Government Subsidies and Enterprise Innovation: Evidence from China's Photovoltaic Industry

Government subsidies (GSs) have triggered a remarkable increase in the production capacity of photovoltaic (PV) electricity in China. However, the lack of core technologies has limited PV enterprises’ competitiveness in the global market. -is research investigates the impacts of R&D subsidies and non-R&D subsidies on the innovation in PV enterprises. With samples of Chinese listed PV enterprises from 2010 to 2019, this study finds R&D subsidies exert a notable positive impact on the innovation in PV enterprises. In small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and enterprises without state-owned shares, both R&D subsidies and nonR&D subsidies have positive impacts on the innovation. Considering the policy orientation, R&D subsidies granted under demand-orientation policies promote the innovation in PV enterprises. -e government should increase the amount of R&D subsidies, optimize the R&D subsidies’ evaluation mechanism, and reasonably grant R&D subsidies from the demand side.


Background.
With the intensification of energy shortage and environmental pollution, renewable energy has attracted worldwide attention [1][2][3][4]. e solar photovoltaic (PV) power is abundant, clean, and convenient and also has been considered as one of the most promising renewable energies [5,6]. Due to the ever-increasing energy and environmental pressures, China is switching to focus more on fostering the PV industry. e primary policy instrument to start PV industry in China is government subsidy (hereinafter GS), which was granted to PV enterprises to incentivize the investment in the PV system and supporting facilities. Under the "Golden Solar Demonstration Project in China," the GSs were granted to PV enterprises based on the total amount of investment between 2009 and 2013. To stimulate the generation of PV electricity, GSs were granted to PV enterprises through feed-in tariffs (FITs) (Feed-in tariff (FIT) is a policy instrument that guarantees the purchase of PV power at fixed prices) or based on the kilowatt hours of generated power after 2013. According to the data released by the National Energy Administration [7], the newly added generation capacity of PV electricity in China in 2017 reached 53.06 billion-watt, and the production of silicon slice reached 87 billion-watt. In terms of generation capacity, China has ranked first in the world.
PV technologies are critical to the sustainable development of PV enterprises. China's photovoltaic industry has formed an industrial chain system with silicon-wafer and solar-cell production in the upper-middle streams and photovoltaic application installation in the downstream. However, the important high-purity polycrystalline silicon and thin-film solar cells materials in the upper-middle streams are mainly imported from the United States, Germany, Russia, and other countries, and there is still a gap with the advanced world level in some core technologies such as solar power systems and power generation detections in the downstream. Since the environmental benefits and knowledge creation cannot be fully redeemed by the market, technological innovation in PV enterprises will encounter the "double externality problem" [8,9]. As a result, PV enterprises will underinvest in R&D activities, which make GSs necessary to fill the investment gap [8,10]. Due to the government's strong desire in developing strategic emerging industries in China, generous subsidies have been granted to PV enterprises and have triggered a marked increase in PV electricity production. Nonetheless, substantial subsidies may also induce PV enterprises to expand production to benefit from economies of scale and shift resources from risky R&D activities towards exploiting existing mature technologies. In the long run, it may lead to technological lock-ins and hinder the diffusion of more advanced technologies [11].
GSs have been employed to reduce costs and create demand for technological innovation in PV industry in developed countries [12]. With generous GSs, China leads regarding the scale of PV power generation. However, whether these subsidies have fostered innovation in PV technology is becoming a controversial issue. Until now, most previous studies of PV enterprises innovation are conducted on cross-country or cross-industry samples, which cannot exclude the heterogeneity of different countries or industries. In China, few studies have been conducted to analyze the panel data of PV enterprises under the policy of GS, especially R&D subsidies and non-R&D subsidies. is research tries to fill this gap by scrutinizing the impact of R&D subsidies on the innovation in PV enterprises by applying the data of 70 Chinese listed enterprises from 2010 to 2019. e heterogeneity, including enterprises' scale, ownership structure, and the policy orientations are also analyzed.

Literature Review and Research Hypothesis.
Many research studies have focused on the diffusion of PV electricity. With an improved finite element model, Karakaya [13] forecasted the diffusion of PV power generation system in southern Germany. Bhattarai et al. [14] find that the subsidy program for Solar Home System in Nepal is successful at reaching the poor families. Nomaguchi et al. [15] find that the subsidy on distributed generation device installation in Japan has accelerated the diffusion of PV electricity. In the U.S., the Property Assessed Clean Energy program has promoted the residential PV installation in the northern California [16], and the PV electricity will be competitive when the generation cost is similar to the retail electricity rate [17]. However, higher installation costs will depress the diffusion of PV electricity [18], and a high rate of technological change may delay the diffusion of PV electricity if the consumers have a rational price expectation [19]. When the households have no sufficient awareness about the PV system, the enhancement of communication and social networking services may also delay the diffusion of PV electricity [20].
Moreover, some research studies have investigated the economic performance of GSs in PV industry. Xiong and Yang [6] find that GSs have improved the sales revenue and net profit of PV enterprises in China. Chou et al. (2015) find that GSs in China have reduced the cost of PV electricity and accelerated the prosperity of PV industry [21]. By estimating the cost trend of PV cells, Zhang et al. [22] found that longterm subsidies in China for PV electricity are feasible. However, Xu et al. [23] find that excessive government intervention is not conducive to the development of the PV industry, and long-term government subsidies have little impact on PV enterprises' performance. Considering the practical conditions, distributed PV projects are economically unfeasible under existing subsidy policies [24]. In Austria, subsidies for PV industry lead to a potential increase of the cumulative production of electricity [25], and subsidies in the U.S. transferred from nuclear to PV industry result in more electricity throughout the technology life cycle [26].
Besides, several research studies also probed the influences of GSs on enterprises' innovation in the renewable energy field. Olson [27] finds that GS in the U.S. has not created effective incentives for renewable energy technology innovation, while Koseoglu et al. [28] find that California's support policy is effective in reducing the initiating costs of renewable energy technologies. With a global sample, Hoppmann et al. [9] find that aggressive subsidies on the demand side have promoted enterprises' R&D investments in PV technology exploration. Nicolli and Vona [29] find GSs in 19 EU countries have spurred innovation in PV technology from 1980 to 2007. With patent data of 25 OECD countries over the period of 1978-2003, Johnstone et al. [30] find the positive innovation impact of GSs on solar PV technologies. Tsai [31] finds that the subsidiary and innovative programs starting from 2013 in Taiwan have promoted the innovation of PV technologies.
Meanwhile, some research studies have begun to focus on the effects of R&D subsidies on the enterprises' innovation. Clausen (2009) finds that R&D subsidies can significantly promote enterprises R&D spending in Norway. Bronzini and Piselli [32] find that R&D subsidies program conducted in northern Italy can effectively increase the patent applications by subsidized enterprises. Lucy and David [33] also find that R&D subsidies can spur innovation in the UK. With a panel data of manufacturing enterprises in China, Gao et al. [34] find that both central and local R&D subsidies policies are successful in promoting enterprises' exploratory innovation. With a panel data of renewable energy enterprises in China, Wu et al. [35] find that government R&D subsidies can significantly increase renewable energy investment, and Li et al. [36] find that it can also stimulate renewable energy innovation at certain intervals. eoretically, firstly, enterprises' innovation has the characteristics of high risk and external spillover [37]. It is necessary to introduce a group of high-quality and skilled R&D personnel and advanced equipment in the process of innovation activities. And the achievements of innovation are easy to be imitated, resulting in the phenomenon of "hitchhiking" and thereby reducing the expected income of PV enterprises. GSs, as nonoperating income of PV enterprises, can effectively share the cost of enterprise R&D investment, reduce the negative impact of external spillover effects of innovation achievements, and strengthen the driving force for PV enterprise innovation [38].
Secondly, PV enterprises that receive government subsidies can transmit positive signal effects to the outside investors and broaden the subsequent financing channels. R&D subsidy, as an important government subsidy policy to support enterprises' innovation, is more stringent in selecting subsidized enterprises and sends a stronger positive signal. Once PV enterprises receive R&D subsidies from government, it can more effectively reduce the problem of information asymmetry with external investors, ease enterprises' financing constraints, and provide material support for enterprises' innovation [39]. Based on the above analysis, this article proposes the following hypothesis. Hypothesis 1. R&D subsidies exert a significant and positive influence on the innovation in PV enterprises.

Motivations and Contributions.
ere are three main motivations to scrutinize the impacts of GSs on China's PV enterprises' innovation. First, innovation activities constitute the foundation of exploring new technologies in PV enterprises. Without sufficient innovation efforts, China's PV industry may be developed with high cost and inefficient technologies and can hardly relieve the energy and environmental pressures for the low conversion rates of solar power. Second, GSs may cut down the production cost and compensate for the underinvestment in R&D activities in PV enterprises. However, excessive subsidies may cause lock-ins in existing mature technologies and hinder the diffusion of more advanced technologies. Finally, the influence of GSs on PV enterprises' innovation is likely to be affected by the ownership, enterprise size, and the policy orientations. erefore, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth investigation on the impacts of GSs on China's PV enterprises' innovation.
is research sheds light on the impacts of GSs on PV enterprises' innovation in China in the context of catch-up strategy. First, by taking Chinese PV enterprises as an overall sample, this study excludes the heterogeneity of different countries or industries. Second, the ownership structure and the size of PV enterprises may influence the impact of GSs, and thus the heterogeneity of state-owned shareholdings and scale are investigated. Finally, this study distinguishes the impacts of GSs under different policy orientations.

Empirical Framework: Model Specification and Data
2.1. Model Specification. Enterprise innovation is targeted at exploring new technologies through the utilization of internal resources [40]. With the intensification of market competition and upgradation of technologies, more innovation is needed for Chinese PV enterprises to obtain the competitive advantage in the global market [41]. However, these innovations suffer from environmental externalities and knowledge spillover and further result in underinvestment in PV enterprises' innovation activities [9]. us, GSs are critical to complement the underinvestment. In existing literatures, GSs have been found to be effective in promoting enterprises' innovation efforts through decentralizing innovation risks, reducing innovation costs, and providing "signal effects" [32,[42][43][44]. In this vein, GSs should have a positive influence on PV enterprises' R&D efforts.
In China, the survival, growth, and innovation of PV enterprises are affected directly by the government support, and GSs are usually granted to PV enterprises for R&D incentive purpose and non-R&D purpose. Here, GSs are divided into R&D subsidies (RDSub) and non-R&D subsidies (NRDSub).
Apart from GSs, innovations in PV enterprises in China are also influenced by internal factors, such as the scale of enterprise, state ownership, financial condition, age [45][46][47], and external factors, such as market profit [48,49]. To probe the influencing mechanism of GSs on PV enterprises' innovation, a basic econometric model is used as follows: where i denotes PV enterprise and t denotes the time duration from 2010.

Definition of Main
Variables. "Inno" refers to the innovation of PV enterprises. As R&D intensity captures the commitment and efforts of enterprises to innovation activities [50], we employed R&D intensity to measure the innovation in PV enterprises. In prior literatures [43,49], the R&D intensity was calculated as the ratio of enterprises' R&D investment to the total sales revenue. Considering the sales revenue of PV enterprises may be inflated by the massive amount of subsidies, this study uses the ratio of R&D investment to the fixed capital to measure the R&D intensity. Government subsidy is the main fiscal instrument used by the government to support PV enterprises. Since enterprises' innovation activities are capital-intensive, GSs are critical for PV enterprises to complement the underinvestment in innovation activities and thus influence the innovation decisions. Here, GSs are divided into R&D subsidies and non-R&D subsidies. Since there is no separate column of R&D subsidies in the annual report of the enterprise, referring to the literature of [35], RDSub is calculated by filtering all specific items in enterprise government subsidy directory. If the item name contains the Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society keywords "research," "patent," "innovation," "talent introduction," "intellectual property," "technical innovation," "industrial upgrading," and so on, then sum the amount of these corresponding items as RDSub.
e amount of NRDSub is calculated as the GSs minus the RDSub.
Size refers to the scale of PV enterprise. Large firms may support innovation with large-scale financial support and undertake higher innovation risks and costs than small enterprises [51]. Here, PV enterprises' fixed capital is used to denote the size.
Own refers to the proportion of state-owned shares in a PV enterprise. In China, managers in state-owned PV enterprises may not get rewarded from the innovation efforts, but they have to undertake the risks. erefore, PV enterprises with higher proportion of state-owned shares may be more reluctant to carry out innovation activities [47].
Profit refers to the market profit. Market profit can create favorable conditions to support innovation activities in PV enterprises [52]. With sufficient innovation efforts, PV enterprises may make technical progress and earn super profits in the market [49].
Debt represents the asset-liability ratio of PV enterprises, which reflects the financial condition of PV enterprises. Generally speaking, a lower debt rate may promote the innovation efforts of PV enterprises with more sufficient floating capital [45].
Age refers to the age of years being a listed PV enterprise. A longer age may lead to higher management efficiency, richer market resources, and better technical capabilities and further influence PV enterprises' innovation efforts [45]. Durations of the PV enterprises becoming listed were calculated to reflect the age. e definition of main variables is listed in Table 1.

Descriptive Statistical Analysis.
e descriptive statistics of the variables are provided in Table 2. Table 3 shows the correlation matrix. e correlation coefficients are lower than 0.6. us, this research will not be affected significantly by the multiple collinearity.

Baseline Regression.
Because most of the Inno values fall between 0 and 1, a Tobit method is suitable for the test. e empirical results of equation (1) are shown in Table 4.

Individual effect (Firm) and time effect (Year) are controlled in column (3).
According to the regression results, we find the average effects as shown by the coefficients of RDSub are positive significantly, and the coefficients of NRDSub are insignificant. is implies that RDSub exerts a significantly positive impact on the innovation in PV enterprises during the period of 2010 to 2019, and Hypothesis 1 has been verified.
is is similar to the results found in Korea and Germany [12,53]. A possible explanation is that RDSub in China has created favorable conditions for the innovation in PV enterprises through reducing innovation costs directly and even has encouraged the innovation in PV enterprise for the sake of honor.

Robustness Testing.
e robustness of the results is verified by replacing the test method and the explained variable. In Table 5, innovation is defined as the ratio of PV enterprises' R&D investment to the total business income (%) in column (4). Column (5) is the regression results of the OLS method. To alleviate the endogeneity caused by mutual causation, the GS with a lag of 1 period is adopted as an explanatory variable [54] in column (6). e coefficients are consistent with the results in Table 4, which indicate that the results are robust.

Heterogeneity Analysis.
To get further information about the PV enterprises of different scales, the samples are divided into small and medium enterprise (SME) group and large-sized enterprise group. e fixed capital for SME is less than 100 million RMB, and the large-sized enterprises' fixed capital is set as more than 100 million RMB [46]. e results are provided in column (7) and column (8) in Table 6. We find the coefficients of RDSub and NRDSub are both positive significantly in column (7), and only the coefficient of RDSub is significantly positive in column (8). PV sector is a high-tech industry, and innovation constitutes the basis for enterprises to acquire competitive advantage in the market [55]. To compete with large enterprises in the fast-growing market in China, PV enterprises with smaller scale need to input more R&D investments to capture the changing technological opportunities and market opportunities [56,57]. GSs for R&D purpose and non-R&D purposes may alleviate the shortage of funds for innovation and thus promote the R&D intensity of SMEs.
In China, the state-owned shares may influence enterprises' willingness to input in innovation activities [45,46]. In Table 6, the results of PV enterprises without state-owned shares are shown in column (9), and the results of PV enterprises with state-owned shares are shown in column (10). e results indicate that the coefficients of RDSub and NRDSub are both positively significant in column (9), but both are insignificant in column (10). is implies that given a certain amount of GSs, PV enterprises without stateowned shares are more willing to carry out R&D activities. Because these enterprises are small and short of capital, they can only acquire better profits and competitive advantages in the market through innovation efforts. GSs can fill the gap of enterprise innovation funds and disperse the risk of enterprise innovation activities and thereby may stimulate the innovation in the PV enterprises without state-owned shares. As for PV enterprises with a higher proportion of state-owned shares, they have an advantage of acquiring financial support by political background and network under the massive GSs [58]. However, this advantage may also encourage rent-seeking and reduce innovation efforts in these enterprises. Furthermore, managers in PV enterprises with a higher proportion of state-owned shares have few    Note: t-statistics reported in parentheses. * p < 0.1, * * p < 0.05, and * * * p < 0.01.  incentives to carry out innovation activities. Sometimes they cannot get rewarded from the innovation but have to undertake the costs [47]. PV enterprises have been granted large amounts of subsidies through the newly added investment in PV system and supporting facilities since 2009. However, substantial subsidies may induce PV enterprises to expand production to benefit from economies of scale and shift resources from risky R&D activities towards exploiting existing mature technologies. To absorb the rapid growth of PV power generation, these subsidies were terminated in 2013 and then switched to feed-in tariffs or based on the kilowatt hours of power generation. According to the policy orientations, Golden Solar Demonstration Project is an investment-orientation policy, which is subsidized based on the amount of investment of PV enterprises in 2010-2013. Feed-in tariff (FIT) is a demand-side government policy, which is designed to cope with excess capacity and stimulate enterprises to improve competitiveness in the PV market through R&D efforts after 2014 [59]. e different policy orientations may influence the impact of R&D subsidies and non-R&D subsidies on the innovation of PV enterprises. us, we selected research samples during the period of 2010 to 2013 in the group under investment orientation and those during the period of 2014 to 2019 in the group under demand orientation.
In Table 6, the results of the group under investment orientation are provided in column (11), and the results of the group under demand orientation are provided in column (12). e coefficients of RDSub and NRDSub are insignificant in column (11), but the coefficient of RDSub is positively significant in column (12).
is implies that R&D subsidies granted under demand orientation have a positive impact on the innovation in PV enterprises. A large amount of GSs was provided through "Golden Solar Demonstration Project in China" to stimulate the production capacity of PV enterprises since 2009, and resources in PV enterprises may be shifted from risky R&D activities towards expanding installation. After 2013, the project was terminated but switched to promote the generation capacity of PV electricity through FITs or based on the kilowatt hours of generated power. When PV power price subsidies were reduced gradually, PV enterprises have to enhance the marginal returns in the market through technological progress [60], which may encourage PV enterprises to pay more efforts into R&D activities and obtain a competitive advantage in the market.

Conclusions and Discussion
As a rapidly developing economy, China has attracted a lot of global attention [61,62]. In recent years, large amounts of GSs have been subsidized to PV enterprises in China. ere is an arising controversy about whether these subsidies have promoted the R&D efforts of PV enterprises. With samples of Chinese listed PV enterprises from 2010 to 2019, this study investigates the impact of R&D subsidies on the innovation in PV enterprises and finds some conclusions as follows.
First, R&D subsidies exert a significant and positive influence on the innovation in PV enterprises. Since the environmental externalities and knowledge spillover cannot be fully compensated by the market price, innovation in PV enterprises may encounter "double externality problem" [8,9]. us, R&D subsidies are critical for PV enterprises' innovation. On the one hand, R&D subsidies can reduce the negative impact of external spillover of innovation achievements on enterprises' innovation motivation, and on the other hand, they can broaden enterprises' financing channels by releasing positive signals.
is conclusion confirms the effectiveness of government R&D subsidy policy, which is of great significance to the promotion of sustainable innovation in PV industry.
Second, in heterogeneity analysis, we find R&D subsidies and non-R&D subsidies have significant and positive impacts on the innovation in SMEs and PV enterprises without state-owned shares. Compared to SMEs, large PV enterprises can undertake R&D risks with stable internally generated funds and average the R&D costs through a large volume of production and sales. erefore, large PV enterprises are less enthusiastic about spending R&D subsidies to accelerate innovation than SMEs. In China, since stateowned PV enterprises have a greater need to serve government objectives to secure legitimacy, PV enterprises with a higher proportion of state-owned shares are usually less likely to conduct risky innovation activities than private ones. is suggests that the government should consider the size and ownership of enterprises and allocate resources reasonably when granting R&D subsidies to PV enterprises. ird, considering the policy orientation, R&D subsidies granted under demand orientation have a significant and positive impact on the innovation in PV enterprises. Generous GSs from the supply side may create incentives for PV enterprises to capture scale economies by using existing mature technologies and shift resources from risky R&D activities towards expanding installation [9]. To foster advanced technologies in PV industry, demand-side R&D subsidies should be granted at proper rates [59,63].
us, this article gives corresponding policy recommendations. Firstly, the government should attach importance to the positive signaling role of R&D subsidies policy and increase the amount of R&D subsidies to PV industry. Secondly, the government should continue to optimize the R&D subsidies evaluation mechanism, comprehensively consider the size and ownership attributes of enterprises, and implement differentiated subsidy policies. irdly, to foster advanced technologies, larger PV enterprises should be guided to make breakthroughs in key technologies. Since state-owned PV enterprises have a greater need to serve government objectives to secure legitimacy, the government should also emphasize the strategic priority of innovation rather than production explosion to stimulate the R&D efforts of state-owned PV enterprises. Finally, the government should attach importance to the leading position of the market in the allocation of resources. When implementing the subsidy policies, the government should consider the market supply and demand and pay more attention to the R&D subsidy from the demand side.
ere are two deficiencies in this article. First, at the current stage, non-listed PV enterprises have no explicit government regulations to disclose enterprises' financial data and R&D subsidy data, resulting in the lack of sample size. Second, this article only analyzes the role and heterogeneous impact of R&D subsidies on the innovation of photovoltaic enterprises and confirms the effectiveness of government R&D subsidy policy. In the future, we should further explore the mechanisms by which R&D subsidies affect innovation of PV enterprises and the signal effect of R&D subsidies on attracting commercial banks, venture capital, and other external investors.
Data Availability e datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors' Contributions
CJ and QZH were responsible for conceptualization and review and editing. DL and LW curated the data. CJ contributed to formal analysis. QZH was responsible for original draft preparation.