)≤∑n=2∞npα-rα-2+r/q∑j=1n-1j-r/q#Inj∑0≤k≤[n(j+1)t/q]E|X1|rI(k<|X1|t≤k+1)=∑n=2∞npα-rα-2+r/q∑j=1n-1j-r/q#Inj∑k=02nE|X1|rI(k<|X1|t≤k+1)+∑n=2∞npα-rα-2+r/q∑j=1n-1j-r/q#Inj∑k=2n+1[n(j+1)t/q]E|X1|rI(k<|X1|t≤k+1)=:J3+J4.
Since pα-rα-2+r/q<qα-rα-2+r/q=-(r-q)(α-1/q)-1<-1 and q>p, we have that
J3=∑n=2∞npα-rα-2+r/q∑k=02nE|X1|rI(k<|X1|t≤k+1)∑j=1n-1j-r/q#Inj≤C∑n=2∞npα-rα-2+r/q∑k=02nE|X1|rI(k<|X1|t≤k+1)≤C∑k=1∞E|X1|rI(k<|X1|t≤k+1)∑n=[k/2]∞npα-rα-2+r/q≤C∑k=1∞E|X1|rI(k<|X1|t≤k+1)kpα-rα-1+r/q≤C∑k=1∞P(k<|X1|t≤k+1)kpα-1≤CE|X1|p<∞.
Since 1/t+1/q-α=0 and pα-2-q/t=-α(q-p)-1<-1, we also have that
J4≤∑n=2∞npα-rα-2+r/q∑k=2n+1[n(q+t)/q]E|X1|rI(k<|X1|t≤k+1)∑j=[(k/n)q/t]-1n-1j-r/q#Inj≤C∑n=2∞npα-rα-2+r/q∑k=2n+1[n(q+t)/q]E|X1|rI(k<|X1|t≤k+1)([(kn)q/t]-1)-(r/q-1)≤C∑k=5∞E|X1|rI(k<|X1|t≤k+1)k-(r-q)/t∑n=[kq/(q+t)][k/2]npα-2-q/t≤C∑k=5∞E|X1|rI(k<|X1|t≤k+1)k-(r-q)/t-(α-1/q)(q-p)≤CE|X1|p<∞.
From J3<∞ and J4<∞, we have J2<∞.
(ii) If p<2, then we take r=2. As noted above, we may assume that p<q<2. Since r>q, as in the case p≥2, we have J1=J2≤CE|X1|p<∞.
We now prove Theorem 2.2 by using Lemmas 2.3 and 2.4.
Proof of Theorem 2.2.
Sufficiency.
Without loss of generality, we may assume that ∑i=1n|ani|q≤n for some q>p. For n≥1, let
An={1≤i≤n:|ani|≤1},Bn={1≤i≤n:|ani|>1},
and let ani′=ani if i∈An,ani′=0 otherwise, and ani′′=ani if i∈Bn,ani′′=0 otherwise. Then
max1≤j≤n|∑i=1janiXi|≤max1≤j≤n|∑i=1jani′Xi|+max1≤j≤n|∑i=1jani′′Xi|.
It follows that
∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤j≤n|∑i=1janiXi|>ϵnα)≤∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤j≤n|∑i=1jani′Xi|>ϵnα2)+∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤j≤n|∑i=1jani′′Xi|>ϵnα2)=:I+J.
By Lemma 2.3, we have I<∞. By Lemma 2.4, we have J<∞. Hence (2.3) holds.
Necessity.
Choose, for each n≥1,an1=⋯=ann=1. Then {ani} satisfies (2.2). By (2.3), we obtain that
∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤j≤n|∑i=1jXi|>ϵnα)<∞∀ϵ>0,
which implies that
∑n=1∞npα-2P(max1≤j≤n|Xj|>ϵnα)<∞∀ϵ>0.
Observe that
∞>∑i=1∞∑n=2i-1+12inpα-2P(max1≤j≤n|Xj|>ϵnα)≥{∑i=1∞(2i-1)pα-22i-1P(max1≤j≤2i-1|Xj|>ϵ(2i)α)ifpα≥2,∑i=1∞(2i)pα-22i-1P(max1≤j≤2i-1|Xj|>ϵ(2i)α)if1<pα<2,≥{∑i=1∞P(max1≤j≤2i-1|Xj|>ϵ(2i)α)ifpα≥2,2pα-2∑i=1∞P(max1≤j≤2i-1|Xj|>ϵ(2i)α)if1<pα<2.
Hence we have that for any ϵ>0,P(max1≤j≤2i-1|Xj|>ϵ(2i)α)→0 as i→∞, and so P(max1≤j≤n|Xj|>nα)→0 as n→∞. The rest of the proof is same as that of Peligrad and Gut [3] and is omitted.
Remark 2.5.
Taking ani=1 for 1≤i≤n and n≥1, we can immediately get Theorem 1.2 from Theorem 2.2. If the array {ani} satisfies (1.4), then it satisfies (2.2): taking q such that p<q<p/δ, we have
∑i=1n|ani|q≤max1≤i≤n|ani|q-p∑i=1n|ani|p≤Cnδ(q-p)/pnδ≤Cn.
So the implication (i)⇒(ii) of Theorem 1.3 follows from Theorem 2.2. As noted after Theorem 1.3, the implication (ii)⇒(i) of Theorem 1.3 is not true. Therefore, our result extends the result of Peligrad and Gut [3] to a weighted average, and generalizes and sharpens the result of An and Yuan [8].
Acknowledgments
The author is grateful to the editor Leonid Shaikhet and the referees for the helpful comments and suggestions that considerably improved the presentation of this paper. This work was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) Grant funded by the Korea government (MOST) (no. R01-2007-000-20053-0).
BradleyR. C.On the spectral density and asymptotic normality of weakly dependent random fields199252355373MR115799010.1007/BF01046741ZBL0787.60059BrycW.SmoleńskiW.Moment conditions for almost sure convergence of weakly correlated random variables19931192629635MR114996910.2307/2159950ZBL0785.60018PeligradM.GutA.Almost-sure results for a class of dependent random variables199912187104MR167497210.1023/A:1021744626773ZBL0928.60025UtevS.PeligradM.Maximal inequalities and an invariance principle for a class of weakly dependent random variables2003161101115MR195682310.1023/A:1022278404634ZBL1012.60022GanS.Almost sure convergence for ρ˜-mixing random variable sequences2004674289298MR206012810.1016/j.spl.2003.12.011KuczmaszewskaA.On Chung-Teicher type strong law of large numbers for ρ∗-mixing random variables200820081010.1155/2008/140548140548MR2403201WuQ.JiangY.Some strong limit theorems for ρ˜-mixing sequences of random variables200878810171023MR241891910.1016/j.spl.2007.09.061AnJ.YuanD.Complete convergence of weighted sums for ρ∗-mixing sequence of random variables2008781214661472MR245380110.1016/j.spl.2007.12.020CaiG.-H.Strong law of large numbers for ρ∗-mixing sequences with different distributions20062006710.1155/DDNS/2006/2764827648MR2244296KuczmaszewskaA.On complete convergence for arrays of rowwise dependent random variables200777111050106010.1016/j.spl.2006.12.007MR2395060ZBL1120.60025ZhuM.-H.Strong laws of large numbers for arrays of rowwise ρ∗-mixing random variables20072007610.1155/2007/7429674296MR2272417HsuP. L.RobbinsH.Complete convergence and the law of large numbers1947332531MR001985210.1073/pnas.33.2.25ZBL0030.20101ErdösP.On a theorem of Hsu and Robbins194920286291MR003071410.1214/aoms/1177730037ZBL0033.29001BaumL. E.KatzM.Convergence rates in the law of large numbers1965120108123MR019852410.2307/1994170ZBL0142.14802