Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2019 (2019), Article ID 7318616, 7 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7318616

Research Article

Effect of Chaihu Shugan Powder-Contained Serum on Glutamate-Induced Autophagy of Interstitial Cells of Cajal in the Rat Gastric Antrum

Ren-Qian Tan,¹ Zhi Zhang,¹ Jing Ju,¹ and Jiang-Hong Ling²

¹The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
²Shuguang Affiliated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200021, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Jiang-Hong Ling; 459183870@qq.com

Received 26 December 2018; Revised 19 April 2019; Accepted 8 May 2019; Published 29 May 2019

Academic Editor: Lucindo Q. Júnior

Copyright © 2019 Ren-Qian Tan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorder is caused by excessive autophagy of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Chaihu Shugan Powder (CSP) is a traditional Chinese medicine with therapeutic benefits in GI motility disorders; however, the underlying mechanism of its therapeutic effect in GI disorders, especially autophagy of ICC, remains unclear. Thus, this study investigated the effects of CSP-contained serum on glutamate-induced autophagy in rat gastric ICC, exploring its underlying mechanism. In vitro cultured rat stomach ICC were identified by fluorescence microscopy and then stimulated with glutamate (5 mmol/L) for 3 h to establish the autophagy model. These cells were then treated with 10% CSP-containing serum or the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA; 5 mmol/L) for 24 h. The control group was cultured with only 10% serum containing physiological saline. The viability of ICC was measured by the CCK-8 assay. The ultrastructure and autophagosomes of ICC were observed using transmission electron microscopy. LC3 expression was detected by immunofluorescence, and LC3, Beclin1, Bcl2, and PI3KC3 expression was detected by western blot analysis. Transmission electron microscopy showed abundant endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and other organelles in the control group, whereas the cells in the autophagy model control group had clear autophagic vacuoles, which were not apparent in both CSP and 3-MA groups. ICC viability was significantly increased by CSP and 3-MA interventions (P < 0.01), accompanied by a decrease in LC3 fluorescence (P < 0.01). Moreover, the expression levels of LC3II/I, Beclin1, and PI3KC3 were significantly decreased (all P < 0.01) with CSP and 3-MA treatment, while Bcl2 expression level was higher than that of the model group (P < 0.01). Thus, CSP can reduce autophagic damage by enhancing Bcl2 expression and downregulating the expression of LC3, Beclin1, and PI3KC3 to protect ICC. These results highlight the potential of CSP in the treatment of GI motility disorders.

1. Introduction

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) have been widely recognized as pacemakers and regulators of gastrointestinal (GI) motility and have therefore become the focus of research into the mechanism of GI motility disorders. Changes in the structure and number of ICC can often lead to GI function disorders, including idiopathic achalasia, diabetic gastropathy, chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction, constipation, and functional dyspepsia [1–6]. Although the precise mechanism linking ICC changes with GI motility disorders has not yet been elucidated, our previous study [7] showed that excessive autophagy can lead to changes in the number and morphology of ICC. Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular protection process that is widely present in eukaryotic cells, involving the formation of autophagic vacuoles by the lysosomal pathway, thereby eradicating the cell’s own senescent and damaged organelles or misfolded proteins to maintain homeostasis of the cellular environment [8]. However, uncontrolled autophagy of ICC can lead to slow-wave potentials, contraction rhythms of the smooth muscle, and loss of regulation in the transfer of neurotransmitters, contributing to GI motility disorders. Therefore, we hypothesized that GI motility disorder could be prevented by regulating the autophagy level of ICC [9].

Chaihu Shugan Powder (CSP) is a classical and effective prescription of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with strong and abundant evidence for its good therapeutic effects on GI motility disorders [10–14]. CSP was first described in the book “Jing Yue Quan Shu” written by Zhang Jiebin during the time of the Ming Dynasty. It consists of the following seven Chinese herbs: Radix Bupleuri, Aurantii nobilis pericarpium, Paeonia, Szechwan Lovage rhizome, Fructus Aurantii, Nutgrass Galingale rhizome, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis, traditionally administered with a dose ratio of 4:4:3:3:3:3:1. According to TCM theory, CSP effects include soothing stagnated Gan-qi, relieving the liver, regulating Qi, and relieving pain. CSP has been used to relieve bloating, abdominal pain, belching, anorexia, nausea, bitterness, acid reflux, constipation, and sloppy stool. The ingredients of the CSP decoction are mainly albiflorin, ferulic acid, paeoniflorin, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, isoliquiritigenin, narirutin, naringin, naringenin, hesperidin, hesperetin,neohesperidinn, glycyrrhizic acid, alpha-cyperone, and 18-beta-glycyrrhizic acid [15]. Zhang et al. [16] reported that CSP and its absorbed compound ferulic acid (FA) induced prokinetics via inhibiting serotonin, regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, while increasing ghrelin and stimulating jejunal contraction simultaneously. Our previous study [17] showed that CSP can inhibit excessive autophagy of gastric antrum ICC in functional dyspepsia rats, thus promoting gastrointestinal motility. However, the efficacy of CSP in the treatment of GI motility disorders and the underlying mechanism are unknown. The application and popularization of drug-contained serum technology have broadened the research field of the effects of Chinese medicine compounds at the cellular level [18–20]. Bochu et al. [21] suggested the use of drug-contained serum in an isolated reaction system is suitable for investigations of pharmacological mechanisms, since this serum can not only prevent the physical and chemical properties of crude drug preparations from interfering with in vitro experiments but also can reflect the digestion and absorption of the Chinese medicine in the GI tract, and its subsequent biotransformation, thereby better reflecting the process that produces pharmacological effects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a CSP-contained serum on autophagy in the ICC of rats and to explore the underlying pharmacological mechanism in relation to autophagy.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Animals

The research was conducted according to protocols approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Guangxi Medical University (No. 201611017) and was conducted in compliance with the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals guideline published by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH; publication No. 85-23; 1996). All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering.

Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Experimental Animal Center of Guangxi Medical University (Guang’xi, China; License no. SCXK (Gui) 2014-0002; Guang’xi, China) and randomly divided into two groups: group A (n = 20, 10 males and 10 females, 250 ± 20 g), which were used to prepare the drug-contained serum, and group B (n = 20, 10 males and 10 females, 150 ± 20 g), which were used for the isolation of ICC. All rats were acclimated in cages for three days prior to the experiments and maintained under a 12 h/12 h light cycle at 21 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity, with unlimited access to standard food and water.

2.2. Preparation of Drug-Contained Serum

CSP was prepared according to The People’s Republic of China Pharmacopeia 1st Volume conventional dosage as follows: 6 g Radix Bupleuri, 4.5 g Paeonia, 4.5 g Szechwan Lovage rhizome, 4.5 g Fructus Aurantii, 6 g Aurantii nobilis pericarpium, 4.5 g Nutgrass Galingale rhizome, and 1.5 g Glycyrrhiza uralensis; all component herbs were purchased from the pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. For the experiments, CSP was used at 10 times the normal recommended dose for a 60-kg adult (according to the Chinese Medicine book Jing Yue Quan Shu, based on the surface area conversion algorithm for the standard rat body [22] and was concentrated to 105% (1.05 g/mL).

Rats of group A were randomly divided into two groups and were intragastrically administered with physiological saline and the CSP decoction, respectively, at a concentration of 1.5 mL/100 g twice daily at 12 h intervals for three consecutive days. Under anesthesia, blood was extracted from the abdominal aorta 1h after the last administration, and the serum was collected after standing and centrifugation. The serum was then inactivated in water (56°C, 0.5 h), filtered, sterilized by a 0.22 μm microporous membrane filter, and stored at -80°C until use. At the end of the experiment, all rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation.

2.3. ICC Isolation and Culture

The 20 rats in group B were euthanized by cervical dislocation. The stomachs were isolated and the antrum was dissected out for subsequent use. After longitudinal laparotomy, the antrum was immediately dissected, opened along the lesser curvature of the stomach, and rinsed free of content with ice-cold D-Hanks solution. The gastric mucosa was carefully peeled away from the smooth muscle layers with sharp forceps, and then cut into small pieces of approximately 1 × 1 mm. The pieces were then incubated in a Ca²⁺-free dispersal solution containing collagenase type II (1.3 mg/mL; Sigma, USA) for approximately 50 min at 37°C. Single cells were obtained by gentle agitation for 5 min with a wide-bore pipette, and the dispersed cells were filtered through 200 μm mesh filters. The dispersed cells were plated onto a 25 mm diameter culture flask and cultured at 37°C in a 95% O₂-5% CO₂ incubator in ICC growth medium (M199; Hyclone, USA) supplemented with 2% antibiotics and 25 ng/mL murine stem cell factor (Sigma, USA). ICC were identified immunologically by incubation with rabbit anti-rat c-Kit monoclonal antibody (Pierce, USA) at a dilution of 1:200 for 60 min, which allowed for differentiation of ICC from other cell types in the culture based on morphological differences detected by light and fluorescence microscopy.

2.4. Autophagy Model Establishment and Treatments

The autophagy model was established according to recent methods reported by Tan et al. [23] using incubation with 5 mol/L glutamate (L-glutamic acid; Sigma, USA) for 3 h. For comparison, the control group was cultured with 10% serum containing physiological saline. The cells in the autophagy group were then treated with or without 10% serum containing CSP or 5 mol/L 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor.

2.5. Cell Viability

The viability of ICC in the different groups was assessed with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8; Dojindo, Japan). In brief, ICC were seeded at a density of 1 × 10⁴ cells/well in 96-well flat-bottomed microplates. Once the cells attached to the bottom of the culture vessel, the culture medium was removed from each well. Different concentrations of the respective culture medium for each group were added to the wells, and the cells were cultured for 24 h. CCK-8 reagent (10 μL) was added to each well of a 96-well flat-bottomed microplate that contained 100 μL of culture medium to reach a final concentration of 10 μL/100 μL and incubated for an additional 4 h at 37°C. The absorbance rate was measured at 450 nm on an auto microplate reader (Multiskan FC, Thermo, USA). All experiments were conducted in triplicate on six separate occasions.

2.6. Transmission Electron Microscopy

After centrifugation, the cells were fixed for 2 h with 3% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2). After rinsing with PBS, the samples were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide for 1 h at 4°C, dehydrated in a graded series of acetone, and embedded in Eponate 812 resin. Ultrathin sections were cut into 50–70 nm thick slices, double-stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and observed on a Hitachi (Japan) transmission electron microscope.

2.7. Immunofluorescence

ICC in the logarithmic growth phase was plated onto sterile glass coverslips in a 24-well flat-bottomed microplate at a density of 5 × 10³ cells/well. Once the cells attached to the bottom of the culture vessel, ICC was cultured according to the group requirements mentioned above. The culture medium was removed from the coverslips, all of the cultured cells were fixed with ice-cold paraformaldehyde for 10 min and then washed in PBS three times for 5 min each. The samples were incubated in 5% nonfat milk for 10 min at room temperature to reduce nonspecific staining. After incubation with an anti-LC3 antibody (1:100; Novus, USA) at 4°C overnight; the samples were washed in PBS three times for 10 min each. Immunoreactivity was detected with a fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated secondary antibody (anti-rabbit IgG, 1:200) in the dark for 30 min at 37°C. The nuclei were labeled with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Beyotime, China). The sections were examined by fluorescence microscopy (Upright fluorescence microscope; Nikon, Japan), respectively.

2.8. Western Blot

The cells were washed with ice-cold PBS and lysed with ice-cold lysis buffer containing a protease inhibitor cocktail. The protein samples were harvested, resolved on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels, and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. After blocking with 5% nonfat milk for 2 h, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with the following primary antibodies: LC3 (1:1000; Novus, USA), Beclin1 (1:1000; Novus, USA), Bcl2 (1:1000; CST, USA), PI3KC3 (1:1000; CST, USA), and GAPDH (1:1000; SAB, USA). After washing in PBS (supplemented with 0.1% Tween 20) three times for 5 min each, the samples were incubated with the appropriate secondary antibody and developed with enhanced chemiluminescence.

2.9. Statistical Analyses

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Differences between groups were assessed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test with SPSS 23.0 software. All statistical tests were two-tailed, and a P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. ICC Viability

The CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the OD value of the model group significantly decreased compared to that of the control group (P< 0.001), whereas the OD values of the CSP and 3-MA groups were significantly increased compared to that of the model group (both P< 0.001) (Figure 1).

Figure 1: The viability of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) under glutamate-induced autophagy with and without treatment of the known autophagy inhibitor, 3-MA, or Chaihu Shugan powder (CSP). #P < 0.01 versus control group; P < 0.05 versus model group (N = 6 per group).

3.2. Ultrastructure of ICC

Transmission electron microscopy revealed that ICC in the control group contained abundant organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, without obvious autophagosomes and autophagic vacuoles. There was an apparent number of autophagic vacuoles and vacuoles in the model group than in the normal control group, suggesting autophagy in ICC. Interestingly, CSP and 3-MA treatment significantly inhibited autophagy (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Evidence of autophagy and the ultrastructure of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) observed under transmission electron microscopy (×30, 000). ▲: initial autophagic vacuoles, AVi; →: degrading autophagic vacuoles, and AVd; : vacuole, VAc.

3.3. Protein Expression of Autophagy Markers

Compared with the control group, the fluorescent intensity of LC3 in the ICC of the model group was significantly increased (P< 0.01), whereas the LC3 fluorescence of the CSP and 3-MA groups was significantly lower than that of the model group (P< 0.05) (Figure 3). This finding was further confirmed by western blot analysis (Figure 4), which showed that there was a significant increase in the levels of LC3, PI3KC3, and Beclin1, but decrease in Bcl2 protein expression in the model group (P< 0.05). However, the CSP and 3-MA treatment markedly reversed the abnormal changes of these proteins (P< 0.05), suggesting that CSP can reduce autophagy in ICC.

Figure 3: Observation of LC3 in the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) of each group under fluorescence microscopy (×200). &P < 0.05 versus control; #P < 0.01 versus control; P < 0.01 versus model. (N = 15 per group).

Figure 4: LC3, PI3KC3, Beclin1, and Bcl2 protein expression in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). The expression levels were normalized to that of the housekeeping protein GAPDH. &P < 0.05 versus control; #P < 0.01 versus control; < 0.01 versus model; < 0.05 versus 3-MA (N = 3 per group).

3.4. Discussion

Recently, ICC have emerged as the basic determinant of GI motility, and thus serve as an ideal tool for investigating the mechanisms of GI motility and determining treatment strategies for related disorders [24, 25]. According to the theory of TCM, the liver controls conveyance and dispersion, loving rising, and smooth, hating depression. Presence of external pathogens, emotional disorders, dietary irregularities, and spleen-stomach weakness lead to liver dysfunction. Additionally, the pattern of liver qi invading the stomach, leading to spleen and stomach dysfunction is considered to be the main cause of GI motility disorders. CSP is a classical and effective prescription representative of the Shugan Qi method. It can soothe the liver and regulate qi, move qi to relieve pain, promote digestion, and remove food stagnation that can further relieve clinical symptoms of GI motility disorder and eventually restore normal digestive function. Although CSP has been used as an effective prokinetic for GI motility disorders in TCM [16, 26], the underlying mechanism of its effects remains unclear so far. Here, we demonstrate a clear attenuating effect of CSP on excessive autophagy of ICC that could contribute to dysregulated GI motility.

Autophagy is a biological process through which cells maintain their homeostasis and physiology [27]. Under stress, autophagy is responsible for the removal of damaged organelles, production of energy for cells, and maintenance of internal environment stability. However, excessive autophagy can induce cell death. LC3 is a homolog of yeast autophagy-associated protein 8 (Atg8) and is essential for autophagy. It is involved in the formation of autophagic vesicles and therefore is an important indicator of autophagic activity [28]. LC3II is a widely used autophagy marker; when autophagy occurs in cells, LC3I, which mainly exists in the cytoplasm, is ubiquitin-modified and converts to the LC3II form with phosphatidyl ethanolamine on the surface of the autophagic foam membrane. Its content is proportional to the number of autophagic vacuoles. By examining LC3II/LC3I, we can determine the number of autophagosomes and infer the strength of autophagy [29].

Autophagic activity is regulated by many signaling pathways, and the combination of PI3KC3 and Beclin1 to form autophagosomes is the main positive regulatory mechanism. PI3KC3 is a homolog of Vps34, which phosphorylates the third site protein of phosphatidylinositol in eukaryotes to form a complex with Beclin1. siRNA silences the expression of PI3KC3 and attenuates the expression of autophagy [30]. Beclin1 is a homologous gene of yeast ATG6 and is also the most important regulator of the positive regulatory mechanism [31]. Absence of Beclin1 weakens autophagic activity. The reintroduction of Beclin1 can effectively regulate autophagy pathway and enhance cell death metabolism [32]. Beclin1 interacts with many proteins to form multiple functionally distinct complexes [33]. Through the formation of complexes with PI3KC3, Beclin1 regulates the localization of autophagy precursors and in turn regulates autophagic activity [34]. Contrastingly, Bcl2 acts as an inhibitor of autophagy and apoptosis and protects cells [35, 36]. Although upregulated Beclin1 expression in mammalian cells can induce autophagy [37], Bcl2 can inhibit the Beclin1-dependent autophagy by forming a complex with Beclin1. Thus, Beclin1 is a key factor in regulating and maintaining the balance between autophagy and apoptosis in cells; when Beclin1 forms a complex with PI3KC3, it activates the process of autophagy, and when Beclin1 forms a complex with Bcl2, it activates apoptosis.

Glutamate is an important amino acid that maintains normal physiological functions of the body and is involved in the synthesis of various proteins. Oudenhove et al. [38] suggested that an excess amount of glutamate could induce neuronal cell autophagy due to its excitotoxic and oxidative stress impairment. Chen et al. [39] suggested that glutamate could induce the formation and recruitment of PI3KC3 and Beclin1, form complexes, and participate in the formation of autophagic membranes. However, the glutamate-induced activation of autophagy in ICC is not clear. In the present study, glutamate treatment markedly reduced the viability of rat ICC and increased the number of autophagic vacuoles. Additionally, increased expression of autophagy markers such as LC3, Beclin1, and PI3KC3 and reduced expression of the apoptosis regulator protein Bcl2 was observed. This indicated that the glutamate-mediated induction of autophagy was successful. Furthermore, treatment with the known autophagy inhibitor 3-MA inhibited autophagy and the same effect was also detected for CSP. Thus, our study suggests that this mechanism might involve increasing the levels of autophagy-related proteins while simultaneously inhibiting the proteins that negatively regulate autophagy.

Importantly, both CSP and 3-MA could improve the autophagic damage induced by glutamate. Klionsky et al. [40] suggested that the mechanism by which 3-MA inhibits autophagy may involve suppressing the expression of PI3KC3 and thereby preventing the formation of autophagosomes. Chen et al. [41] also found that 3-MA could inhibit autophagy by reducing the expression of Beclin1. Therefore, our findings suggest that CSP may inhibit autophagy in the same manner as 3-MA.

Collectively, these results highlight the protective effect of CSP on excessive autophagy of ICC by reducing the high expression of LC3, Beclin1, and PI3KC3 proteins and enhancing the low expression of Bcl2.

3.5. Conclusions

Our data suggest that CSP shows significant gastroprokinetic effects by inhibiting excessive autophagy via prevention of Bcl2-Beclin1 complex dissociation.

These effects highlight CSP as a strong candidate for the treatment of GI motility disorders. However, the effects induced by TCM are currently difficult to reproduce because of limited information available regarding the absorbed bioactive compounds. To resolve this issue and develop a novel prokinetic strategy based on CSP, further research is required to identify the specific compounds responsible for the inhibitory effects of CSP and to determine their underlying mechanisms of action.

List of Abbreviations

3-MA: | 3-Methyladenine
CSP: | Chaihu Shugan powder
TCM: | Traditional Chinese medicine
CCK-8: | Cell Counting Kit-8
ICC: | Interstitial cells of Cajal;
GI: | Gastrointestinal
PBS: | Phosphate-buffered saline.

Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethical Approval

The research was conducted according to protocols approved by Guangxi Medical University Institutional Ethical Committee (no. 201611016; no. 201611017) and was conducted in compliance with the guidelines of Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH; publication nos. 85-23; 1996). All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Jiang-Hong Ling conceived and designed the study. Zhi Zhang and Ren-Qian Tan completed the experiments. Ren-Qian Tan and Jing Ju performed data analyses and drafted the initial manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Ren-Qian Tan and Zhi Zhang contributed equally to this work.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81560763).

Acknowledgments

We thank Li-Min Zhang and Xing Lin for suggestions on the revision of our manuscript.

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