Disease Markers

Volume 35 (2013), Issue 6, Pages 747‒752

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/214595

Research Article

Circulating Autoantibodies to LGALS3BP: A Novel Biomarker for Cancer

Antonino Grassadonia,¹ Nicola Tinari,1,2 Clara Natoli,¹ Galit Yahalom,³ and Stefano Iacobelli1,2

¹Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, 66100 Chieti, Italy

²MediaPharma s.r.l., Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy

³Eventus Diagnostics, Inc., Jehuda Hills, 90880 Ora, Israel

Received 8 July 2013; Revised 11 October 2013; Accepted 11 October 2013

Academic Editor: Grant Izmirlian

Copyright © 2013 Antonino Grassadonia et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Purpose. Circulating autoantibodies have been extensively investigated as possible markers for early diagnosis of cancer. The present study was carried out to investigate whether anti-LGALS3BP IgG autoantibodies could be classified as a biomarker for malignant tumors. Methods. An in-house developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect autoantibodies to LGALS3BP in sera from 71 patients with various types of cancers and 54 healthy subjects matched by age and gender. Results. Patients with cancer have significant higher circulating levels of anti-LGALS3BP antibodies as compared to control subjects (). The test has a sensitivity of 33% and a specificity of 98%. Conclusions. Anti-LGALS3BP IgG autoantibodies are a promising biomarker for malignant tumors and could play a role in the development of a multimarker assay for the early detection of cancer.

1. Introduction

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for about 600,000 deaths in the United States in 2012 [1]. Despite significant improvements in treatment, early detection remains the most important prognostic factor predicting of better outcome [2–4]. Current cancer screening methods, including mammography for breast cancer, colonoscopy for colon cancer, computed tomography for lung cancer, prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer, and Papanicolaou stains for cervical cancer, have demonstrated some limitations in terms of sensitivity, specificity, complexity, cost, and compliance [5].

Serum tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) have been extensively studied for early cancer detection because of the simplicity and reliability of the tests used for their determination, such as western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Unfortunately, they are transiently secreted and rapidly eliminated from blood circulation [6, 7] and usually reach a detectable concentration only in advanced stage of the disease [8].

Along with TAAs, autoantibodies are frequently detected in sera from patients affected by different types of neoplasms [9]. This finding has been interpreted as an attempt of the immune system to block invasion and spreading of cancer cells in the organism. Circulating autoantibodies have biological and biochemical characteristics that render them particularly suitable to screen subjects at cancer risk. In fact, they may develop early in the process of tumorigenesis, when premalignant or malignant cells begin to express altered molecules as a result of cell transformation [10, 11]. In addition, they can easily be detected in the serum because of the usual high concentration and long-time stability [9]. For these reasons, great efforts have been made in recent years to identify circulating autoantibodies directed against cancer-related proteins in order to build up tests for the early detection of neoplastic disease [12–15].

In this study, we investigated the production of autoantibodies against lectin galactoside-binding soluble 3 binding protein (LGALS3BP) in patients affected by different types of cancer. LGALS3BP, also known as 90K or Mac-2 BP [16], has been largely regarded as a TAA, since it is present at elevated concentrations in the blood of cancer patients and is overexpressed in the vast majority of cancer tissues [17]. Both high serum and tumor levels of LGALS3BP have been associated with a poor outcome in patients with different types of neoplasms [18–21]. LGALS3BP has also been implicated in cancer progression by modulating tumor cell adhesion processes. In fact, it can bind important molecules associated with the membrane of tumor cells, such as galectin-3, galectin-1, and β1-integrins [16, 22, 23]. Additionally, LGALS3BP can interact with extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, fibronectin, and laminin [23, 24].

Here we show that patients with different types of cancer, but not healthy subjects, develop autoantibodies against LGALS3BP. This finding discloses the capability of LGALS3BP to trigger a humoral immune response in cancer patients and provides the basis for further investigation on a possible use of anti-LGALS3BP antibodies as biomarkers for early diagnosis of cancer.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Patients

The study population consisted of 71 patients with different types of cancers, 15 gastrointestinal cancers, 13 non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC), 12 breast cancers, 10 neuroendocrine tumors (NET), 10 urogenital tract cancers, 7 melanomas, and 4 others (2 gliomas, 1 tongue cancer, and 1 osteosarcoma). All patients were in stage IV disease. Fifty-four healthy donors were also included as controls. Patients characteristics are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Patient characteristics.

N
Median age (years)
Range (years)
Males
Females

Controls
54
41
26–58
34
20

Cancers
71
64
27–87
38
33

    GI
15
63
44–87
10
5

    NSCLC
13
67
55–77
11
2

    BC
12
62
33–77
1
11

    NET
10
61.5
39–75
7
3

    UG
10
61.5
40–80
4
6

    M
7
52
35–60
3
4

    Others
4
47.5
27–77
2
2

GI: gastrointestinal cancer; NSCLC: non-small-cell lung cancer; BC: breast cancer; NET: neuroendocrine tumors; UG: urogenital tract cancer; M: melanoma.

All blood samples were obtained with donor’s consent. Serum was collected from total blood and stored at −20°C after adding 0.01% sodium azide.

2.2. Human Recombinant LGALS3BP

Human recombinant LGALS3BP was immunoaffinity-purified from serum-free supernatant of human embryonic kidney EBNA-293 cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) transfected with LGALS3BP cDNA [23].

2.3. Measurement of LGALS3BP Autoantibodies

LGALS3BP autoantibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ninety-six well microtiter plates (Nalge Nunc, Denmark) were coated with recombinant purified LGALS3BP protein (5 μg/mL in PBS) at 4°C overnight. The plate was saturated with 1% BSA and 0.05% Tween-20 in PBS (saturation buffer) at 37°C for 2 h and then incubated with 100 μL of serum from healthy donors or patients at 37°C for 1 h. The serum was diluted 1 : 100 in saturation buffer. After 3 washes with 0.05% Tween-20 in PBS (washing buffer), a second incubation was performed with 100 μL of biotin-conjugated anti-human IgG (Sigma, St Louis, Mo, USA), diluted 1 : 2000 in saturation buffer, at 37°C for 1 h. After washing, a third incubation was performed with peroxidase-conjugated ExtrAvidin (Sigma, St Louis, Mo, USA) diluted 1 : 4000 in saturation buffer, at 37°C for 45 min. After washing, 100 μL of TMB substrate was added to each well and the plate was shaken at room temperature for 15 min. Eventually, the reaction was stopped by adding 100 μL of 1 M H₂SO₄/well and color revealed by reading absorbance at 450 nm in an automatic ELISA reader.

2.4. Measurement of LGALS3BP

To measure serum concentration of LGALS3BP a commercially available ELISA kit (Diesse, Siena, Italy) was used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Results were expressed in μg/mL.

2.5. Western Blot Analyses

Purified human recombinant LGALS3BP (10 μg/well) was separated by 8% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and transferred to nitrocellulose using standard procedures. Membrane was saturated in blocking buffer phosphate buffered saline with 0.05% Tween-20 (PBS-T), 5% low-fat milk, 1% BSA and at 4°C overnight. After washing in PBS-T, membrane was incubated with serum from controls or patients affected by cancer, diluted in an equal volume with PBS-T, at room temperature for 1 h. After washing in PBS-T, membrane was incubated with biotinylated anti-human IgG (Sigma, St Louis, Mo, USA) diluted 1 : 1000 in blocking buffer at room temperature for 1 h and then with ExtrAvidin Peroxidase (Sigma, St Louis, Mo, USA) 1 : 500 in Blocking Buffer for 30 min. To identify the presence of antibodies bound to LGALS3BP, the colorimetric substrate DAB (3,3′-diaminobenzidine) was added to the membrane for 10 min.

2.6. Statistical Analyses

Each sample was assayed in triplicate and the mean value was used for statistical analyses. The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Differences between groups were tested with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. The normal upper cut-off value of anti-LGALS3BP antibody in sera was set at the value of the mean + 2SD of the absorbance in 54 healthy donors. Differences in the proportion over the cut-off limit were evaluated by Fisher’s exact test. Correlations were estimated using the Spearman rank-correlation coefficient .

3. Results

Patients affected by different types of cancers showed significant increased levels of LGALS3BP autoantibodies () compared to healthy subjects (Figure 1(a)). The specific binding of antibodies to LGALS3BP was confirmed in western blot, where the presence of anti-LGALS3BP IgG was detected as two bands at about 97 KDa and 66 KDa, the exact size of the protein in its full length and cleaved form, respectively (Figure 1(b)). Among patients, NSCLC, gastrointestinal cancer, urogenital tract cancer, and NET reached the highest levels of autoantibodies, while there was no significant increase in breast cancer and melanoma (Table 2).

Table 2: Measurement of circulating autoantibodies in the different groups of cancer patients.

N
OD (Mean ± SD)

Number of patients over cut-off limit (%)

Controls
54

1/54 (2)

Cancers
71

<0.001
26/71 (37)
<0.001

    GI
15

0.023
5/15 (33)
0.001

    NSCLC
13

0.013
6/13 (46)
<0.001

    BC
12

NS
3/12 (25)
0.017

    NET
10

<0.001
5/10 (50)
<0.001

    UG
10

0.001
5/10 (50)
<0.001

    M
7

NS
1/7 (14)
NS

    Others
4

NS
1/4 (25)
NS

GI: gastrointestinal cancer; NSCLC: non-small-cell lung cancer; BC: breast cancer; NET: neuroendocrine tumors; UG: urogenital tract cancer; M: melanoma. *Mann-Whitney test; **Fisher's exact test; NS: not significant.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: Identification of circulating anti-LGALS3BP autoantibodies in the blood of cancer patients. (a) Western blot performed under reducing conditions. Purified LGALS3BP was separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. Gel stained in Coomassie brilliant blue detected two bands at about 97 KDa and 66 KDa, corresponding to the full length and cleaved form of the protein, respectively. Membrane was incubated with serum from healthy donors (controls) or patients affected by cancer and then processed in order to identify IgG antibodies. Membrane exposed to serum from patients, but not from controls, developed bands at the same size of LGALS3BP (arrows). (b) Quantification of serum LGALS3BP in healthy donors and cancer patients by ELISA. The bars represent the mean of 3 different assays in triplicate ± SD.

Setting the normal upper cut-off limit of ELISA at OD 0.99 (the mean + 2SD of the absorbance in sera from healthy individuals), the assay showed a sensitivity of 33% (26/71 patients were positive) and a specificity of 98% (only 1 out of 54 controls was positive). All cancer groups, but melanoma, showed autoantibody levels significantly above the cut-off limit (Table 2).

Serum levels of LGALS3BP were also determined. As expected, the protein was significantly higher in patients with cancer compared to normal subjects (13.19 versus 6.36 μg/mL, ) (Table 3), but values did not correlate with the levels of autoantibodies (data not shown).

Table 3: Serum levels of LGALS3BP.

N
g/mL (Mean ± SD)

Controls
54

Cancers
71

    GI
15

    NSCLC
13

    BC
12

    NET
10

    UG
10

    M
7

    Others
4

GI: gastrointestinal cancer; NSCLC: non-small-cell lung cancer; BC: breast cancer; NET: neuroendocrine tumors; UG: urogenital tract cancer; M: melanoma.

4. Discussion

Using ELISA technique, we show that LGALS3BP is able to elicit host immune response with IgG autoantibodies production in patients affected by different types of cancer. Anti-LGALS3BP IgG concentrations were higher in patients with NSCLC, gastrointestinal cancer, urogenital tract cancer, and NET than in those with breast cancer and melanoma, but the number of patients in each subgroup was insufficient to yield a statistically reliable comparison.

It is generally accepted that tumor proteins perceived as nonself by the immune system and able to trigger an immune response are often overexpressed [25], mutated [26], misfolded [27], or endowed with posttranslational changes, such as alterations of glycosylation and phosporylation [28, 29]. Consistently, LGALS3BP may evoke autoantibody production because it is overexpressed in cancer cells, and also because it may carry posttranslational alterations in its glycidic moiety. Qualitative and quantitative changes in O- and N-glycosylation of proteins are frequent events in malignancies [30, 31] and differences in the glycosylation pattern of LGALS3BP have been reported in some cancer cell lines [24].

Finalistically, antitumor directed antibodies are generated in order to halt tumor initiation and progression. As this process initiates early in cancerogenesis, in a preclinical phase of the disease, autoantibodies production has been considered a useful biomarker for early cancer diagnosis [32–35]. In this study, the serum levels of anti-LGALS3BP IgG detected in cancer patients were not correlated with those of LGALS3BP, indicating that even small amount of the protein, as expected in the initial phase of cancer growth, may generate high concentrations of autoantibodies. This evidence suggests a possible role for anti-LGALS3BP IgG in the early detection of cancer.

Although it is not possible to exclude that the presence of autoantibodies might affect the correct quantification of LGALS3BP by ELISA, the identification of anti-LGALS3BP IgG in western blot indicates that the epitopes recognized by these autoantibodies are different from those recognized by the antibody used in ELISA. In fact, western blot performed under reducing conditions can detect only autoantibodies directed to epitopes expressed on the primary structure of LGALS3BP, while the monoclonal antibody contained in the commercially available ELISA kit, known as SP2, recognizes a conformational epitope shaped in the native form of the protein and, for this reason, is not suitable for western blotting.

In cancer patients, autoantibodies are frequently directed against cellular proteins that play key roles in tumor progression, including molecules involved in cell cycle, signal transduction, proliferation, and apoptosis [36–38]. As a consequence, the identification of the molecular target of autoantibodies might be of relevance in designing new antitumor agents. We can, therefore, speculate that LGALS3BP could be a candidate for targeted therapies against cancer.

In the past few years, the growing interest in autoantibodies as a possible tool for the early diagnosis of cancer and the identification of new targets for molecular therapy has made the development of high-throughput techniques such as SEREX (serological analysis of tumor antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning), phage display, protein microarray, SERPA (serological proteome analysis), and MAPPing (multiple affinity protein profiling) [39] able to detect simultaneously multiple autoantibodies and their cognate TAAs. With these methods, several new targets have been identified, but collectively single antigens have shown low sensitivity and specificity to be used in clinical screening [40]. To increase sensitivity, autoantibody diagnostic tests combining two or more TAAs [41–43] or evaluating well-known biomarkers in combination with autoantibodies [44] have been developed. For example, a large screening study of high-risk individuals for lung cancer has validated a test measuring autoantibody levels against a panel of six TAAs (p53, NY-ESO-1, CAGE, GBU4-5, Annexin 1, and SOX2) [41]. In another study, the combination of p53 autoantibodies and CA125 levels increased sensitivity for ovarian cancer from 73.8% (CA125) to 85.7% (CA 125 plus p53 autoantibodies) [44]. The determination of anti-LGALS3BP IgG presented in this study showed a very high specificity (98%), but a low sensitivity (33%), comparable to that reported for autoantibodies against single TAA, ranging between 10% and 30% [40]. Therefore, our anti-LGALS3BP ELISA lacks sufficient sensitivity to be used in early cancer diagnosis. Nevertheless, the determination of autoantibodies against LGALS3BP might be useful to increase the sensitivity of tests combining multiple autoantibodies. Preliminary results indicate that using a set of different autoantibodies combined with autoantibodies for LGALS3BP will increase the sensitivity for breast cancer patients to 50% and maintain the high specificity (98%) [45]. These preliminary results should be tested for other types of cancers as well.

In summary, our study demonstrated the presence of autoantibodies against LGALS3BP in the serum of patients with different types of cancers. These autoantibodies may be used in developing screening tests for early-stage cancer detection.

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