Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 524650, 11 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/524650

Research Article

A Platform for Screening Potential Anticholinesterase Fractions and Components Obtained from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease

Yu Sun,¹ Ying Peng,² Lin-Guang Li,¹ Li-Wei Zheng,² Dong-Ju Lin,² Ling-Zhi Li,1,3 and Shao-Jiang Song1,3

¹School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China

²School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China

³Key Laboratory of Structure-Based, Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China

Received 4 November 2013; Revised 2 March 2014; Accepted 20 March 2014; Published 17 April 2014

Academic Editor: Chuthamanee Suthisisang

Copyright © 2014 Yu Sun et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer’s disease to enhance central cholinergic transmission. In this study, a bioactivity-oriented screening platform based on a modified Ellman’s method and HPLC-QTOF MS technique was developed to rapidly screen active agents of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. The 60% ethanol fraction from an ethyl acetate extract exhibited the most potential anticholinesterase activity. Fifteen steroid saponins were identified by the mass spectrum, standards and literature reports. Twenty-five compounds were isolated from the active fraction. The results showed that compounds with the C₆–C₃–C₆ skeleton probably had both AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities. Xanthone and benzene derivatives exhibited no or little activity. Lignans showed weak BuChE inhibitory activity. The steroidal saponins demonstrated moderate or weak AChE inhibitory activity.

1. Introduction

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by deposits of aberrant proteins, namely, -amyloid (A) and -protein, loss of synapses, death of cholinergic neurons, and oxidative stress [1, 2]. The etiopathogenesis of AD still remains unknown, although the neurodegeneration leads to remarkable reduction of neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the synaptic clefts [3, 4]. An effective strategy to slow down the progression of deterioration in AD patients is using anticholinesterase inhibitors.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) constitute the group of cholinesterases. AChE hydrolyses acetylcholine (ACh) and is mainly associated with nerves and muscles, being typically found on the synapses. AChE inhibitors are widely used for the symptomatic treatment of AD to enhance central cholinergic transmission. BuChE hydrolyses butyrylcholine (BuCh) and is synthesized by the liver, being found in large concentration in serum [5]. In healthy brains, AChE hydrolyzes the majority of ACh while BuChE plays a secondary role. However, as AD progresses, BuChE can compensate for AChE when the activity of AChE is inhibited by AChE inhibitors. Thus, BuChE hydrolyses the already depleted levels of ACh in these patients [6]. It has been proposed that individuals with low activity of BuChE can sustain cognitive functions better than individuals with normal BuChE activity. Furthermore, BuChE inhibitors have been reported to produce a significant increase in brain extracellular AChE without triggering severe peripheral or central side effects [7].

Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge, which belongs to the family Liliaceae, is widely distributed in China [8]. The rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge have been reported to have the cholinesterase inhibitory activity relevant to treatment of AD [9]. In order to find the candidate of a drug treating AD, the activities of fractions and compounds were assayed. Screening and identification of bioactive constituents in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are the keys of the development of TCMs [10, 11]. However, the complexity and variability of TCMs present a challenge to the identification of their structures. Now more and more attention has been attracted to bioactivity-based LC-MS/MS identification technology owing to its high efficiency and high specificity [12, 13].

In this work, we used a bioactivity-oriented screening strategy, which was based on a modified Ellman’s method and high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (HPLC-QTOF MS) technique. The 60% ethanol fraction from an ethyl acetate extract showed the most potential anticholinesterase activity. Fifteen steroid saponins were identified by the mass spectrum, standards, and literature reports. Twenty-five compounds were isolated from the active fraction. Compounds with the C₆–C₃–C₆ skeleton probably had both AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities. Xanthone and benzene derivatives exhibited no or little activity. Lignans showed weak BuChE inhibitory activity. The steroidal saponins demonstrated moderate or weak AChE inhibitory activity.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Material

The rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge were purchased from Beijing Tongrentang pharmacy. The plant materials were identified by Professor Jincai Lu, Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University.

2.2. General Instrumental Equipment

HPLC system (Agilent, USA) consisted of a model G1276A pump, model G1367B Autosampler and model G1316A UV detector. The chromatograph was equipped with a reversed-phase C18 column of Grace Alltima (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The QTOF-MS system (Bruker, Germany) with an ESI source was performed. HPLC separations were performed on a Hitachi 655-15 series pumping system equipped with a Hitachi L-2490 refractive index detector using a YMC-Park ODS-A column (250 × 10 mm I.D, S-5 μm, and 12 nm). NMR spectra were performed on a Bruker ARX-300, ARX-400, and ARX-600 spectrometer using trimethylchlorosilane as the internal standard. Column chromatography was performed on a 200–300 mesh silica gel (Qingdao Marine Chemical Factory, People’s Republic of China). Column chromatography was performed using YMC ODS-A gel (12 nm S-75 μm, YMC Co., Ltd., Japan) and D-101 macroporous adsorption resin (Shanghai Hualing Resin Factory, People’s Republic of China). TLC was performed with precoated silica gel GF₂₅₄ plates (Qingdao Marine Chemical Factory, People’s Republic of China). Microplate reader (Thermofisher Scientific, Finland) was used to test the activities. Acetylthiocholine iodide, S-butyrylthiocholine iodide, AChE, and BuChE were bought from Sigma Company.

2.3. Extraction Procedures

Dried rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge were powdered into a homogeneous size by a disintegrator and then sieved (60 mesh). The materials were extracted by three different techniques (ultrasonic, heat reflux, and cold soak techniques). Various solvents including petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, 95% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 50% ethanol, 30% ethanol, and water were used for preparing active fractions. Accurate 5.0 g of the Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge powders was weighted into ten Erlenmeyer flasks containing the mentioned ten solvents of 500 mL individually and then extracted with ultrasonic-assisted method twice (30 min each). After filtering, the filtrates were amalgamated and evaporated to dryness by rotary evaporator (50°C). For the heat reflux, the powders of 5.0 g were soaked in different solvents of 50 mL each for 30 min. Then, the heated reflux extraction experiments were conducted in water bath (90°C) for 2 h. The solutions were filtrated when they were still hot. Extractions were carried out for three times and the filtrates were evaporated to dryness. Lastly, 5.0 g of the powders was accurately weighed and soaked in 500 mL solvents overnight and then evaporated the filtrates to dryness.

2.4. AChE and BuChE Inhibitory Assay

Cholinesterase inhibitory activity was evaluated using the modified method of Ellman. For AChE inhibitory assay, the reaction mixture consisted of 50 μL of 100 mM PBS, pH 8.0, 25 μL of 15 mM acetylthiocholine iodide, and 25 μL of agents (1 mg/mL for extracts, 0.1 mg/mL for compounds) in a 96-well plate. The mixture was preincubated in 4°C for 10 min, and after that, 25 μL of AchE (0.226 U/mL) and 125 μL of 3 mM DTNB were added. The reactions were kept in 37°C for 20 min and then scanned at 412 nm with a microplate reader. For BuChE inhibitory assay, the same procedures were followed except for the use of substrate and enzyme, and S-butyrylthiocholine iodide and BuchE were used, respectively [14]. All of the experiments were repeated at least three times.

2.5. Structure Characterization and Identification of Active Fraction

The ethyl acetate extract dealt with by the ultrasonic method was applied to a D-101macroporous resin column and eluted with ethanol and water to give 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 95% ethanol fractions. The constituents of active fraction were assayed by HPLC-QTOF-MS. HPLC system (Agilent, USA) consisted of a model G1276A pump, a model G1367B Autosampler, and a model G1316A UV detector. The chromatograph was equipped with a reversed-phase C18 column of Grace Alltima (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) eluted with a gradient mobile phase. Mobile phases were water with 0.1% of formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B). The gradient used was as follows: 0 min, 5% B; 0–10 min, 5% to 15% B; 10–18 min, 15% to 20% B; 18–23 min, 20% to 23% B; 23–30 min, 23% to 25% B; 30–48 min, 25% to 30% B; 48–55 min, 30% to 50% B; 55–80 min, 50% to 100% B. The injection volume of sample was 5 μL. The flow rate was 0.8 mL min⁻¹ and the column temperature was ambient temperature. The QTOF-MS system (Bruker, Germany) with an ESI source was performed in positive mode. The parameters of ESI-MS were set as follows: the capillary voltage (+3800 V), the nebulizer gas pressure (1.2 bar), the dry gas flow rate (8.0 L min⁻¹), and temperature (180°C). MS conditions were corrected by direct infusion of sodium formic acid solution (1 mM L⁻¹) delivered by a syringe pump at a flow rate of 3 L min⁻¹. The data were analyzed by Bruker Daltonics Data Analysis 3.4 software.

2.6. Isolation and Purification of Compounds from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge

The extract of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge (400.0 g) was subjected to CC (macroporous adsorption resin D-101; gradient EtOH/H₂O 0 : 100 to 95 : 5) to afford six fractions (Frs. A –F). Fr. D (62.0 g) was subjected to CC (silica gel; CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 100 : 0 to 0 : 100) and afforded five fractions (Frs. D.1 –D.5). Fr. D.2 (5.2 g) was subjected to CC (reversed-phase C₁₈ silica gel; MeOH/H₂O 30 : 70 to 100 : 0) to afford three fractions (Frs. D.2.1 –D.2.3). Fr. D.2.2 (0.7 g) was further purified by RP-HPLC with MeOH/H₂O as mobile phase (85 : 15) to afford compounds 13 to 15. Fr. D.3 (2.3 g) was subjected to CC (Sephadex LH-20; MeOH) and then purified by RP-HPLC with MeOH/H₂O as mobile phase (80 : 10) to afford compounds 1 to 7. Fr. D.4 (21.0 g) was subjected to CC (reversed-phase C₁₈ silica gel; MeOH/H₂O 30 : 70 to 100 : 0) and afforded four fractions. Fr. D.4.2 (3.3 g) was subjected to CC (Sephadex LH-20; MeOH) and then purified by RP-HPLC with MeOH/H₂O as mobile phase (50 : 50) to afford compounds 8 to 12. Fr. D.4.4 (9.7 g) was subjected to CC (silica gel; CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 30 : 70 to 100 : 0) and then purified by RP-HPLC with MeOH/H₂O as mobile phase (70 : 30) to afford compounds 16 to 25. The isolation procedure of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: The isolation procedure of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge.

2.7. Statistical Analysis

Data were expressed as means ± S8EM and analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA, followed by post hoc (LSD) test. The results were considered statistically significant at value .

3. Results

3.1. The Activities of the Extracts

Screening the extracts of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge dealing with three different techniques and ten kinds of solvents showed that all the extracts demonstrated no AchE inhibitory activity but exhibited BuChE inhibitory activity. The extract dealing with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and acetone had much more inhibition ratio than the others. The ultrasonic method and the cold soak method were better than the heat reflux method. It was found that Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge extracted with ethyl acetate by the ultrasonic technique had the most potential anticholinesterase activity. The results on the effects of the tested extracts on AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities were summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: The effects of the tested extracts on AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities.

Solvents
AChE inhibition (%)
BuChE inhibition (%)

Ultrasonic method
Heat reflux method
Cold soak method
Ultrasonic method
Heat reflux method
Cold soak method

Petroleum ether
—
—
—
—
—
1.6 ± 0.1

Dichloromethane
—
—
—
41.5 ± 0.5
15.7 ± 0.7
41.2 ± 0.6

Ethyl acetate
—
—
—
44.1 ± 0.5
27.7 ± 0.4
40.8 ± 0.8

Acetone
—
—
—
38.8 ± 0.3
22.2 ± 0.3
37.9 ± 0.7

Methanol
—
—
—
12.3 ± 0.4
5.4 ± 0.2
7.1 ± 0.3

95% ethanol
—
—
—
4.9 ± 0.2
2.8 ± 0.1
3.9 ± 0.3

70% ethanol
—
—
—
1.8 ± 0.1
—
1.6 ± 0.2

50% ethanol
—
—
—
2.8 ± 0.1
—
0.5 ± 0.1

30% ethanol
—
—
—
2.4 ± 0.1
—
1.8 ± 0.2

Water
—
—
—
—
—
—

AChE inhibition ratio of donepezil: 98.0 ± 0.5; BuChE inhibition ratio of donepezil: 80.2 ± 0.6.

3.2. Screening the Active Fraction

The extract dealing with ethyl acetate by the ultrasonic method was applied to a D-101 macroporous resin column and eluted with ethanol and water to give 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 95% ethanol fractions. Then they were tested on AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities. It indicated that the extract was partitioned into six fractions and active compounds were concentrated into 60% ethanol fraction. The results were summarized in Figure 2. Donepezil was used as positive drug with the inhibition ratio of 98.2% and 79.8%.

Figure 2: The effects of ethanol and water fractions on AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities.

3.3. Structure Characterization and Identification of the Active Fraction

The 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 95% ethanol fractions were analyzed by HPLC-QTOF-MS technique. The water fraction was not tested for its inactivity. The total ion chromatograms of the five fractions were shown in Figure 3. As summarized in Table 2, a total of fifteen saponins from the 60% ethanol fraction were identified and tentatively characterized.

Table 2: HPLC/Q-TOF MS analysis for accurate mass measurements of constituents in 60% ethanol fraction.

Number
(min)
Formula
Selected ion
Theoretical mass

Experimental mass

Error (ppm)
Fragment ions in positive

(+) ion mode
Identification

1
29.8
C₄₅H₇₆O₂₀
M + Na⁺
959.4822
959.4833
−1.1
919, 757, 595, 433, 415, 271, 253
Timosaponin N

2
31.7
C₄₅H₇₄O₁₉
M + Na⁺
941.4717
941.4726
−1.0
901, 739, 577, 415, 273, 255
Timosaponin M

3
37.6
C₄₅H₇₆O₁₉
M + Na⁺
943.4873
943.4886
−1.4
903, 741, 579, 417, 273, 255
Timosaponin BII

4
38.5
C₄₅H₇₆O₁₉
M + Na⁺
943.4873
943.4882
−1.0
903, 741, 579, 417, 273, 255
25R-Timosaponin BII

5
39.2
C₄₅H₇₆O₁₉
M + Na⁺
943.4873
943.4871
0.2
903, 741, 579, 417, 273, 255
25S-Officinalisnin-I

6
54.9
C₄₅H₇₄O₁₈
M + Na⁺
925.4767
925.4788
−2.3
741, 579, 417, 273, 255
Timosaponin BIII

7
56.7
C₃₉H₆₄O₁₄
M + Na⁺
779.4188
779.4202
−1.8
739, 595, 433, 415, 273, 255
Timosaponin G

8
57.6
C₃₉H₆₆O₁₄
M + Na⁺
781.4345
781.4367
−2.8
741, 579, 417, 399, 271, 253
Anemarrhena saponin I

9
58.0
C₃₉H₆₄O₁₄
M + Na⁺
779.4188
779.4189
−0.1
739, 577, 415, 273, 255
Isomer of timosaponin G

10
58.6
C₃₉H₆₄O₁₄
M + Na⁺
779.4188
779.4184
0.5
739, 595, 433, 415, 271, 253
25(27)-ene-Anemarrhena saponin I

11
60.4
C₃₉H₆₄O₁₄
M + Na⁺
779.4188
779.4187
0.1
757, 595, 433, 415, 271, 253
Timosaponin A₂

12
62.2
C₃₉H₆₄O₁₃
M + Na⁺
763.4239
763.4237
0.3
579, 417, 273, 255
Timosaponin AIV

13
63.9
C₃₉H₆₄O₁₃
M + Na⁺
763.4239
763.4241
−0.3
579, 417, 273, 255
Timosaponin AIII

14
64.4
C₃₉H₆₄O₁₃
M + Na⁺
763.4239
763.4221
2.4
579, 417, 273, 255
25R-Timosaponin AIII

15
75.8
C₃₃H₅₄O₈
M + Na⁺
601.3711
601.3703
1.3
417, 273, 255
Timosaponin AI

Figure 3: The total ion chromatograms of the five fractions.

To obtain the information about precursor ions and characteristic fragment ions of the compounds, six authentic standards were injected into the LC-MS system. The fragmentation patterns for these authentic standards were discussed in detail below. MS spectra of the authentic standards were shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: MS spectra of the authentic standards.

Timosaponin BII produced a precursor ion [M + Na]⁺ at / 943.4872 (C₄₅H₇₆O₁₉Na). As the C22 position was an active site, it readily eliminated the 22-hydroxyl residue to produce the thermal degradation ion [M + H – H₂O]⁺ at / 903.4982 (C₄₅H₇₅O₁₈), which could generate an ion at / 741.4468 [M + H – H₂O – 162]⁺ by further neutral loss of a glucose moiety from the C26 position. At the same time, the product ions at 579.3934 [M + H – H₂O – 2×162]⁺ and 417.3251 [M + H – H₂O – 3 × 162]⁺, which corresponded to skeleton residues by successive losses of terminal hexose, could also be clearly observed. Furthermore, the fragment ion at / 273.2139 [417.3251 – C₈H₁₆O₂]⁺ was attributed to a skeleton residue by the cleavage of the C20–C22 and C17–C20 bonds due to the presence of a 16,22-epoxy residue and a 22,26-epoxy residue, and then the ion continued to lose H₂O to yield an ion at / 255.2030 [273.2139 – H₂O]⁺. Major fragmentations proposed for timosaponin BII were presented in Figure 5.

Figure 5: The proposed ESI-MS/MS fragmentation pathway of timosaponin BII.

Timosaponin BIII gave an [M + H]⁺ ion at / 903.4941 and an [M + Na]⁺ ion at / 925.4793, corresponding to an elemental composition C₄₅H₇₄O₁₈. Its successive losses of one galactosyl and two glucosyls from the protonated ion led to the product ions at / 741.4482 [M + H – 162]⁺, 579.3948 [M + H – 2 × 162]⁺, and 417.3240 [M + H – 3 × 162]⁺. In addition, the fragment ions found at / 273.2143 [417.3240 – C₈H₁₆O₂]⁺ and 255.2040 [273.2143 – H₂O]⁺ were originated from the consecutive elimination of the E-ring and H₂O.

Timosaponin G produced a precursor ion [M + Na]⁺ at / 779.4194. It showed a series of fragment ions at / 595.3933 [M + H – 162]⁺, 433.3368 [M + H – 2 × 162]⁺, and 415.3244 [M + H – H₂O – 2 × 162]⁺, which could be attributed to losses of one glucosyl, one galactosyl, and H₂O from [M + H]⁺ (/ 757.4351). The fragment ions 273.2127 [415.3244 – C₈H₁₄O₂]⁺ and 255.2000 [273.2127 – H₂O]⁺ were produced by the consecutive elimination of the E-ring and H₂O.

Anemarrhena saponin I yielded the sodic adduct ion [M + Na]⁺ at / 781.4350, corresponding to its molecular formula as C₃₉H₆₆O₁₄. The main fragment ions at / 741.4505 [M + H – H₂O]⁺, 579.3817 [M + H – H₂O – 162]⁺, 417.3410 [M + H – H₂O – 2 × 162]⁺, and 399.2059 [M + H – 2 × H₂O – 2 × 162]⁺ were produced directly from the parent ion, which could be attributed to losses of H₂O, one glucosyl, one galactosyl, and H₂O. Similarly, the fragment ions at / 271.1636 [417.3410 – C₈H₁₈O₂]⁺ and 253.1493 [271.1636 – H₂O]⁺ were also daughter ions produced from the parent ions by consecutive elimination of the E-ring and H₂O.

Timosaponin AIII displaying a series of fragment ions at / 579.3969 [M + H – 162]⁺, 417.3389 [M + H – 2 × 162]⁺, and 399.3294 [M + H – H₂O – 2 × 162]⁺ could be attributed to losses of one glucosyl, one galactosyl, and H₂O from 741.4406 [M + H]⁺. The characteristic fragment ions at / 273.2230 [417.3389 – C₈H₁₆O₂]⁺ and 255.2105 [273.2230 – H₂O]⁺ resulted from consecutive losses of E-ring and H₂O. Timosaponin AIV had the same formula and the similar fragmentation behavior as timosaponin AIII.

Based on the exact mass, authentic standards, fragment ions, retention time, and structures in the literature [15–24], the structures of the fifteen compounds (Figure 6) from the 60% ethanol fraction (Figure 7) were deduced as follows.

Figure 6: The proposed structures of the fifteen compounds identified by Q-TOF-MS.

Figure 7: The peak numbers of 60% ethanol fraction.

Peak 1 presented [M + Na]⁺ ion with mass accuracy at / 959.4833. The molecular mass was 16 Da heavier than that of timosaponin BII. It produced fragment ions at  / 919 [M + H – H₂O]⁺, 757 [M + H – H₂O – 162]⁺, 595 [M + H – H₂O – 2 × 162]⁺, 433 [M + H – H₂O – 3 × 162]⁺, and 415 [M + H – 2 × H₂O – 3 × 162]⁺, which were attributed to the sequential losses of H₂O, one galactosyl, two glucosyls, and H₂O. Moreover, it was noteworthy that the fragment ions at / 271 [415 – C₈H₁₆O₂]⁺ and 253 [271 – H₂O]⁺ originating from the consecutive elimination of the E-ring and H₂O were observed in the MS/MS spectrum. It was suggested that one more hydroxyl group substituent was at C2 position. Based on the fragment ions and retention time, it was tentatively identified as timosaponin N.

Peak 2, the major fragment ions at / 901 [M + H – H₂O]⁺, 739 [M + H – H₂O – 162]⁺, 577 [M + H – H₂O – 2 × 162]⁺, 415 [M + H – H₂O – 3 × 162]⁺, 273 [415 – C₈H₁₄O₂]⁺, and 255 [273 – H₂O]⁺, could be attributed to losses of H₂O, three hexosyl residues, one formula C₈H₁₄O2, and H₂O from the ion [M + Na]⁺ (/ 941.4726). There was one double bond at the C25 and C27 positions [8]. Peak 2 was identified as timosaponin M.

Peak 3 was definitely identified as timosaponin BII in comparison with an authentic standard. The precursor ion [M + Na]⁺ at  / 943.4886 was the base peak in ESI experiments. Peaks 4 and 5 showed the same formula and similar fragment ions as peak 3. Based on the chromatography behavior of steroidal saponin on a C₁₈ column, peak 4 was tentatively identified as the C25R stereoisomer of timosaponin BII. While peak 5 was identified as 25S-officinalisnin-I or its isomer [8].

Peak 6, peak 7, and peak 8 were identified as timosaponin BIII, timosaponin G, and Anemarrhena saponin I in comparison with authentic standards.

Peak 9 showed [M + Na]⁺ (/ 779.4189) and [M + H – H₂O]⁺ (/ 739.4244) ions. The fragment ions at / 577 [M + H – H₂O – 162]⁺, 415 [M + H – H₂O – 2 × 162]⁺, 273 [415 – C₈H₁₄O₂]⁺, and 255 [273 – H₂O]⁺ were produced, corresponding to the neutral losses of one glucosyl, one galactosyl, E-ring, and H₂O. It was tentatively identified as isomer of timosaponin G.

Peak 10 presented [M + Na]⁺ ion with mass accuracy at / 779.4184. In addition to the dehydrated product ion at / 739 [M + H − H₂O]⁺, a series of characteristic product ions at / 595 [M + H – 162]⁺, 433 [M + H – 2 × 162]⁺, 415 [M + H – H₂O – 2 × 162]⁺, 271 [415 – C₈H₁₆O₂]⁺, and 253 [271 – H₂O]⁺ were also observed. It was tentatively identified as 25(27)-ene-Anemarrhena saponin I.

Peak 11 was calculated as C₃₉H₆₄O₁₄ based on the accurate mass measurement [M + Na]⁺ (/ 779.4187). The ions at / 757 [M + H]⁺, 595 [M + H – 162]⁺, 433 [M + H – 2 × 162]⁺, 415 [M + H – H₂O – 2 × 162]⁺, 271 [415 – C₈H₁₆O₂]⁺, and 253 [271 – H₂O]⁺ indicated one hydroxyl group substituent of the aglycone. It was tentatively identified as timosaponin A₂.

Peaks 12 and 13 were identified as timosaponin AIV and timosaponin AIII by authentic standards. Peak 14 yielded the sodic adduct ion [M + Na]⁺ at / 763.4237. It displayed a series of fragment ions at / 579 [M + H – 162]⁺, 417[M + H – 2 × 162]⁺, 273[417 – C8H16O2]⁺, and 255[273 – H2O]⁺. The retention time of steroidal saponins with the 25R configuration was longer than those with the 25S configuration. Peak 14 was tentatively identified as 25R-timosaponin AIII.

Peak 15 showed the [M + H]⁺ ion at / 579.3892 (C₃₃H₅₅O₈), 162 Da less than that of timosaponin AIII. The product ions such as / 417 [M + H – 162]⁺, 399 [M + H – H₂O – 162]⁺, 273 [417 – C₈H₁₆O₂]⁺, and 255 [273 – H₂O]⁺ could be found in their MS/MS spectrum. From this, peak 15 was identified as timosaponin A-I.

3.4. Isolation and Purification of Compounds from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge

Twenty-five compounds were obtained after repeated isolation and purification. On the basis of spectroscopic analysis (MS, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, DEPT135, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY spectra) and in comparison with the previously reported spectral data [25–34], the structures of these compounds were shown in Figure 8. All the isolates were subjected to the cholinesterase inhibitory activity assay (Table 3).

Table 3: The effects of the twenty-five compounds on AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities.

Compounds
AChE inhibition (%)
BuChE inhibition (%)

1
17.9 ± 0.3
37.6 ± 0.6

2
15.2 ± 0.2
28.1 ± 0.4

3
12.5 ± 0.4
75.8 ± 0.7

4
—
—

5
14.1 ± 0.3
35.3 ± 0.5

6
17.9 ± 0.2
36.0 ± 0.4

7
14.2 ± 0.5
0.6 ± 0.1

8
—
—

9
—
—

10
0.9 ± 0.1
0.1 ± 0.1

11
7.9 ± 0.3
4.0 ± 0.2

12
1.7 ± 0.2
15.1 ± 0.3

13
18.5 ± 0.4
0.5 ± 0.1

14
27.2 ± 0.2
4.2 ± 0.2

15
21.6 ± 0.4
—

16
1.1 ± 0.1
—

17
13.2 ± 0.3
—

18
15.9 ± 0.4
—

19
23.5 ± 0.4
12.3 ± 0.6

20
18.4 ± 0.4
—

21
19.2 ± 0.3
—

22
17.3 ± 0.3
—

23
20.3 ± 0.5
7.3 ± 0.2

24
21.1 ± 0.6
—

25
22.4 ± 0.2
2.8 ± 0.2

Donepezil
98.2 ± 0.8
79.8 ± 0.7

Figure 8: The structures of the isolated compounds.

4. Discussion

The anticholinesterase activity of the agents was tested in the presence of a known concentration. It was one of the approaches to study the effect of treating Alzheimer’s disease. The anticholinesterase inhibition ratio of the agents was expressed as percentage inhibition ratio based on the optical density. The conditions of AChE and BuChE inhibitory assay were confirmed by a series of literature reports and experiments.

To determine which fraction has anticholinesterase activity, the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides was fractionated further by a series of extractions with different solvents and techniques. The findings revealed that more bioactive components would be extracted by dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and acetone. The extracts dealt with by the ultrasonic and cold soak method had higher inhibition ratio than the extracts dealt with by the heat reflux method. It is proposed that the molecular structures of the active constituents may be destroyed at a high temperature.

The effect of ethyl acetate extract extracted by the ultrasonic method on inhibiting activity of cholinesterase was better than those dealt with by other solvents and methods. The ethyl acetate crude extract of Anemarrhena asphodeloides may also contain many compounds with differing polarities, so it was fractionated further by a D-101 macroporous resin column. The bioactive compounds of the 60% ethanol fraction were analyzed by HPLC-QTOF-MS system.

The type of compounds in the 60% ethanol fraction could be deduced by the MS data. If the ions [M + Na]⁺ and [M + H − H₂O]⁺ were detected and the [M+H]⁺ ion was not observed, the saponin would be a furostanol saponin with the C22 hydroxyl group. If the ions at / 417, 255, and 273 were detected, there should be no substituent attached to the sarsasaponin. If the ions at / 433 and 415 were observed, there should be one more hydroxyl group substituent on the aglycone. The retention time of saponins would be affected by the number, classes, and connection orders of sugar moieties and the number and position of hydroxyl group substituent at the aglycone. What is more, the retention time of steroidal saponins with the 25R configuration was longer than those with the 25S configuration on a C18 column.

Twenty-five compounds were isolated from the active fraction. The structure-activity relationships were discussed based on the results of cholinesterase inhibitory activity. It showed that the compounds with the C₆–C₃–C₆ skeleton probably had both AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities. Compound 3 showed potential BuChE inhibitory activitity with the inhibition ratio of 75.8%. Xanthone and benzene derivatives exhibited no or little activity. Lignans showed weak BuChE inhibitory activity. The steroidal saponins had moderate or weak AChE inhibitory activity. It was supposed that adding OH groups to the steroidal saponins may increase the effect a little. Although some of the individual compounds exhibited potential in vitro activity, they were less effective than the 60% ethanol fraction and this might be due to a synergistic action among the active components or maybe the most active constituents have not been isolated by us.

Steroid saponins were considered as potentially drug preventing and treating neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. However, we found that compounds with the C₆–C₃–C₆ skeleton probably had both AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities, especially compound 3. The activity in vivo needs to be tested in the future.

5. Conclusion

AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge extracted with three different techniques and ten kinds of solvents were studied. Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge extracted with ethyl acetate by the ultrasonic technique had the most potential anticholinesterase activity. The extract was partitioned into six fractions after applying to a D-101 macroporous resin column, and active compounds were concentrated into 60% ethanol fraction. Fifteen main peaks of this fraction were identified and tentatively characterized based on the HPLC-QTOF-MS technique, standards, and literature reports. Twenty-five compounds were obtained from 60% ethanol fraction after repeated isolation and purification. The structure-activity relationships were discussed based on the results of cholinesterase inhibitory activity.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to financial supports from Natural Science Foundation of China (81373925), “Liaoning Bai Qian Wan Talents Program” (2011921044), Social Development Project of Liaoning Science and Technology Committee (2011404012-3), Liaoning Province Doctoral Scientific Research Start-up Funds (20111139), Project of Shenyang Science and Technology Bureau (F12-161-9-00), Program for Innovative Research Team of the Ministry of Education, and Program for Liaoning Innovative Research Team in University.

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