As technology advances, more modern medical devices are developed to help the physicians in performing objective assessment and diagnosis. In this study, our main objective was to evaluate the clinical application of the low voltage Meridian Energy Detection System in assessing the electrodermal activity (EDA) of the specific acupoints in a specific age group of healthy individuals and to assess the difference in the energy overview between the genders and specific time of assessment. 43 young healthy adults were recruited in a single group, nonrandomized, evaluation study. Written informed consent of each participant was obtained prior to the assessments. Results on energy overview between genders and specific time of assessment as well as factors influencing EDA were discussed. It was concluded that the study using Meridian Energy Detection System in healthy individuals provided an understanding of the difference in energy level of the meridians between the genders. Male healthy individuals had significantly higher values for Physical Status as well as Yin and Yang energy while female healthy individuals had significantly higher values for Mental Health and Autonomic Nervous System. There was no significant difference when comparing the assessments at the specific time of assessment. Hence there was no specific time in using the device. However, due to the limitation of the sample size and the healthy subjects, future research can be designed to investigate whether the time of assessment can affect the results in individuals with specific disease conditions in larger scale. It may merit further studies on the application of such device as preliminary diagnosis of the overall conditions and investigate the treatment efficacy by observing the change in the meridian energy level.
As technology advances, more modern medical devices are developed to help the physicians in performing objective assessment and diagnosis. It was a step of advancement in clinical practice of Traditional Oriental Medicine since 1950 when devices for pulse diagnosis and meridian energy analysis were first developed. Experimental and translational studies are required for evaluating the clinical application of the modern tools in Traditional Oriental Medicine.
Based on the ancient publication “Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon” (Huang Di Nei Jing) compiled in the period of the Warring States (475-221 BC), the meridian system in the human body consists of twelve primary pathways (also known as “Primary Meridians” or “Channels and collaterals”). In the book of ‘Magic Pivot, Chapter 33-Discourse on the Seas’, the original text is translated as ‘The twelve Primary Meridians in the body penetrate the interior visceral and bowels (also termed as ‘
Based on the TCM theory, the meridians are longitudinally and laterally interconnected pathways that are distributed throughout the body to provide nourishment to all the body tissues and organs. The twelve Primary Meridians and eight Extraordinary Meridians play important roles in the normal physiological functions of the body. The movement of Primary Meridian Qi is usually in a specific direction as illustrated in Figure
Meridian flow chart.
The acupoints (or acupuncture points) are specific anatomical defined areas on the body along the meridians where Qi is gathered. These points are usually used for application of acupuncture in treatment of diseases.
Each of the twelve Primary Meridians has specific important group of acupoints on the upper and lower limbs, located distal to the elbows and knees. They are the ‘Five Shu-points’, also known as “Five Transport points”. Table
Five Shu-points & its characteristics.
Five Shu-points |
Characteristics | Each Yin Primary Meridian | Each Yang Primary Meridian | Total in 12 Primary Meridians |
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井 Jing-Well | The location where the Meridian Qi emanates | 1 | 1 | 12 |
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The location where the Meridian Qi glides to form a small stream | 1 | 1 | 12 |
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The location where the Original Qi infuses into the Meridian through the function of San Jiao (or Triple Energizer) | 1 | 1 | 12 |
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The location where the Original Qi resides and accumulates. In Yin Meridians, the Shu-Stream points are also the Yuan-Source points | 1 | 6 | |
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經 Jing-River | The location where the Meridian Qi flows like river | 1 | 1 | 12 |
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合 He-Sea | The location where the Meridian Qi enters inward and return to the visceral & bowels ( |
1 | 1 | 12 |
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Total | 66 |
The Yuan-Source points were first discussed in the book of ‘Magic Pivot, Chapter 1-The Nine Needles and Twelve Source’. The original text is translated as “The five
In the 1950s, the electrical detection of acupoints was firstly introduced by various researchers, namely, Reinhard Voll (1953, Germany) [
Dr. Yoshio Nakatani discovered a series of high electrical conductivity points that run longitudinally on the body which matched closely to the meridian acupoints [
Representative Measuring Points used in Ryodoraku.
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Meridians | Acupoints |
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Meridians | Acupoints |
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Lung | LU-9 Taiyuan |
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Spleen | SP-3 Taibai |
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Pericardium | PC-7 Daling |
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Liver | LR-3 Taichong |
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Heart | HT-7 Shenmen |
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Kidney | KI-3 Taixi |
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Small Intestine | SI-4 Wangu |
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Bladder | BL-65 Shugu |
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San Jiao (Triple Energizer) | TE-4 Yangchi |
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Gall Bladder | GB-40 Qiuxu |
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Large Intestine | LI-5 Yangxi |
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Stomach | ST-42 Chongyang |
Representative measuring points.
In fact, the Ryodoraku had incorporated the concept of electrodermal conductivity in the system. Electrodermal activity (EDA) was first introduced in 1966 as a common term to describe the electrical phenomena on the body skin. It is defined as all active and passive electrical characteristics in the skin and the appendages [
Colbert et al. (2008) reported that lower electrical skin resistance and higher capacitance could be found in acupoints compared to the tissues surrounding them; certain clinical diseases might be correlated with higher or lower resistance at specific acupoints; physiologic dysfunction that was experimentally induced and its subsequent recovery had correlated with the changes in electrical impedance at relevant acupoints. Hence electrical skin impedance of acupoints was a unique feature distinct from nonacupoints. Changes in skin impedance at the acupoints might have significant value in the areas of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research [
In this study, our main objective is to evaluate the application of low voltage Meridian Energy Detection System in assessing the EDA of the 24 RMP bilaterally on both wrists and ankles in a specific age group of healthy individuals. The mean value of the meridian energy which is represented by the EDA at 2 specific times of measurement has been obtained. The secondary objective is to evaluate the clinical application of the result interpretation between the genders and the specific time of assessment.
To better understand the evaluation, we have streamlined and focused our study on a specific group of healthy individuals aged 20-30 in Taichung city, Taiwan.
A single group, nonrandomized, evaluation study was conducted. Method of randomization and blinding was not considered.
The study was conducted in China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. The study protocol was approved under ID: CMUH104-REC1-130 by China Medical University & Hospital Research Ethics Committee.
A total of 43 young healthy adult participants were recruited. Written informed consent of each participant was obtained prior to the assessments.
The participants who met following criteria were excluded in the study: Pregnancy or lactation Severe diseases such as carcinomas under chemotherapy, psychological/psychiatric disorders, and chronic heart failure Have received pacemaker or coronary intravascular stent placement Unable to undergo evaluation with the Meridian Energy Detection System Alcohol abuse or drug addiction Communication disorder Refusal to provide informed consent in the study Exclusion at Project Investigator’s discretion Participation in other clinical trials within 3 months
Participants were advised to avoid coffee, tea, or caffeinated beverages before the procedure.
Aetoscan Meridian Energy Detection System (Aeto Technology Co. Ltd., Taiwan) was used in this study. It was a simple, noninvasive Meridian Energy Detection System (MEDS) that use low voltage electrical current (3.7V, 200 uA) to detect the energy level (or the electrical conductivity) of the 24 RMPs on the skin of wrists and ankles. The device was connected to its mobile application with iOS system support through Bluetooth with connection encryption. The mobile application provided instant results and analysis as shown in Figure
Meridian Energy Detection System.
The software mobile application version 1.0.0.0 was installed in iPad. The raw data of assessment was extracted into Microsoft Excel through the web application.
The result interpretation included the following 5 major indices illustrated in Table
Major Indices used in the application.
Status | Function | Normal Range | Interpretation |
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It analyzes the average energy balance of all the meridians to evaluate the original Qi (energy) status of the individual. | 25-55 | Value < 25 indicates Qi deficient while > 55 indicates Qi excessive. |
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It analyzes the metabolism status through the assessment of Yin-Yang ratio in the individual. | 0.8-1.2 | Value < 0.8 indicates high metabolism due to excessive Yang and deficient Yin while > 1.2 indicates low metabolism due to excessive Yin and deficient Yang. |
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It analyzes the musculoskeletal & circulation status in the individual. | 0.8-1.2 | Value below or above normal range indicates possible musculoskeletal discomfort such as aches and pain. |
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It analyzes the mental health status in the individual. | 0.8-1.2 | Value below or above normal range indicates possible imbalance in the mental health which one may experience heavy-headed, lightheadedness, insomnia etc. |
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It analyzes the autonomic nervous system status in the individual. | 1.5-2.0 | Value below or above normal range indicates underactive or overactive of the autonomic nervous system. |
The following procedure was carried out: The assessment was conducted at 2 specific times of the day: 9-11 am (Spleen meridian) and 1-3 pm (Small Intestine meridian). Each participant was invited to sit in a room with controlled ambient temperature of 23.1°C. For each session, the probe was sterilized with alcohol swab and the device was digitally calibrated to avoid any confounding factors. The following procedure was repeated in both sessions as illustrated in Figure The participant was asked to grip the U-shape buckle (electrode) on one palm with constant pressure while the investigator placed the probe at each of the 24 RMP perpendicularly to the skin with even pressure without touching the participant’s hands or feet. During the procedure, the participant was advised to remove any metallic or electronic accessories including watches to avoid electrical disturbance. Electronic devices such as mobile phones were avoided to be used by the participants too.
Procedure and duration of assessment.
We calculated the mean and standard deviation for each variable to show the distribution and perform as the descriptive analysis. Further T-test was conducted for the comparison analysis. A two-tailed P-value of 0.05 was considered as significant. SAS statistical software (version 9.4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC) was used to conduct the analyses.
A total of 43, including 13 males and 30 females, young healthy adult volunteers were participated in this study. The average age was 26.15±6.97 years and 23.27±2.94 years, respectively. There was no participant dropped out due to discomfort during the procedure or repeated assessments. Figure
Overview of the study.
The baseline assessment such as body weight and height, body temperature (temporal), middle finger temperature, and body mass index (BMI) were obtained. Table
Baseline assessment.
Parameters |
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Sample Size | 13 | 30 | |||
Mean | s.d. | Mean | s.d. | ||
Age (years) | 26.15 | 6.97 | 23.27 | 2.94 | 0.1725 |
Body Height (m) | 1.70 | 0.04 | 1.60 | 0.06 | >0.0001 |
Body Weight (kg) | 61.8 | 9.91 | 54.36 | 6.38 | 0.0100 |
BMI | 21.42 | 3.10 | 21.21 | 2.17 | 0.8167 |
Body Temperature (°C) | 35.55 | 0.71 | 35.38 | 0.68 | 0.3342 |
Left Middle Finger Temperature (°C) | 35.81 | 2.46 | 33.93 | 4.43 | 0.0173 |
The values represent the mean difference between the genders.
The statistical significance is indicated with
s.d. = standard deviation.
Table
Figure
Energy overview between the genders.
It was concluded that there were significant differences in the Physical Status, Mental Health Status, and the Autonomic Nervous System status between the genders within the participants. Healthy male participants generally had higher Qi energy level than female. Healthy female participants had higher values for Mental Health and Autonomic Nervous System status than male. Both male and female had overactive Autonomic Nervous System status.
Figure
Energy overview at specific time within the genders.
It was concluded that there was no significant difference between the time of assessment for male participants but there was significant difference in the body temperature and mean Metabolism Status between the time of assessments for female participants.
The results were also categorized based on the Yin and Yang meridians of the left/right and hand/foot by summing the values of Physical Status obtained from genders and specific time as illustrated in Figure
Meridian Energy Balance of the Yin and Yang meridians.
It was concluded that the Meridian Energy Balance of the Yin and Yang meridians of female participants was significantly lower than male participants.
There was no significant difference in the Meridian Energy Balance of the Yin and Yang meridians at different time of assessment.
We further categorized and compare the difference in Meridian Energy Balance in the left and right meridians as illustrated in Figure
Meridian Energy Balance of the Yin and Yang meridians.
It was concluded that, in both genders, there was no significant difference in Meridian Energy Balance between the left and right meridians, though the right meridian acupoints have higher skin conductivity than the left with the exception of Lung and Pericardium Meridians in female.
Figures
Meridian Energy Balance in left and right meridians at 9-11 am (Spleen meridian) and 1-3 pm (Small Intestine meridian) in Male.
Meridian Energy Balance in left and right meridians at 9-11 am (Spleen meridian) and 1-3 pm (Small Intestine meridian) in Female.
It was concluded that there was no significant difference between the left and right meridians between the 2 specific times of assessment.
Our specific goal of this clinical study is to evaluate the clinical application of the low voltage Meridian Energy Detection System in assessing the EDA of the 24 RMP bilaterally on both wrists and ankles in a specific age group of healthy individuals and to determine the difference in the energy overview between the genders and specific time of assessment.
Various technical factors that could influence the electrodermal activity (EDA) on the skin has been reported by Andrew et al. (2007) [
As EDA can also be influenced by the emotion [
Beside the environmental factors, consumption of caffeinated beverages can also affect the electrical conductance. A study by Tsai et al. (2014) reported that the mean values of electrical conductance increased in most of the meridians 30 minutes after coffee consumption. Hence one should avoid caffeinated beverages before using the device [
Generally, male participants had significantly higher value in Physical Status than female participants. The Physical Status indicated the average energy balance of all the meridians. The higher the value is, the higher the Qi energy is. This results coincided with the study from S. Chamberlin
It was also observed that healthy female participants had higher values for Mental Health and Autonomic Nervous System status which could be possibly due to the fact that female usually experiences more stress and anxiety easier than male. Both male and female have overactive Autonomic Nervous System status. In studies related to stress and depression among university students, it was reported that female students had higher level of stress, depression, frustration, and anxiety than male students [
There was no significant difference between the Metabolism Status and Musculoskeletal and Circulation Status in the genders. This could be due to the fact that the subjects recruited were healthy individuals. Future research may be merited to investigate these indices in unhealthy individuals.
When comparing the Yin and Yang meridian energy, female participants had significantly lower energy level compared to male participants. This affirmed the observation on the Physical Status between the genders that female Qi is more deficient than male.
There was no significant difference in using the device at the specific time of assessment, i.e., 9-11 am and 1-3 pm for Physical Status, Metabolism Status, Musculoskeletal and Circulation Status, and Mental Health and Autonomic Nervous System status except the Metabolism Status in female. This could be due to some exception that required further investigation.
There was no significant difference when comparing the Yin and Yang or left and right meridians at the specific time of assessment.
Hence the device could be used at these two specific periods of the day without causing variation in the results. However, future research can be designed to investigate whether the time of assessment can affect the results in unhealthy individuals.
The limitation in this study is the low sample size. Further study with larger sample size, different age groups, and individuals with various disease conditions to be more conclusive in the clinical application of the device is recommended. Studies on the effect of meridian energy level in specific disease conditions and treatments using Meridian Energy Analysis Device, e.g., in abnormal gastroscopy [
We have excluded the study of other functions in the application that can assist in preliminary diagnosis such as Possible Discomfort, Meridian Summary, and Body System Report. Further research could be done to conclude the accuracy.
In conclusion, the study using Meridian Energy Detection System in healthy individuals provided an understanding of the difference in energy level of the meridians between the genders. Male healthy individuals had significantly higher values for Physical Status as well as Yin and Yang energy compared to female healthy individuals. Female healthy individuals had significantly higher values for Mental Health and Autonomic Nervous System due to the fact that female experienced stress, depression, and anxiety easier than male. There was no significant difference when comparing the Yin and Yang or left and right meridians at the specific time of assessment. Hence there was no specific time in using the device. However, due to the limitation of the sample size and the healthy subjects, future research can be designed to investigate whether the time of assessment can affect the results in individuals with specific disease conditions in larger scale.
As people are getting more health conscious, the healthcare professionals play an important role in counselling the patients in their health maintenance. Such Meridian Energy Detection System may be used as a tool for preliminary diagnosis of the overall conditions of the individual. It may be used as a tool to investigate the treatment efficacy by observing the change in the meridian energy level. It merited further studies to be more conclusive.
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Yu-Chen Lee and Hui Ping Ng equally contributed to this study as co-first authors. Yu-Chen Lee and Wen-Chao Ho are the corresponding authors. Yu-Chen Lee was the principle investigator and Wen-Chao Ho participated in the statistical analysis of the study. Yung-Hsien Chang provided supervision on the study. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.
The authors would like to acknowledge the support from China Medical University, Taichung, and the participants for their kind participation as well as Aeto Technology Co. Ltd., for the instrumental support. This work was supported by China Medical University, Taichung [Grant no. 10442643].