Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 682147, 9 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/682147

Research Article

Rough Set Approach for Group Evacuation Behavior Analysis in Passenger Transport Hub Area

Peng Chen,¹ Xiaofeng Ma,² and Shunying Zhu¹

¹School of Transportation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430063, China

²Engineering Research Center for Transportation Safety (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430063, China

Received 3 November 2013; Revised 27 February 2014; Accepted 2 March 2014; Published 17 April 2014

Academic Editor: Huimin Niu

Copyright © 2014 Peng Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Evacuation behavior analysis is deemed to be one aspect of evacuation planning. However, existing studies have not discussed group evacuation decision-making in the face of disagreement among decision makers. In this paper, rough set theory is applied to analyze group evacuation decision-making in passenger transport hub area with various groups including kin, lover, friend, colleague, and classmate. In the approach, improved tabu search-based attribute reduction is proposed to find the minimal subset of attributes required to fully describe the information of group evacuation decision-making, and value reduction algorithm based on knowledge granulation is used to generate rules of group evacuation decision-making. Cross-validation procedure is adopted to estimate the performance of rough set theory. Experimental results indicate that rough set theory has favorable performance. Thus, the proposed approach provides a new way for evacuation behavior analysis.

1. Introduction

Urban passenger transport hub works as the joint of intermodal transit and the distribution center of massive passenger flow. In such densely populated area, small scale emergencies can result in severe consequences and should not be overlooked. It is vital to evacuate people from the affected area promptly. Thus, evacuation planning is very crucial. Evacuation behavior analysis is deemed to be one aspect of evacuation planning. Understanding emergency evacuation behavior would help better emergency evacuation planning.

Over the last few decades, considerable research has focused on evacuation behavior analysis related to hurricane evacuation [1–6] and building fire evacuation [7, 8]. The majority of existing studies focused on individual and household evacuation decision-making and behavioral responses. However, it has not been discussed that how households arrive at a decision when decision-making of household members is inconsistent. As for emergency evacuation in passenger transport hub area, there are usually a large number of small groups with various relationships, including kin, lover, friend, colleague, and classmate. It is necessary to address the problem about group evacuation decision-making in the face of disagreement among decision makers.

By far, several methods have been put forward for helping us understand evacuation decision-making, including contingency table analysis [8], artificial neural network [7], and logistic regression analysis [4, 6, 9, 10]. Among the above methods, contingency table analysis is only used to determine whether dependence exists between evacuation decision-making and related factors for a given significant level. Artificial neural network can establish the mapping function from explanatory variables to evacuation decision-making by using the multilayer perceptron, but it can only provide implied knowledge of evacuation decision-making. Logistic regression model is adopted to describe the relationship between explanatory variables and the probability of outcome of evacuation decision-making, but it needs to create the complex function. Thus rough set theory [11–13] is proposed to analyze group evacuation decision-making under emergency evacuation in passenger transport hub area. The approach adopted in this paper does not require the establishment of the function and can generate rules expressed in the form of if-then statements, which make knowledge have a clear meaning.

Rough set theory can remove redundant information through the reduction and extract decision rules from a large number of original data on the premise of the maintenance of the same classification ability. Knowledge reduction, including attribute reduction and value reduction, is one of the core issues in rough set theory. On the one hand, attribute reduction tends to reduce the complexity and cost of decision process and promote higher rule quality. In order to compute useful reduction of information systems, many researchers have developed some efficient algorithms based on computational intelligence tools of genetic algorithm [14], ant colony optimization [15], simulated annealing [15], particle swarm optimization [16], tabu search [17], and so on. On the other hand, value reduction is aimed at elimination of redundant attribute values in each rule and simplification of rules set while keeping the classification ability of rules set. Several algorithms have been proposed for value reduction, such as simplification rule algorithm [18], discernibility matrix-based algorithm [19], and heuristic algorithm based on mutual information [20]. In this paper, we propose improved tabu search-based attribute reduction (ITSAR) to find the minimal subset of attributes required to fully describe the information of group evacuation decision-making. Different from the existing research [17], we measure solution quality based on knowledge granulation because it can overcome the shortcomings of dependency degree [21] and use dynamic tabu tenure because it has better performance than fixed tabu tenure [22–24]. We also propose a heuristic algorithm based on knowledge granulation for value reduction, which is used to generate the rules of group evacuation decision-making.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The next section describes evacuation behavior survey in Wuchang Railway Station area for the preparation of data set used in this study. In the following section, rough set theory is introduced, including related concepts, the algorithms for attribution reduction and value reduction, and evaluation of the approach. Section four presents the application of rough set theory on group evacuation decision-making and compares the proposed method with other methods in performance. Finally, we conclude the paper with a summary and outlook for further research.

2. Evacuation Behavior Survey

A survey was conducted about emergency evacuation behavior in Wuchang Railway Station area, with the hypothetical event of the toxic gas attack. The questionnaire was designed to collect the following information related to human behavior: (1) personal information including age, gender, education, temperament, and the number of luggage; (2) familiar with the route or not familiar with the route; (3) past experience; (4) the number of group members and group relationship; (5) human behavioral response including first action, evacuation route choice, group evacuation decision-making, and so on. Among the above information, the question for past experience is “Did you ever experience gas attack or participate in safety training,” and structured answer is “(1) Never experience gas/training experience/knowledge, (2) Have gas experience/training experience/knowledge.” The structured answer for temperament is “(1) Choleric (You are a strong-willed individual who makes decisions quickly and decisively.), (2) Sanguine (You are affectionate, enjoy social activities, and make friends easily.), (3) Phlegmatic (You are dependable, polite, and even-tempered.), and (4) Melancholic (Time alone is vital for this reflective, introspective temperament.)”.

A total of 952 interviews were performed and 909 valid replies were collected. There were 523 (57.5%) valid replies coming from groups and 386 (42.5%) from the single passenger. This paper focuses on the analysis of group evacuation decision-making in the face of disagreement among decision makers. In order to select the attributes influencing group evacuation decision-making, contingency table analysis was performed to test the correlation between group decision-making and the characteristics of individual and group by utilizing statistical analysis software SPSS 19.0. As shown in Table 1, the results of (Chi-square) test at a significance value indicate that there exists a significant relationship between group decision-making and several factors as follows: age, gender, education, temperament, experience, and group relationship. Based on group decision-making and the above factors, the attribute set and attribute value set are listed in Table 2.

Table 1: Chi-square test for group decision-making with several factors.

Factors

Age
Gender
Education
Temperament
Experience
Number of luggage
Familiar with route
Group relationship

Chi-square
24.604
22.489
25.258
26.315
31.02
12.804
10.303
32.467

-value
0.017
0.004
0.014
0.01
0.002
0.383
0.85
0.001

Table 2: The attribute set and attribute value set.

Class
Attribute set
Attribute value set

Condition attribute
Age ()
<18, 18–35, >35

Gender ()
Female, male

Education ()
Senior high school or below (SHS), junior college or above (JC)

Temperament ()
Choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, and melancholic

Experience ()
Never experience gas/training experience/knowledge (NE),

have gas experience/training experience/knowledge (HE)

Group relationship ()
Kin, lover, friend, colleague, or classmate (FC)

Decision attribute
Group decision-making ()
The minority is subordinate to the majority (MSM); choose the route approved by self (ABS); choose the route approved by the one familiar with the route (ABF); choose the route approved by the one doing things reasonably (ABR)

3. Rough Set Theory

This section introduces rough set theory. Some basic notions are introduced in Section 3.1. Then the algorithms for attribute reduction and value reduction are developed in Sections 3.2 and 3.3, respectively. Section 3.4 explains evaluation of the approach.

3.1. Preliminaries

In this section, some preliminary concepts such as indiscernibility, knowledge granulation, attribute reduction, and value reduction are briefly presented.

3.1.1. Indiscernibility

Let be an information system, where , called universe, is a nonempty set of finite objects; is a nonempty finite set of attributes such that for every ; is the value set of . In a decision system with a set of decision attributes, , where is the set of condition attributes and is the set of decision attributes. Such an information system also is called a decision table.

For an attribute set , there is an associated indiscernibility relation :

denotes the partition of generated by . If , then and are indiscernible by attributes from . denotes the equivalence classes of the -indiscernibility relation. The indiscernibility relation is the mathematical basis of rough set theory.

3.1.2. Knowledge Granulation

Definition 1. Let be an information system and ; then knowledge granulation of is given by

where the symbol means the cardinality of a set.

Definition 2. Let be a decision table, where is the universe, is the set of conditional attributes and is the decision attribute, ; then the relative partition granularity of relative to is defined by Feng et al. [25]:

The value of can be used to measure the classification ability of relative to ; that is, the larger the value of , the weaker the classification ability of relative to .

Definition 3. Let be a decision table, where is the universe, is the set of conditional attributes, and is the decision attribute, ; then the significance of attribute in relative to is defined by

3.1.3. Attribute Reduction

Attribute reduction in rough set theory can preserve the information content while reducing the number of attributes involved. Based on relative partition granularity, a relative reduct can be defined by the following definition.

Definition 4. Let be a decision table, where is the universe, is the set of conditional attributes, and is the decision attribute, ; if and , , then is said to be a relative reduct of relative to .

In particular, a relative reduct with minimal cardinality is called minimal reduct. The goal of attribute reduction is to find a minimal reduct.

3.1.4. Value Reduction

The process by which the maximum number of condition attribute values is removed without losing essential information is called value reduction. After value reduction, rules can be generated by associating the condition attribute values with the corresponding decision class value.

Definition 5. Let be a decision table, and let , , and . By and (), we denote the descriptions of the equivalence classes and in the decision table . A decision rule is formally defined as

Definition 6. The confidence of decision rule is defined as

For a certain rule, , whereas an uncertain rule, .

3.2. Improved Tabu Search for Attribute Reduction

In this section, improved tabu search-based attribute reduction (ITSAR) is proposed to find a minimal reduct of group evacuation decision-making. First we introduce the main idea of tabu search, then describe the components of ITSAR, and finally give the ITSAR scheme.

3.2.1. Main Idea of Tabu Search

Tabu search (TS) is a metaheuristic optimization method originally proposed by Glover [26]. TS has been successfully applied in various fields [23, 24, 27]. The main ideas are to avoid recently visited parts of the solution space and to guide the search towards new and promising areas. Nonimproving moves are allowed to escape from local optima, and attributes of recently performed moves are declared tabu or forbidden for a number of iterations to avoid cycling. During the search, the algorithm maintains short-term and long-term memory structures. The short-term memory is built to keep the recency by constructing Tabu List (TL). The long-term memory is utilized to record solutions of special characters like elite and frequently visited solutions.

3.2.2. Solution Representation

ITSAR uses a binary representation for solutions (attribute subsets). Therefore, a trial solution is a 0-1 vector with dimension equal to the number of condition attributes . If a component of , , has the value 1, then the th attribute is contained in the attribute subset represented by the trial solution . Otherwise, the solution does not contain the th attribute.

3.2.3. Solution Quality Measure

means the relative partition granularity of solution relative to decision attribute . Comparing two solutions and , we say is better than if one of the following conditions holds:

3.2.4. Tabu List

The role of Tabu List (TL) is to avoid being trapped in local optima. The first and second positions in TL are permanently reserved for two special solutions: solution of all ones (i.e., all attributes are considered), and solution of all zeroes (i.e., all attributes are discarded). The remaining positions in TL are used to save the most recently visited solutions. To improve search performance, dynamic selection strategies of tabu tenure are as follows.

The range of tabu tenure is defined by parameters and . The initial tabu tenure is set equal to . In the process of the implementation of diversification strategy, the tabu tenure is randomly selected within the range , following a uniform distribution. In the course of the implementation of intensification strategy, the tabu tenure is randomly selected within the range , following a uniform distribution. If there are no improvements in iterations ( means max number of consecutive nonimprovement iterations), the tabu tenure is randomly selected within the range , following a uniform distribution.

3.2.5. Neighborhood Trials Generation

Trial solutions , , are generated by changing positions in current solution randomly based on tabu restrictions as in the following procedure.

Procedure 1 ().

(1)Repeat the following steps for .(2)Set , and choose random positions of .(3)Update the chosen positions by the rule , .(4)If , then return to Step  2 to generate another .

3.2.6. Diversification Strategy

The main roles of diversification strategy are to direct the search process to new solution regions and to accelerate escaping from local optima. ITSAR defines a vector of dimension which counts the numbers of choosing each condition attribute among the generated trial solutions. Then, a diverse solution can be generated to contain attributes chosen with probability inversely proportional to their appearance in . The procedure is as follows.

Procedure 2 ().

(1)Generate random numbers .(2)Repeat the following step for .(3)If , set . Otherwise, set .

3.2.7. Intensification Strategy

If the search still cannot find any improvement during some iterations after generating , ITSAR applies an intensification strategy to refine the best reduct found so far. The best reduct refinement, called Shaking, tries to reduce the attributes contained in one by one without increasing . The search is continued from no matter whether it can be improved through the Shaking Mechanism or not. Finally, the search process is terminated and a final refinement is applied. The procedure is as follows.

Procedure 3 ().

(1)Construct the set of all positions of ones in ; that is, the elements of represent the attributes contained in .(2)Repeat the following steps for .(3)Delete the attribute , and compute a relative partition granularity.(4)Update if relative partition granularity is decreased or if relative partition granularity remains the same but the number of the attributes contained in reducts is decreased.

3.2.8. ITSAR Algorithm

The complete algorithm is as follows.

(1)Let the Tabu List (TL) contain the two extreme solutions: solution of all ones and solution of all zeroes; set to be a zero vector. Choose an initial solution , and set the counter . Select , , , and such that .(2)Generate neighborhood trials around using Procedure 1.(3)Set equal to the best trial solution from , and update TL, , and . Set .(4)If the number of iterations exceeds or the number of iterations without improvement exceeds , terminate the search.(5)If the number of iterations without improvement exceeds , apply Procedure 3 to improve , set , and go to Step 2.(6)If the number of iterations without improvement exceeds , apply Procedure 2 to obtain a new diverse solution , set , and go to Step  2.

3.3. Value Reduction Based on Knowledge Granulation

A heuristic algorithm based on knowledge granulation for value reduction, which is used to generate decision rules of group evacuation decision-making, is described as follows.

(1)Examine the condition attribute of each decision rule by the column; if removing a condition attribute, three possible cases are as follows:

(1)if there are conflicting decision rules, then retain the dropped attribute value of conflicting decision rules, which means the value cannot be eliminated;(2)if there are duplicate decision rules, then mark the dropped attribute value of duplicate decision rules as “”, which means the value can be eliminated;(3)if there are no conflicting and duplicate decision rules, then mark the dropped attribute value as “?”, which means whether the value can be eliminated is pending.

(2)Delete possible duplicate decision rules. If all the condition attributes of a decision rule are marked, then change the attribute value marked with “?” to the original attribute value.(3)Examine the attribute value marked with “?” of each decision rule.

(1)If there is only one “?”, go to (3); if there are more than one “?”, calculate the significance of all attribute values marked with “?” according to Definition 3.(2)Select the attribute value marked with “?” and maximum of the significance in the decision rule(3)If the decision can be made only by the attribute value without the mark, go to (4); otherwise, go to (5).(4)Change the attribute value marked with “?” to “”.(5)Change the attribute value marked with “?” to the original attribute value, and go to (2).

(4)Delete decision rules in which all the condition attributes are marked as “” and the possible duplicate decision rules.(5)If there are two decision rules which satisfy the following two conditions: (a) only one condition attribute value is different, (b) one of different attribute values is marked as “”, then, for the decision rule in which different attribute values is marked as “”, if the decision can be made by the attribute values without the mark, delete another decision rule; otherwise, delete this rule.(6)Calculate the confidence of each rule; export the rules.

3.4. Evaluation of the Approach

In this study, examples were scarce; thus, cross-validation (CV) procedure [28] was used to evaluate the performance of the approach. A -fold cross-validation procedure partitions the data into disjoint subsets of nearly equal size. One of the subsets is reserved for testing, whereas the rest of the data constitute the training sample. This procedure is repeated times. Each time using a different subset as the test set, and the final result is the arithmetic average of separate tests.

We evaluated the performance of the approach by applying 10 times 5-fold cross-validation tests. The performance of the approach was measured by the hit rate of decision rule with maximum value of confidence , the hit rate of decision rule with maximum value of confidence and second largest value of confidence , and the comprehensive hit rate computed by

where is the number of instances in the test set which can be correctly classified by decision rule with maximum value of confidence, is the number of instances in the test set which can be correctly classified by decision rule with second largest value of confidence, is the total number of instances in the test set. The comprehensive hit rate was also used as the model selection criterion.

4. Application to Group Evacuation Decision-Making

This section presents our tests on group evacuation decision-making. We firstly develop the decision table in Section 4.1. Then we extract the reducts with the application of attribute reduction in Section 4.2. Based on the reducts, a set of decision rules are generated by means of value reduction in Section 4.3. Section 4.4 presents the testing results of the rules. Lastly, we compare the proposed method with other methods in performance.

4.1. Representation of Decision Table

The first step is to develop decision table for group evacuation decision-making. As discussed previously, we have used the dataset from evacuation behavior survey in Wuchang Railway Station area. The decision table includes 523 objects or samples. For each record, six conditional attributes are registered.

Table 3 shows eight objects of group evacuation decision-making used as the example of decision table.

Table 3: An example of decision table with eight objects.

Objects

1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2

2
2
1
1
3
1
1
3

3
2
2
2
2
2
1
4

4
2
1
1
2
1
3
1

5
3
2
1
3
1
3
1

6
1
2
1
2
2
1
2

7
2
2
2
4
2
3
1

8
1
2
1
2
2
3
3

4.2. Reduction of Attributes

The algorithms for attribute reduction and value reduction were programmed in MATLAB and applied to the decision table of group evacuation decision-making. The parameter values used in ITSAR were set to the following values: , , , , , . These chosen values are based on the common setting in [17, 29]. This indicates the potential for future improvement of ITSAR by systematically fine-tuning these parameters using statistical tests as suggested by Xu et al. [30].

After attribute reduction by applying 10 times 5-fold cross-validation tests, some reducts can be obtained. Table 4 shows the frequency of individual reduct occurring among the set of reducts. Evidently, there is one common attribute, that is, group relationship (), occurring in all the reducts.

Table 4: Reducts and their frequency.

Reducts
Frequency

8

2

14

11

6

5

3

1

4.3. Decision Rules

Based on reducts obtained in the previous step, decision rules can be generated from the decision table by value reduction. For the reduct with the highest frequency, rules are obtained from the corresponding training set and shown in Table 5. In these decision rules, 2 rules are certain and others are uncertain. For example, rule 1 and rule 3 are selected to describe below.

Table 5: Decision rules of the corresponding sample.

Decision rules
Confidence

Rule  1: If () and () and (), then ()
1

Rule  2: If () and () and (), then ()
1

Rule  3: If () and () and (), then ( or 3 or 4)

Rule  4: If (), then ( or 2 or 3 or 4)

Rule  5: If () and (), then ( or 2 or 3 or 4)

Rule  6: If () and () and (), then ( or 2 or 4)

Rule  7: If () and () and (), then ( or 4)

Rule  8: If () and () and (), then ( or 2 or 4)

Rule  9: If () and (), then ( or 2 or 3 or 4)

Rule  10: If () and () and (), then ( or 3 or 4)

Rule  11: If () and () and (), then ( or 2 or 4)

Rule  12: If () and (), then ( or 2 or 3 or 4)

Rule  13: If () and (), then ( or 2 or 3 or 4)

Rule  14: If () and (), then ( or 2 or 3 or 4)

Rule  1 means that if condition attribute values satisfy the following conditions, that is, gender is male and temperament is choleric, and group relationship is lover, then group decision-making mode chosen by individual is choosing the route approved by the one doing things reasonably. The confidence of this rule is 1.

Rule  3 means that if condition attribute values satisfy the following conditions, that is, gender is female and temperament is choleric, and group relationship is lover, then group decision-making mode chosen by individual has three possibilities, that is, choosing the route approved by self (with the confidence of 0.125), or choosing the route approved by the one familiar with the route (with the confidence of 0.5), or choosing the route approved by the one doing things reasonably (with the confidence of 0.375).

4.4. Results of Testing

Decision rules generated from the training set are applied to the corresponding testing set in order to harvest a performance estimate. The results from 10 times 5-fold cross-validation tests show that the range of is from 0.298 to 0.509 and the range of is from 0.529 to 0.759. As shown in Figure 1, the majority of is above 0.4 and the majority of is above 0.6. For the best rough set model, , , and are 0.502, 0.759, and 0.605, respectively. The best rough set model consists of three conditional attributes: gender, temperament, and group relationship.

Figure 1: Performance of rough set theory.

4.5. Comparison with Other Methods

To get a better picture of the power of rough set theory, a comparison with other techniques using the same training and testing samples would prove useful. For the purpose of comparison, we chose tabu search for attribute reduction (TSAR) [17] and multinomial logistics regression (MLR) [31].

In the TSAR algorithm, the dependency degree of decision attribute is used to measure the quality of a solution, and fixed tabu tenure is used. We set fixed tabu tenure as 8 in our study. TSAR and ITSAR could obtain the same reducts in this paper. The solution times of two methods for 50 runs are displayed in Figure 2. Regarding average solution time, ITSAR obtained the reducts in 24.7% less time than TSAR. The average solution times were 0.827 CPU seconds for ITSAR and 1.1 CPU seconds for TSAR.

Figure 2: Solution times of ITSAR and TSAR.

Multinomial logistics regression can be used when a categorical dependent variable has more than two categories. For the implementation of the multinomial logistic regression model, the backward elimination procedure was performed by using SPSS software in this study. The performance of multinomial logistics regression model was determined by cross-validation procedure described in Section 3.4. Here, in (8), is the number of instances in the test set which can be correctly classified by the category with maximum value of probability, and is the number of instances in the test set which can be correctly classified by the category with the second largest value of probability. The best logistic regression model was extracted on the basis of goodness-of-fit test and the hit rates.

The results from 10 times 5-fold cross-validation test show that the range of is from 0.123 to 0.48 and the range of is from 0.451 to 0.723. As shown in Figure 3, the majority of is below 0.4 and the majority of is above 0.6. For the best logistic regression model, , , and are 0.48, 0.693, and 0.565, respectively. Goodness-of-fit measures of the best logistic regression model are displayed in Table 6. The best logistic regression model consists of three variables: gender, temperament, and group relationship, which is the same as conditional attributes in the best rough set model.

Table 6: Goodness-of-fit measures of the best logistic regression model.

DF
Sig.

Pearson
401.191
360
0.066

Deviance
385.701
360
0.168

Figure 3: Performance of multinomial logistics regression.

Table 7 depicts the average results of 10 times 5-fold cross-validation test for two approaches. The results of the approach comparison show that rough set theory method is superior to multinomial logistics regression in terms of testing performance.

Table 7: Performance comparison.

Rough set theory
0.421
0.663

MLR
0.362
0.651

On the other hand, the fluctuation of the curve in Figure 1 is relatively moderate, whereas the fluctuation of the curve in Figure 3 is relatively marked. The comparisons suggest that the stability of testing performance for rough set theory method is better than that for multinomial logistics regression.

5. Conclusions

In this paper, we focus on the analysis of group evacuation decision-making in the face of disagreement among decision makers in passenger transport hub area. Rough set theory is applied to analyze group evacuation decision-making. Based on evacuation behavior survey, we develop the decision table of group evacuation decision-making. An improved tabu search-based attribute reduction (ITSAR) is proposed to find a minimal reduct of decision table, and then a heuristic algorithm based on knowledge granulation for value reduction is introduced for rule extraction of decision table. According to the presented research, rules of group evacuation decision-making are generated in a readily understandable form (a set of simple if-then statements). By using 10 times 5-fold cross-validation tests, we compare the proposed method with other methods in performance. The results show that ITSAR outperformed TSAR in terms of solution time, and rough set theory has the advantage over multinomial logistics regression for the analysis of group evacuation decision-making. It can be concluded that rough set theory can quickly obtain more simple decision rules of group evacuation decision-making and provide a new way for evacuation behavior analysis.

Further research mainly includes two aspects. First, it is worthwhile to develop effective update method for rule database after increasing new samples. Second, this model could be integrated with a larger set of behavioral models into an agent-based simulation framework to comprehensively model the evacuation process, which would help public agencies develop evacuation plans that align with evacuee choices and behavior.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

Research for this study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51208400, 51108362, and 51078299) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (no. 2011-IV-125).

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