Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 459749, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/459749

Review Article

Liver Damage Associated with Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series

Xiang Lei,¹ Jing Chen,¹ Jingtian Ren,² Yan Li,¹ Jingbo Zhai,¹ Wei Mu,³ Li Zhang,³ Wenke Zheng,¹ Guihua Tian,⁴ and Hongcai Shang1,5

¹Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
²Center for Drug Reevaluation, State Food and Drug Administration, Xicheng, Beijing 100045, China
³Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 816 Zhenli Road, Tianjin 300150, China
⁴Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongcheng, Beijing 100007, China
⁵Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China

Received 15 September 2014; Revised 16 December 2014; Accepted 16 December 2014

Academic Editor: Jie Yu

Copyright © 2015 Xiang Lei et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Objective. To summarize the characteristics and analysis of relevant factors and to give references for prevention and further study of liver damage associated with Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (HSW), we provide a systematic review of case reports and case series about liver damage associated with HSW. Methods. An extensive search of 6 medical databases was performed up to June 2014. Case reports and case series involving liver damage associated with HSW were included. Results. This review covers a total of 450 cases in 76 articles. HSW types included raw and processed HSW decoction pieces and many Chinese patent medicines that contain HSW. Symptoms of liver damage occur mostly a month or so after taking the medicine, mainly including jaundice, fatigue, anorexia, and yellow or tawny urine. Of the 450 patients, two cases who received liver transplantation and seven who died, the remaining 441 cases recovered or had liver function improvement after discontinuing HSW products and conservative care. Conclusion. HSW causes liver toxicity and may cause liver damage in different degrees and even lead to death; most of them are much related to long-term and overdose of drugs. Liver damage associated with HSW is reversible, and, after active treatment, the majority can be cured. People should be alert to liver damage when taking HSW preparations.

1. Introduction

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (He Shou Wu in Chinese pinyin, hereinafter referred to as HSW) is the root of Polygonum multiflorum, a member of Polygonaceae. As a Chinese herb, it was recorded most early in “Kaibao Bencao” published by the imperial court of the Song Dynasty (973-974 A.D.) [1]. In the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010), there are two forms of HSW decoction pieces: raw state (natural root) (Figure 1) and processed form, that is, radix polygoni multiflori preparata (boiled in black-bean liquid according to a traditional process) (Figure 2). The two forms have different properties: the raw HSW is used for detoxification, eliminating carbuncle, preventing malaria, and relaxing bowel, whereas the processed HSW is used for nourishing liver and kidney, supplementing essence and blood, blackening hair, strengthening bones and muscles, eliminating dampness, and reducing lipid [2]. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that HSW have the effect of reducing blood lipid and antiarteriosclerosis [3–5], protecting liver [6, 7], enhancing immunologic [8, 9], improving memory, protecting nerve cells, and increasing intelligence [10, 11], antioxidation, antiaging [12, 13], and so forth.

Figure 1: Raw HSW.

Figure 2: Processed HSW.

HSW is popular in many countries, especially in China. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine ordinarily recommends the use of herbs in complex formulas, but HSW is also often taken as a single herb. While there are many HSW-containing products, the most well-known product is like Shou-Wu-Pian, which is usually consumed as an antiaging product, or as a tonic for dizziness with tinnitus, and also appears to be efficacious in the treatment of premature greying of hair, lumbago, spermatorrhea, leucorrhea, and constipation. With the wide application, liver damage associated with HSW has been reported in China, Korea, Japan, Britain, Italy, Australia, and other countries [14, 15]. To fully understand the characteristics and possible factors of hepatitis associated with HSW, we conduct a comprehensive review of the relevant published literatures; we hope that our findings can provide guidance for clinical medication and scientific research and thus can help to avoid hepatitis induced by HSW in the future.

2. Methods

2.1. Data Sources and Search Strategy

In June 2014, we searched the following Chinese-language electronic databases: Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM, 1980–2014), Chinese Journal Full-Text Database (CNKI, 1980–2014), Weipu Journal Database (VIP, 1989–2014), and Wanfang Data (1990–2014) and two English-language databases PubMed and EMBASE (1989–2014). The search terms included Polygonum multiflorum, radix polygoni multiflori, He Shou Wu, liver injury, liver damage, liver diseases, hepatitis, and liver failure in English or Chinese. These terms were searched as free-text in the title or the abstract. The references of relevant reviews and the included literatures were checked for possible identification of additional studies.

2.2. Study Selection

Case reports and case series are included in the review if they reported factual data on liver damage related to HSW. Clinical trials, reviews, commentaries, and other nonrelated literatures were excluded. Some clinical trials of HSW that reported liver damage were excluded for reasons originally given by Lao et al., specifically that they were too small to provide convincing evidence of rare complications [16]. Two authors (Xiang Lei and Jing Chen) independently examined the titles and abstracts of all papers found through the search to determine if they fulfilled the inclusion criteria outlined above. The full texts of potentially relevant articles were retrieved for detailed assessment. Differences can be resolved through discussion.

2.3. Data Extraction

After screening, articles were read in full and extracted by two independent reviewers (Xiang Lei and Jing Chen). Information on author, year of publication, number of patients, disease originally treated, gender, dose and dosage forms, course of taking HSW, clinical manifestations, length of hospitalization, outcome and family history, and recurrence of hepatitis related to HSW were extracted according to the designed data extraction table independently by two authors.

3. Results

3.1. Search Process and Result

The search identified 923 database records, which led to the retrieval of documentation on 103 studies for a full-text review. One additional reference was identified while searching reference lists of the included papers. 76 articles (59 case reports and 17 case series) met the inclusion criteria. In total, 450 cases of hepatitis associated with HSW were reported. The characteristics of the case reports and case series are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Because case series is summary report for multiple patients and because of the lack of description of the individual patient information, the following is mainly an analysis of case reports.

Table 1: Patient details recorded from published case reports.

Reference
Age/gender
Reasons for medication
HSW type
Administration and dosage
Duration of intake, day
Hospitalization, day
Outcome
Rechallenge?

Liu et al. [42]
20/F
Grey hair
HSW
OAP, 15 g
42
10
Recovery
NA

Miao and Yun [43]
52/F
Health care
P. HSW
OAP, 5 g
20
14
Recovery
NA

61/F
Hyperlipidemia
R. HSW
SIW, 5 g
180
12
Recovery
NA

Zhao [44]
39/M
Grey hair
Jing-Wu-Pian
Oral, 3 × 6 tablets
60
18
Recovery
NA

Tan [45]
48/F
NA
P. HSW
uNA, 10 g
40
30
Recovery
NA

Liu et al. [46]
37/M
Vitiligo
P. HSW
OAP, 10 g
30
35
Recovery
NA

Gao et al. [47]
14/F
Vitiligo
P. HSW
Decoction, NA
38
15
Recovery
NA

Baňárová et al. [48]
33/F
NA
SWW
Oral, NA
60
NA
Recovery
NA

Gao [49]
45/M
Hair loss
P. HSW
OAP, NA
90
21
Recovery
NA

Kui and Chen [50]
43/F
Grey hair
HSW
OAP, 8–10 g
60
30
Recovery
NA

Shao and Li [51]
50/M
Grey hair
HSW
OAP, NA
60
30
Recovery
NA

40/F
Health care
R. HSW
Decoction, 10–20 g
60
50
Recovery
NA

Hu et al. [52]
36/M
Chronic nephritis
P. HSW
OAP, 15 g
30
37
Recovery
NA

Zhen and Zeng [53]
52/F
Grey hair
P. HSW
OAP, NA
14
30
Recovery
NA

Li and Zhang [54]
50/F
Grey hair
R. HSW
OAP, 2 g
60
15
Recovery
NA

28/F
Hair loss
R. HSW
OAP, 3 g
75
12
Recovery
NA

Chen et al. [55]
57/M
Grey hair
R. HSW
NA
1
20
Recovery
NA

Liu et al. [56]
56/F
Grey hair
Yishen wufa
Oral, 2 × 10 mL
120
21
Recovery
NA

Sun [57]
39/F
Allergic rhinitis
R. HSW
Decoction, 15–20 g
30
28
Recovery
NA

72/F
Health care
R. HSW
Decoction, 10–20 g
60
42
Recovery
NA

Cao et al. [58]
28/M
Grey hair
P. HSW
NA, 10 pieces
90
42
Recovery
NA

Liu et al. [59]
26/M
Hair loss
Yangxue shengfa
Oral, 2 × 4 capsules
60
30
Recovery
NA

Yan [60]
28/M
Hair loss
HSW
Decoction, 4 g
90
28
Recovery
NA

Wu and Niu [61]
47/F
Hair loss
Yishen wufa
Oral, 3 × 10 ml
20
14
Recovery
NA

Liu et al. [62]
50/F
Hair loss
SWW
Oral, NA
7
25
Recovery
NA

Chen et al. [63]
46/F
Health care
HSW tea
Oral, 1-2 g
60
25
Recovery
NA

57/M
Health care
HSW tea
Oral, 1-2 g
20
15
Recovery
NA

Yun et al. [64]
51/F
Grey hair
SWW
Oral, 2 × 6 g
180
18
Recovery
NA

Furukawa et al. [65]
53/F
NA
SWP
NA
240
60
Recovery
NA

Yan et al. [66]
54/F
Grey hair
HSW
OAP, 2 × 10 g
60
35
Recovery
NA

He [67]
31/F
Constipation
HSW
Oral, NA
15
10
Recovery
NA

Chen [68]
38/F
Grey hair
HSW
OAP, NA
120
63
Recovery
NA

Cho et al. [69]
34/M
NA
HSW
HSW tea (liquor), NA
30 (4)
34
improved
NA

Wang et al. [70]
34/M
Health care
R. HSW
SIW, NA
20
20
Recovery
NA

46/M
Health care
R. HSW
SIW, NA
10
27
Recovery
NA

49/F
Health care
R. HSW
SIW, NA
5
27
Recovery
NA

Zhu [71]
36/M
Hair loss
R. HSW
SIW, NA
30
30
Recovery
NA

Yang and Li [72]
38/M
Grey hair
HSW
Decoction, 30 g
Once a week (3w)
NA
Recovery
NA

51/M
Sequelae of stroke
HSW
Decoction, 15 g
15
NA
Recovery
NA

Laird et al. [73]
35/M
Thinning hair
NuHair
Oral, NA
NA
120
Recovery
NA

Yang and Dong [74]
54/M
Hair loss
SWP
Oral, 3 × 6 tablets
40
17
Recovery
NA

26/M
Grey hair
SWP
Oral, 3 × 6 tablets
30
59
Recovery
Yes

Fu and Yu [75]
32/F
Infertility
P. HSW
Decoction, NA
18
Untreated
Recovery
NA

Zhao [76]
17/M
Grey hair
SWW
Oral, 3 × 6 tablets
40
90
Recovery
Yes

Li [77]
65/M
Dizziness, tinnitus
HSW
SIW, 30–50 ml
20
30
Recovery
Yes

38/M
Grey hair
SWP
Oral, 3 × 6 tablets
30
20
Recovery
NA

Cárdenas et al. [78]
28/F
Hair loss
Shen-Min
Oral, 2 tablets
56
6
Recovery
NA

Han [79]
42/F
Grey hair
HSW
OAP, 10 g
90
30
Recovery
Yes

Yang [80]
35/M
Grey hair
P. HSW
Decoction, 30 g
45
50
Recovery
NA

Panis et al. [81]
5/F
NA
SWP
Oral, 3 tablets
120
30
Recovery
Yes

Chen et al. [82]
20/F
Grey hair
HSW
OAP, NA
20
40
Recovery
NA

Huo and Ling [83]
28/M
Hair loss
SWP + Yangxue shengfa
Oral, 3 × 5 tablets and 2 × 4 capsules
60
18
Recovery
Yes

Mazzanti et al. [84]
78/M
Chronic prostatitis
SWP
Oral, RD
30
NA
Recovery
NA

Shao [85]
46/F
Hair loss
R. HSW
Decoction, NA
6
30
Recovery
Yes

45/M
Grey hair, hair loss
R. HSW
Decoction, 100 g
NA
30
Recovery
Yes

Leng [32]
15/F
Grey hair
HSW
Decoction, 15 g
30
NA
Recovery
NA

Dai and Li [86]
18/F
Grey hair
SWP
Oral, NA
90
90
Recovery
NA

Yuan [87]
66/F
Constipation
HSW ointment
Oral, NA
7
30
Recovery
Yes

Sun [88]
20/F
Neurasthenia
SWP + Liuwei Dihuang Wan
Oral, 3 × 6 tablets and 2 × 9 g
3
10
Recovery
Yes

Yang [89]
17/M
Grey hair
SWP
Oral, NA
14
29
Recovery
Yes

Park et al. [90]
46/F
Grey hair
SWP
Oral, RD
14
30
Recovery
NA

Sheng [33]
38/F
Grey hair
HSW
Oral, NA
6
NA
Recovery
Yes

Li et al. [91]
58/F
Dizziness
HSW
Decoction, 30 g
7
15
Recovery
Yes

49/M
Hypertension
HSW
SIW, 15 g
10
20
Recovery
Yes

Fan and Zhou [92]
26/M
Grey hair
SWP
Oral, 3 × 6 tablets
30
59
Recovery
Yes

Li [93]
17/M
Grey hair
SWP
Oral, 3 × 5 tablets
20
60
Recovery
Yes

Ye [34]
30/M
Grey hair
HSW
Decoction, 50 g
2
94
Recovery
Yes

Zhang [94]
36/F
NA
SWP
Oral, 10 ml
15
15
Recovery
Yes

Niu [95]
28/M
Grey hair
SWP
Oral, 3 × 5 tablets
10
60
Recovery
Yes

He and Zhen [96]
19/F
Grey hair
SWP
Oral, NA
NA
30
Recovery
Yes

27/F
Grey hair
SWP
Oral, NA
NA
NA
Recovery
Yes

But et al. [97]
31, F
Dizziness
SWP
Oral, RD
Several weeks
21
Recovery
Yes

SWP: Shou-Wu-Pian; SWW: Shou-Wu-Wan; OAP: oral administration of powder; SIW: soaked in water to drink; P. HSW: processed HSW; R. HSW: raw HSW; HSW: unclear whether it was processed; RD: recommended dosages; NA: not available.

Table 2: Characteristics of included case series.

Reference
Number of cases
Gender (F/M)
Age (a)
Duration of intake, day
Type of liver injury (number)
Outcome

Dong et al. [22]
18
5/13
18–63
1–120
H (18)
18 recoveries

Lian et al. [17]
52
22/30
22–69
5–120
H (30); C (9); M (13)
52 recoveries

Zhang et al. [24]
13
11/2
35–66
4–15
H (6); C (4); M (3)
12 recoveries; 1 LT

Zhang et al. [18]
36
13/23
24–73
NA
H (21); C (2); M (13)
33 recoveries; 1 cirrhosis; 2 deaths

Ding [26]
65
45/20
34–71
7–90
NA
64 recoveries; 1 death

Guo [28]
15
8/7
18–57
7–56
H (8); C (3); M (4)
15 recoveries

Xie et al. [27]
10
3/7
46.1 ± 10.2
30–105
H (5); C (4); M (1);
9 recoveries; 1 death

Song [29]
26
12/14
38–71
9–93
NA
26 recoveries

Wang [30]
20
7/13
34–67
NA
NA
20 recoveries

Jung et al. [25]
25
7/18
24–65
1–180
H (18); M (7)
23 recoveries; 1 LT; 1 death

Chen et al. [19]
12
5/7
20–70
15–90
H (4); C (4); M (4)
12 recoveries

Liu and Li [98]
7
5/2
31–64
60–180
NA
7 recoveries

Liu [20]
9
3/6
34–68
NA
NA
9 recoveries

Xu et al. [23]
40
24/16
45.2
9–168
H (22); C (8); M (10)
38 recoveries; 2 deaths

Yang et al. [99]
13
8/5
32–68
7–30
NA
13 recoveries

Zhou and Qiu [21]
11
5/6
34–58
NA
NA
11 recoveries

Zhang et al. [31]
6
3/3
24–50
4–24 w
NA
6 recoveries

NA: not available; H: hepatocellular; C: cholestatic; M: mixed; LT: liver transplantation.

3.2. Gender and Age

In 450 cases, 224 (49.78%) were male and 226 (50.22%) were female. In 72 cases of case reports, patients ranged in age from 5 to 78 years, with a median of 36.5. The most commonly affected age group was 18–44 (37/72, 51.4%), followed by 45–59 (24/72, 33.3%), 18 (6/72, 8.3%), and 60 (5/72, 6.9%).

3.3. Reasons for Medication (Disease Originally Treated)

In case series, the causes of consuming HSW products include grey hair, hair loss, hypertension, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis, insomnia, dizziness, and health care; the top diseases were gray hair and hair loss [17–21]. The reasons for medication of 72 cases of case reports are shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Use reasons of case reports.

Disease originally treated
Patients (number)

Gray hair, hair loss
43 (59.7%)

Health care
8 (11.1%)

Dizziness
3 (4.2%)

Vitiligo
2 (2.8%)

Constipation
2 (2.8%)

Othersa
8 (11.1%)

Unknown
6 (8.3%)

Total
72 (100%)

 aIncluding infertility, hypertension, allergic rhinitis, hyperlipidemia, cerebral infarction sequelae, chronic nephritis and neurasthenia, and chronic prostatitis.

3.4. Dosage Forms and Usage

In case series, there is insufficient information on HSW forms and usage of each patient, but it is worth noting that, in two case series, the ratio of processed HSW to raw HSW is 5 : 13 and 25 : 11, respectively [18, 22]. The HSW forms of case reports are shown in Table 4; in terms of usage, all involved Chinese patent medicines are of oral formulation; the types of HSW decoction pieces used included tea, liquor, powder, and decoction.

Table 4: The classification of the drug of case reports.

Dosage forms
Patients (number)

Chinese patent medicine

    Shou-Wu-Pian
17 (23.61%)

    Shou-Wu-Wan
4 (5.56%)

    Yishen wufa
2 (2.78%)

    Othersb
5 (6.94%)

Decoction pieces

    R. HSW
13 (18.06%)

    P. HSW
10 (13.89%)

    Unknown
21 (29.17%)

Total
72 (100%)

 bIncluding Huolisu Koufuye, Jing-Wu-Pian, NuHair, Shen-Min, and Yangxue shengfa capsules.

3.5. Dose and Duration of Taking HSW

In case series, there is insufficient information on dose and duration of taking HSW of each patient, but some articles indicate that the majority of patients take Chinese patent medicine in accordance with the instructions. For the 28 cases who consumed Chinese patent medicines in case reports, 17 (17/28, 60.7%) cases are in accordance with the recommended dosage and the remaining are unknown. Of the 44 cases who used HSW decoction pieces, 19 cases (19/44, 43.2%) did not report the daily dose; the other 25 cases’ daily dose ranged from 1 to 100 g with a median of 15 g; when the daily dose was 12 g (11/25), the median of duration is 30 d, but if the daily dose is >12 g (14/25), the median of duration is 60 d. For all the patients of case reports, the duration from starting to take HSW to the onset of symptoms ranged from 1 to 240 days, with a median of 30 days (Table 5).

Table 5: The duration of taking HSW of case reports.

Duration (day)
Patients (number)

<10
10 (13.89%)

10–30
27 (37.50%)

31–60
19 (26.39%)

>60
12 (16.67%)

Unknown
4 (5.56%)

Total
72 (100%)

3.6. Clinical Manifestations and Outcome

According to case reports and case series, most of the patients had been hospitalized with jaundice, fatigue, anorexia, and yellow or tawny urine. A handful of patients were found with abdominal distension, abdominal pain, diarrhea, rash, pruritus, and other symptoms. After admission examination, a few cases were found with epigastrium tenderness, first percussion over the liver, hepatomegaly or splenomegaly, and even ascites [17, 19, 23]. Nine case series reported liver damage types of 221 patients, including 132 (132/221, 59.7%) cases of hepatocytes type, 34 (34/221, 15.4%) cases of cholestatic type, and 55 (55/221, 24.9%) cases of mixed type.

In addition to two (2/450, 0.4%) cases who received liver transplantation [24, 25] and seven (7/450, 1.6%) who died [18, 23, 25–27], the remaining 441 (441/450, 98%) cases recovered or had liver function improvement after discontinuing HSW products and conservative care. In case reports, the length of 64 patients’ hospitalization ranged from 6 to 120 d, with a median of 29.5 (Table 6). The case series that reported the average length of hospitalization was about four weeks [18, 21, 23, 28–31].

Table 6: The length of hospitalization of case reports.

Hospitalization (d)
Patients (number)

<15
8 (11.1%)

15–30
37 (51.4%)

31–60
14 (19.4%)

>60
5 (6.9%)

Unknown
8 (11.1%)

Total
72 (100%)

3.7. Recurrence and Family History

In case reports, 23 (23/72, 31.9%) cases were reported with liver damage associated with HSW for many times, and 3 (3/72, 4.2%) cases had family history of HSW induced hepatitis [32–34]. In case series, seven articles reported 53 (53/138, 38.4%) cases with liver damage related to HSW many times [17, 21, 27, 29–31].

4. Discussion

Based on the above information we know that HSW associated with liver injury can occur at any age group and with no gender orientation. The main reason for using HSW is that patients suffer from gray hair and hair loss; this may be associated with those patients who are more likely to use HSW products, but whether patients suffering from gray hair or hair loss are prone to occurrence of liver damage associated with HSW remains to be further studied.

Although many studies suggest that processing could reduce the toxicity of HSW [15, 35], all HSW products may lead to liver damage regardless of herbal processing. In the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010), predetermined daily dose of raw HSW is 3–6 g and of processed HSW is 6–12 g [2]. Although only 25 cases of case reports have the HSW dosage information, 14 cases exceed maximum dosages (12 g/d). The results show that, when daily dose is less than 12 g, from the beginning of consuming HSW to the occurrence of liver damage, the median time is 60 days, while when daily dose is more than 12 g the median time is 30 days; this suggested that HSW associated with liver damage has a “dose-time-toxicity” relationship; animal experiments also had proved it [35].

Because more than 30% of patients in case reports and cases series were reported liver damage occurred many times which was induced by HSW, and a few cases have a family history of liver damage induced by HSW; these suggested that HSW associated with liver damage may be related to personal body factors of patients.

The mechanism of HSW induced liver damage is still unclear and mainly toxic substances are also an uncertainty [15, 36]; even few animal experiments did not find hepatotoxicity of HSW [37, 38]. Some studies suggested that the adverse reactions of traditional Chinese medicine are closely related to patient self-medication, arbitrarily increase in the dose, or long-term use [39–41]; this systematic review and some papers included in it also have the same standpoint.

HSW can cause different degrees of liver injury, even need of liver transplantation (2/450), and death (6/450). However, most HSW induced liver injuries are reversible; after withdrawal of HSW products and corresponding treatments, the vast majority of patients can recover liver function.

Because HSW induced liver injury is not a specific diagnostic method and some cases included in this review also take other drugs or herbal medicines, so considering the doctors experience, medical technology, and other limiting factors may not show all liver injury is caused by HSW.

5. Conclusion

Many cases of liver damage associated with HSW had been reported worldwide; HSW has liver toxicity and may cause different degrees of liver damage. The liver damage in most patients is reversible, after discontinuation of HSW products, and active treatment can restore liver function, but there are also a small number of patients with liver failure and even death. We suggest that patients should take HSW products under the guidance of a physician or pharmacist and avoid using them for long-term or in high-dose. If fatigue, anorexia, nausea, yellowing of skin and sclera, yellow urine, and other symptoms appear after medication, patients should be alerted to the occurrence of liver damage and promptly stop the medicine and treatment.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no financial conflict of interests.

Authors’ Contribution

Xiang Lei and Jing Chen contributed equally to this work. Hongcai Shang and Guihua Tian contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgment

The review was supported financially by Tianjin University Innovation Team Training Program (TD12-5032).

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