Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2021 (2021), Article ID 6664489, 17 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6664489

Research Article

Study on the Molecular Mechanism of the Herbal Couple Sparganii Rhizoma-Curcumae Rhizoma in the Treatment of Lung Cancer Based on Network Pharmacology

Shuying Dai,¹ Gaochenxi Zhang,¹ Fangmin Zhao,¹ and Qijin Shu²

¹Department of First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
²Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Qijin Shu; 201412201504024@zcmu.edu.cn

Received 2 November 2020; Revised 8 April 2021; Accepted 31 May 2021; Published 19 June 2021

Academic Editor: Mohamed A. El-Esawi

Copyright © 2021 Shuying Dai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Background. Lung cancer has a poor prognosis and a high mortality rate, and patients may develop multidrug resistance. Sparganii Rhizoma-Curcumae Rhizoma (HCSC), the classic herbal drug combination of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is commonly used in treating tumors, but its molecular mechanism is still unclear. Method. We explored the possible mechanisms underlying the antitumor effect of HCSC using network pharmacology. The bioactive components of HCSC and their targets were collected from the TCM Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database and PharmMapper. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed; the GeneMANIA platform was used for the functional enrichment analysis of the core targets and their neighboring genes. Molecular docking was performed between the bioactive components and core targets. HCSC freeze-dried powder was prepared, and the bioactive components were verified by liquid chromatography- (LC-) mass spectrometry (MS). Human lung adenocarcinoma H1975 cells were cultured to verify in vitro the molecular mechanism of action of HCSC in treating lung cancer, as predicted by network pharmacology. Finally, we used the Symmap database to predict the relationship between the herb and TCM syndrome. Result. A total of seven bioactive components were identified by network pharmacological analysis. Through enrichment analyses, it was found that the mechanism of action mainly involved mitochondrial-mediated caspase-dependent cell apoptosis signaling pathways. The results of molecular docking showed that the bioactive components in HCSC have a good affinity with the target proteins (ALB, BCL2L1, ESR1, HRAS, MAP2K1, MAPK14, and SIRT1). LC-MS confirmed that formononetin and bisdemethoxycurcumin were present in the HCSC freeze-dried powder, consistent with the prediction. The results of in vitro experiments on NCI-H1975 cells confirmed that HCSC can upregulate the mitochondrial-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis signaling pathway by inducing the cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP, consistent with the network pharmacology prediction. Further, the qi deficiency and blood stasis associated with TCM syndrome can be treated with HCSC.

1. Introduction

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide; it is associated with high mortality rates, and its incidence has been increasing gradually in recent years [1]. Histopathologically, lung cancer is primarily divided into small-cell lung cancer (SCLC, approximately 15% of all cases) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC, approximately 85% of all cases). The main treatment modalities include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and molecular-targeted therapy; however, these modalities are expensive and have poor long-term efficacy and obvious side-effects [2]. The 5-year survival rate of SCLC is only 19%, whereas the 5-year survival rate of NSCLC is even less, at 10%. At lung cancer diagnosis, approximately 75% of all patients are in the advanced stage (stage III/IV) and cannot undergo radical surgery [3, 4]. The occurrence and development of lung cancer are complex processs, and single-target treatments are often unable to achieve the best curative effect. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) includes various bioactive components that act on multiple targets and pathways in lung cancer treatment; this approach is consistent with the idea of multitarget treatment for cancer.

There has been no clear name for “lung cancer” in the history of TCM. Currently, it is mostly classified into the categories “feiji,” “xiben,” “lung distension,” or “hemoptysis.” Shen Jinao, a medical expert of the Qing Dynasty, wrote a book called “Incisive Light on the Source of Miscellaneous Disease,” which pointed out that “evil qi accumulates in the chest, blocks the airway, inhibits the functioning of qi, which causes phlegm-rheum, food accumulation, blood stasis, and the vacuity of right qi. Then it clumped.” Based on the basic theory of TCM and clinical experience, it has been believed that spleen qi is damaged after treatment. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and molecular-targeted drugs are heat toxins as per TCM and are more likely to wear qi and damage yin. Therefore, the deficiency of qi and yin was always reported throughout the entire process of lung cancer. This habitus makes patients more prone to qi stagnation and blood stasis.

Sparganii Rhizoma is the dried rhizome of Sparganium stoloniferum. Curcumae Rhizoma, also known as turmeric, is a dried rhizome of common turmeric. According to TCM, the herbal couple Sparganii Rhizoma-Curcumae Rhizoma (HCSC) activates blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis. It is mentioned in “Records of Chinese Medicine with Reference to Western Medicine” that Zhang Xichun often used HCSC in clinical practice and called it “the most important medicine for blood quickening.” It was used to treat patients with lung cancer whose right qi could still fight against evil qi to prevent metastasis and recurrence after treatment. HCSC has been clinically proven to relieve the symptoms of patients with tumors, especially gynecological ones [5]. Modern pharmacology has proven that nonvolatile fractions of HCSC possess extensive anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic activities [6–8]. The antitumor effect of HCSC is synergistic [7]. Curcumin can induce tumor cell apoptosis by upregulating the expression of Caspase-9, Caspase-3, Caspase-7, and poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and it displays antineoplastic effects in tumor-bearing mice [9–11].

Network pharmacology is a discipline that combines systems biology and multidirectional pharmacology based on high-throughput omics data analysis, virtual computer calculation, and network database retrieval [12]. Network pharmacology has been used to study multiple protein/gene target diseases and can describe the relationship between biological systems, drugs, and diseases from the perspective of the network, which is consistent with the holistic pattern differentiation theory of TCM [13]. As a multicomponent medicine, the network pharmacology method can be used to visualise the complex mechanisms of TCM. In this study, the bioactive components of HCSC were analysed and the relevant targets and signaling pathways in the treatment of lung cancer were studied in detail. In particular, NSCLC has a poor prognosis and a high mortality rate, and most patients seeking TCM treatment in clinical practice have developed multidrug resistance. The T790M mutation is one of the main mechanisms of acquired drug resistance in the first generation of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor- (EGFR-TKI-) targeted drugs. Therefore, we used human lung adenocarcinoma H1975 cells to verify the molecular mechanism of action of HCSC in the treatment of lung cancer, as predicted by network pharmacology through in vitro experiments. The detailed flowchart of the current study was shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram for identifying the mechanism of HCSC antilung cancer by network pharmacology analysis.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Identification of Bioactive Components and Targets of HCSC

The bioactive components of HCSC were retrieved from the TCM Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) platform (http://lsp.nwu.edu.cn/tcmsp.php) for Chinese herbal medicines; this platform captures the relationships between drugs, targets, and diseases [14]. The screening conditions were oral bioavailability (OB) of >30% and drug-likeness (DL) of >0.18. The reverse docking server PharmMapper (http://lilab.ecust.edu.cn/pharmmapper/) was used to simulate the molecular docking of the bioactive components [15]. The range was set to “Human Protein Targets Only (v2010, 2241)”, and the other parameters were set at default. The screening criterion was a fit score, which could reflect the combination of ligand configuration and the pharmacophore model. Ten targets with the highest value were selected. Drug targets collected through TCMSP and PharmMapper were integrated. Related gene information, including gene name, gene ID, and gene symbol, belonging to “Homo sapiens,” was collected from the UniProt database (https://www.uniprot.org/) [16].

2.2. Prediction of Potential Targets in Lung Cancer

The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (http://ctdbase.org/) [17], GeneCards (https://auth.lifemapsc.com/) [18], and DisGeNET (https://www.disgenet.org/) [19] were searched using keywords such as “lung cancer” and “lung neoplasms” to obtain disease targets. The overlapping part after integrating the disease targets and drug targets was considered the candidate target of HCSC against lung cancer.

2.3. Network Construction

A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of candidate targets was constructed using the STRING database (https://string-db.org/) [20]; the “minimum required interaction score” was adjusted to ensure readability. The network data were then exported. Next, the targets in the network data were integrated and deweighted to obtain potential targets. Drugs, bioactive components, and corresponding potential targets were imported into Cytoscape (version 3.7.1) [21] to construct a “drugs-bioactive components-potential targets” network. In addition, node1, node2, and combined scores were imported into the network data into Cytoscape. The plugin MCODE in Cytoscape was used to perform cluster analysis of the potential targets. The targets in cluster 1 were screened as core targets, and a PPI network was constructed.

2.4. Enrichment Analysis

GeneMANIA (http://www.genemania.org/) [22] was used to construct a network of core targets and neighboring genes while performing functional enrichment analysis. RGUI and clusterProfiler [23] were used to perform the GO enrichment analysis of core targets to obtain the biological processes, cellular components, and molecular function (). The ClueGO and CluePedia plugins in Cytoscape were used to perform the KEGG enrichment analysis of the core targets (); then, the pathway nodes in the enrichment network were manually selected. Candidate targets were converted to UniProtID using the UniProt software. The “search&Color Pathway” tool of the KEGG database (https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/pathway.html) [24] was used to map the candidate targets to the related pathways.

2.5. Molecular Docking Verification

The HCSC bioactive components (ligands) were processed using ChemBio 3D software and stored in the mol2 format. Then, AutoDock Tools [25] were used to save it in PDBQT format for future use; the proteins were preprocessed, excess protein chains and ligands were removed, and water molecules were hydrogenated. AutoGrid was used for energy grid calculation. Next, we determined the PDB-ID and downloaded the crystal structure of the target proteins containing the original ligand in the PDB database (http://www.rcsb.org/) [26]. The original ligand was extracted from the target proteins using DiscoveryStudio2016 software and then redocked to the active site of the complex using AutoDock software. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) between the result conformation and the target conformation was compared; if the RMSD obtained was >2 Å, the protein docking effect was deemed not good and the corresponding target protein was discarded. AutoDock Vina was used to conduct molecular docking of the ligand and core targets. After the docking was completed, △G was used as a reference to screen the target of the active compound. If △G was <0, it was considered that the ligand and target protein can bind spontaneously. △G ≤ −5.0 kJ mol⁻¹ was selected as the screening basis. The dominant conformation was analysed and plotted using Schrodinger.

2.6. In Vitro Experimental Verification in Cells

2.6.1. Preparation of HCSC Aqueous Extract

HCSC consisted of 45 g of Sparganii Rhizoma and Curcumae Rhizoma each. All crude herbs were provided by the Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The herbs were mixed and boiled thrice in 1000 mL double-steamed water for 30 min each time, filtered by vacuum filtration, and concentrated on an induction cooker to about 100 mL. The liquid was then evaporated to dryness in a vacuum at −40°C. The final freeze-dried powder weighed 2.93 g; the yield was 3.25% (calculated at 100% concentration). The freeze-dried powder of HCSC was then dissolved in double-steamed water (10 mg/mL) and filtered through a microporous filter for sterilisation.

2.6.2. Cell Culture

Human lung adenocarcinoma H1975 cells (EGFR exon 20 T790M-L858R, gefitinib-resistant cell line) were kindly provided by Professor Zhou Caicun (Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital affiliated with Tongji University, China). The cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 mg/mL streptomycin and maintained in a humidified chamber with 5% CO₂ at 37°C. Cells in the logarithmic growth phase were used for all the experiments.

2.6.3. Cell Viability Assay

A total of 6 × 10³ logarithmically growing H1975 cells/well were seeded in 96-well plates. After incubation for 24 h until the cell monolayer covered the bottom of the well, the cells were treated with varying concentrations of HCSC (8, 6, 5, 4, 3, and 1 mg/mL) for 24, 48, and 72 h. The 10% Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8; Dojindo, JAPAN) solution was added to each well, and the cells were cultured for another 1 h at 37°C. The optical density (OD) was measured at 450 nm using a multifunctional microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The inhibition rate is (IR% = (average OD value of control group - average OD average of experimental group)/average OD value of control group × 100%). The experiment was repeated three times in parallel. SPSS software was used to calculate the IC₂₀ and IC₅₀ values.

2.7. ANNEXIN V-FITC/PI Double Staining and Flow Cytometry

Cells (1 × 10⁵ cells/well) were seeded into 6-well plates. After incubation for 24 h, the cells were divided into the control (CG), low-dose (LD), and high-dose (HD) groups. The CG was treated without HCSC, while the LD and HD groups were treated with IC₂₀ and IC₅₀ proportions of HCSC for 24 h. The cells were collected and suspended in a 100 μl binding buffer containing 5 μl Annexin V-FITC and 10 μl PI. After incubation in the dark for 15 min at room temperature, 400 μl of binding buffer was added. Flow cytometry (BD Bioscience, USA, NO. 556547) was used to detect cell apoptosis in each group, and the FACSDiva Version 6.1.3 software was used for data analysis.

2.8. Wound Healing Assay

For the wound healing assay, cells were seeded in 6-well plates and incubated until 100% confluence. A sterile 200 μL pipette tip was used to scrape a denuded area on the cell monolayer. After washing thrice with phosphate-buffered saline, the cells were treated with HCSC as described above. After incubation for 0, 12, and 24 h, cell migration to the wounded region was monitored using NIS-Elements F3.2 for Windows XP/Professional. To quantify cell migration, images of the initially wounded monolayers were equated to the corresponding pictures of cells at later time points. The migrated cells in each of the three random fields were counted using the following formula: Mobility (%) = (1–0 h wound area/12 or 24 h wound area) × 100%. Image J was used to analyse the image data and determine the scratch area. The experiment was repeated three times in parallel.

2.9. Western Blotting

Cells (1 × 10⁵ cells/well) were seeded into 6-well plates. After incubation for 24 h, the cells were treated as described above for 24 h. The cells were scraped and collected. The protein of the H1975 cells was extracted with lysis buffer, and the concentration was measured. The sample volume was adjusted according to the internal reference protein to ensure the same amount of protein in each sample. The proteins were separated using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis based on their different molecular masses. Then, the proteins were transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Immobilon-P, 0.45 mm; Millipore Co., Billerica, MA, USA) using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The membrane was then immersed in 5% skim milk diluted with tris-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween-20 for 2 h at room temperature. After that, the membrane was cut into several bands and incubated with diluted antibodies (1 : 1000) at 4°C overnight. The antibody selected the relevant proteins in the KEGG enrichment pathway. The bands were washed with tris-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween-20 before incubation with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (1 : 10000, Dawen Biotec, WD-0990, WD-GAR007). At room temperature, a second incubation was required for 2 h. The bands were visualised using an electrochemiluminescence system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). The experiment was repeated three times in parallel.

2.10. Statistical Analysis

The data were analysed using SPSS 23.0, and the measurement data were expressed as X ± S. One-way analysis of variance was used for pairwise comparisons among multiple groups, and an independent sample t-test was used for mean comparison between two groups. Statistical significance was set at .

2.11. LC-MS Verification

The filtered mother liquor of the freeze-dried HCSC powder was diluted to 1 mg/mL with double-distilled water, and the sample was injected. Mass spectrometry conditions were as follows: in the MSE continuum mode, the scan range was m/z100-1200. In the ESI⁻ mode, sodium formate was used to calibrate the instrument. Under the 0.1% formic acid water-acetonitrile mass spectrometry, gradient elution was performed for 75 min. LC-MS analysis was used to obtain the total ion current diagram (Waters SYNAPT G2-Si mass spectrometer, USA). The accurate molecular weight and secondary fragment information of the compound obtained from the total ion current diagram was compared with the information in the UNIFI TCM database to obtain the components.

2.12. Prediction of HCSC-Related Symptoms and Diseases

SymMap (https://www.symmap.org/) [27] contains comprehensive information about TCM herbs and their components, TCM symptoms, modern medicine symptoms, diseases, and the relationships between any two such entities. “Sparganii Rhizoma” and “Curcumae Rhizoma” were used as keywords in the SymMap system to predict their related TCM symptoms, TCM syndromes, modern medicine symptoms, and diseases.

3. Results

3.1. Identification of Bioactive Components and Targets of HCSC

A total of 111 bioactive components and 995 targets were identified in the TCMSP database. Eight potential bioactive components of HCSC and their corresponding targets were obtained (OB > 30%, DL > 0.18). Ten targets were selected with the highest fit score in the PharmMapper database. A total of 113 targets were integrated and deleted after duplication (Table 1). In the UniProt database, the targets were normalised to those corresponding to humans. One target could not be converted. By comparing the gene names related to lung cancer in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, GeneCards, and DisGeNET databases, 110 overlapping targets were reserved as candidate targets.

Table 1: OB and DL value of with bioactive components.

MOL ID
Bioactive components
OB
DL
Related targets
Source

MOL001297
trans-Gondoic acid
30.7
0.2
18
Sparganii rhizoma

MOL000296
Hederagenin
36.91
0.75
34
Sparganii Rhizoma, Curcumae rhizoma

MOL000358
Beta-Sitosterol
36.91
0.75
48
Sparganii rhizoma

MOL000392
Formononetin
69.67
0.21
49
Sparganii rhizoma

MOL000449
Stigmasterol
43.83
0.76
41
Sparganii rhizoma

MOL000906
Wenjine
47.93
0.27
10
Curcumae rhizoma

MOL000940
Bisdemethoxycurcumin
77.38
0.26
10
Curcumae rhizoma

3.2. Core Target Identification for HCSC

The above candidate targets were entered in the STRING database, and the “minimum required interaction score” was set at 0.4 to obtain a PPI network involving 106 potential targets. A “drugs-bioactive components-potential targets” network diagram was constructed using Cytoscape (Figure 2(a), 2). In addition, potential targets and combined scores in the network data were imported. According to the cluster analysis of the plugin MCODE, four subnetworks were obtained, and 18 targets in cluster1 were selected as the core targets (Figure 2(b), Table 2). The core targets were input into the GeneMANIA platform to obtain the functional enrichment analysis of the core targets and their neighboring genes (Figure 3).

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: (a) “Drugs-bioactive components-potential targets” network diagram of HCSC. The square represents the bioactive components, the triangle represents the potential targets of Curcumae Rhizoma, and the diamond represents the potential targets of Sparganii Rhizoma. Lines stand for the relation of bioactive components and targets (Cytoscape). (b) PPI network diagram from core targets of HCSC. The color depth of the node and the thickness of the edge respectively represent the value of the degree and combined score (MCODE).

Table 2: Information of core targets from bioactive components in HCSC.

UniprotID
Gene targets
Protein targets
MCODE_Score
degree

P02768
ALB
Serum albumin
10.50980392
17

P10275
AR
Androgen receptor
10.3956044
14

Q07817
BCL2L1
Bcl-2-like protein 1
10.50980392
16

P42574
CASP3
Caspase-3
10.50980392
17

Q14790
CASP8
Caspase-8
10.16190476
13

P55211
CASP9
Caspase-9
9.625
15

P24941
CDK2
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2
10.27472527
12

P03372
ESR1
Estrogen receptor
10.50980392
17

P49841
GSK3B
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta
11
12

P01112
HRAS
GTPase HRas
10.50980392
16

P07900
HSP90AA1
Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha
11.42857143
17

P05412
JUN
Transcription factor AP-1
10.50980392
17

Q02750
MAP2K1
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1
9.346405229
14

Q16539
MAPK14
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14
9.202614379
15

P29474
NOS3
Nitric oxide synthase
10
10

P06401
PGR
Progesterone receptor
10
11

P35354
PTGS2
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
11.42857143
16

Q96EB6
SIRT1
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1
9.625
15

Figure 3: PPI network of the core targets and their neighboring genes (GeneMANIA). PPI network and functional analysis indicating the gene set that was enriched in the target network of core targets and neighboring genes. The different colors of the network edge indicate the bioinformatics methods applied: coexpression, pathway, website prediction, colocalization, shared protein domains, physical interactions, and genetic interactions. The different colors for the network nodes indicate the biological functions of the set of enrichment genes.

3.3. Enrichment Analysis of the Core Targets

3.3.1. GO Enrichment Analysis

The 18 core targets of HCSC were analysed using clusterProfiler [23] (pV < 0.05, qV < 0.05) for GO function enrichment. Bar charts and bubble charts of the GO biological processes, cellular components, and molecular function were obtained (Figure 4).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 4: GO enrichment analysis: (a) molecular function results; (b) biological process results; (c) cellular component results.

3.4. KEGG Enrichment Analysis

The core targets were analysed using ClueGO and CluePedia for the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis (; 36 items in total). In the enrichment results, the P53 signaling pathway was selected and the candidate targets were mapped. This pathway has been reported in the literature to be closely related to lung cancer [28]. The candidate targets are displayed as pink signs in the P53 signaling pathway (Figure 5).

(a)

(b)

Figure 5: KEGG enrichment analysis. (a) Selected pathway results of the KEGG enrichment analysis; (b) P53 signaling pathway.

3.4.1. Molecular Docking Verification

AutoDock Vina was used to dock 7 bioactive components with 18 target proteins, among which 8 target proteins with RMSD values <2 Å were selected (Table 3). The results are shown in a heat map (Figure 6(a), 6). Except for the poor affinity of polygonal and stigmasterol with PTGS2, the other bioactive components have good affinity to the target proteins. Among them, sitosterol, formononetin, and curcumin III have the highest affinity to the target proteins. Stigmasterol molecules enter the active pocket of the protein and match well with the active pocket. The curcumin III molecule enters the active pocket of the ALB protein, and its phenolic hydroxyl group interacts with the ARG117 amino acid to form two hydrogen bonds (Figure 6(b)).

Table 3: Docking results of bioactive components with target proteins.

Target proteins
PDB-ID
RMSD (nm)
△G (kcal/mol)

ALB
6HSC
0.9792
−10.6

BCL2L1
6RNU
1.222
−7.5

ESR1
6V87
1.1364
−9.5

HRAS
6E6C
1.2891
−9.4

MAP2K1
6PP9
1.4392
−8.1

MAPK14
6OHD
0.9642
−11.5

PTGS2
5KIR
1.4069
−9.3

SIRT1
4ZZI
1.3172
−9.7

(a)

(b)

Figure 6: Molecular docking results. (a) Docking results of the bioactive components with target proteins; (b) dominant conformation of the bioactive components with target proteins.

3.5. HCSC Suppresses In Vitro H1975 Cell Growth

The H1975 cells were treated with different concentrations of HCSC (8, 6, 5, 4, 3, and 1 mg/mL) for 24, 48, and 72 h. HCSC can inhibit cell proliferation and exhibit a dose-time effect relationship. Compared with that in the control group, in the test group, the inhibition rate increased, and the increase was statistically significant. The IC₅₀ value was 5.291 mg/mL, and the IC₂₀ value was 2.312 mg/mL after 24 h (Figure 7(a), 7).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 7: (a) Time- and dose-dependent effects of the freeze-dried HCSC powder treatment on the IR of H1975 cells; (b) the freeze-dried HCSC powder treatment induced apoptosis of H1975 cells in a dose-dependent manner; (c) time- and dose-dependent effects of the freeze-dried HCSC powder treatment on the migratory activities of H1975 cells. , vs. CG.

3.5.1. HCSC Promotes In Vitro H1975 Cell Apoptosis

The H1975 cells were treated with varying concentrations of HCSC (2.312–5.291 mg/mL) for 24 h. Compared with the control group, the rate of apoptosis in the test group increased significantly as the dose increased (15.17 ± 0.95 and 37.6 ± 1.64 vs. 6.33 ± 0.32) (). Thus, HCSC can indeed induce apoptosis in H1975 cells, and apoptosis may be the main cause of death (Figure 7(b)).

3.5.2. HCSC Suppresses In Vitro H1975 Cell Migration

After 12 h of scratching, the H1975 cells in the control group migrated to the scratch site. The mobility of the LD and HD groups was lower than that of the control group (), and the mobility of the HD group decreased compared with that of the LD group (). After 24 h of scratching, the number of cells at the scratch site of the control group increased, and the scratch healing was obvious. The mobility of the LD and HD groups was reduced compared with that of the control group (); there was no significant difference in the mobility of the HD group compared with that of the LD group (Figure 7(c)).

3.6. Protein Expression in H1975 Cells

Western blotting was used to detect the related proteins in the KEGG enrichment pathway, such as β-actin (Dawen Biotec, DW9562), caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP (Cell Signaling Technologies, 9662S, 9508S, 9542S). We found that compared with that in the control group, in the test groups, the expression level of caspase-3 in H1975 cells was significantly decreased (), whereas the expression level of cleaved caspase-3 was significantly increased (). Compared with that in the control group, in the test groups, the expression level of caspase-3 in H1975 cells in the HD group was significantly decreased (), whereas the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved PARP were significantly increased (). Compared with that in the LD group, in the test groups, the expression level of caspase-3 in the H1975 cells in the HD group was significantly decreased (), whereas the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP were significantly increased () and that of cleaved caspase-9 was significantly increased () (Figure 8).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 8: Expression levels of related proteins in H1975 cell. , vs. CG.

3.7. Verification of Bioactive Components

The total ion current diagram of the freeze-dried HCSC powder was obtained by LC-MS (Figure 9). Upon comparison with the database, a total of 16 chemical components were identified, including terpene lactones, flavonoids and their glycosides, organic acids, and flavanols (Table 4). It covers the components in the total ion current map, which has a significantly higher response than the matrix effect. Among them, formononetin and bisdemethoxycurcumin were consistent with the potential active components retrieved from the TCMSP database.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 9: (a) The total ion current diagram of the freeze-dried HCSC powder. (b) The ion current diagram of bisdemethoxycurcumin in the freeze-dried HCSC powder. (c) The ion current diagram of formononetin in the freeze-dried HCSC powder.

Table 4: Identification of chemical components in the freeze-dried powder of HCSC by LC-MS.

Compound name
Chemical formula
Observation retention time (min)
Detector count
Response
Adduct
Observed m/z
Measured molecular mass (Da)
Molecular mass (Da)

(6S)-2-Methyl-6-[(1R, 5S)-(4-methene-5-hydroxyl-2-cyclohexen)-2-hepten-4-one]
C15H22O2
15.28
9373
5998
−H
233.1543
234.1616
234.162

Sitogluside
C35H60O6
22.57
56579
14048
+HCOO,

+Cl
621.4356
576.4374
576.439

Valeriotetrate A
C37H58O15
6.89
326613
49743
−H
741.3715
742.3788
742.3776

Succinic acid
C4H6O4
1.23
61216
53369
−H
117.0193
118.0266
118.0266

Benzoic acid
C7H6O2
5.23
41341
38384
−H
121.0293
122.0366
122.0368

Curcumin
C21H20O6
7.33
9845
2416
−H
367.1178
368.1251
368.126

Formononetin
C16H12O4
8.85
227089
4392
−H
267.0655
268.0727
268.0736

Prunetin
C16H12O5
9.61
60909
48019
−H
283.0615
284.0688
284.0685

Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid
C15H8O4
10.31
65817
54668
+HCOO
297.0408
252.0426
252.0423

Kaempferol
C15H10O6
7.69
9773
8460
−H
285.0404
286.0477
286.0477

Bisdemethoxycurcumin
C19H16O4
8.35
7087
4832
+HCOO,

+Cl
353.1046
308.1064
308.1049

(2E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol
C10H18O
9.11
4098
3190
+HCOO
199.1335
154.1353
154.1358

3-Acetyl-6-methylpyran-2,4-dione
C8H8O4
4.87
171174
152811
−H
167.0352
168.0425
168.0423

Bisabolone-9-one
C15H22O2
9.37
3018
2568
+HCOO
279.1613
234.1631
234.162

BDBM50255128
C31H50O10
8.25
40387
2385
+Cl
617.3092
582.3398
582.3404

3.8. Symptoms and Diseases Associated with HCSC

SymMap provides herb-symptom relationships and symptom mechanism mapping. The results are as follows: HCSC contains 15 TCM symptoms, 11 TCM syndromes, 43 modern medicine symptoms, and 150 diseases. The TCM symptoms mainly include thoracic obstruction, Zhengjia, cardiodynia, abdominal mass, and amenorrhea, whereas the TCM syndromes involve phlegm-accumulation stasis, lung-spleen qi deficiency, and qi stagnation due to liver depression. The diseases mainly include SCLC, bladder cancer, T-cell immunodeficiency, pancreatic cancer, and other cancers, and the modern medicine symptoms include chest pain, dyspepsia, neoplastic growth, angina pectoris, and menopause.

4. Discussion

TCM is usually applied in combination; it is a therapeutic treatment mode comprising multiple pharmacological bioactive components that cooperate with different pathways. The mechanism of HCSC with multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple pathways has limited in-depth exploration. However, the emergence of network pharmacology has solved this problem.

In this study, we collected seven potential bioactive components of HCSC, among which hederagenin is a common component of Sparganii Rhizoma and Curcumae Rhizoma. Moreover, sitosterol [29], formononetin [30], and bisdemethoxycurcumin [31] have been reported to promote apoptosis in various human lung cancer cells. Despite the general disadvantage of lower efficacy, the bioactive components of HCSC have lower toxicity and lesser side-effects than other antitumor drugs [32]. By analysing the core targets of HCSC and its enrichment analysis with neighboring genes, we concluded that it is mainly involved in the mitochondrial-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis signaling pathway. Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death, including the endogenous mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, exogenous death receptor signaling pathway, and endoplasmic reticulum pathway [33]. The endogenous mitochondrial apoptosis pathway is divided into caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. Caspase is a family of proteolytic enzymes: caspase-9 is the initiator of endogenous apoptosis, whereas caspase-3 is the effector [34]. PARP-1 can be cleaved by caspase-3, which contributes to apoptosis [35]. GO enrichment analysis revealed that the bioactive components of HCSC may participate in apoptosis mainly by regulating the cell cycle. According to KEGG enrichment analysis, it may play an important role in treating lung cancer by regulating the P53 signaling pathway and promoting apoptosis. The results of molecular docking showed that the bioactive components in HCSC had a good affinity for the target proteins (ALB, BCL2L1, ESR1, HRAS, MAP2K1, MAPK14, and SIRT1). The docking positions were similar to the binding positions of the original ligands, which may play a role similar to that of the original ligands. Among these, sitosterol, formononetin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, which have been confirmed to promote apoptosis, are the most effective components in combination with the target proteins. It is speculated that they are the core bioactive components of HCSC that promote lung cancer cell apoptosis.

In vitro experiments in H1975 cells were used to clarify the activity of HCSC in treating lung cancer and to further verify the relevant molecular mechanisms predicted by network pharmacology. Experimental results showed that HCSC can significantly inhibit the proliferation of H1975 cells, promote apoptosis, and reduce cell migration. HCSC plays an all-around role in the treatment of lung cancer and is expected to overcome the resistance of EGFR-TKI caused by the T790M mutation. Western blotting results showed that the protein expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved PARP in H1975 cells after HCSC treatment were significantly higher than the levels of those in the control group. This suggests that HCSC can upregulate the mitochondrial-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis signaling pathway by inducing the cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP, consistent with the aforementioned network pharmacology prediction pathway. The activity of HCSC in the treatment of lung cancer is dose- and time-dependent to a certain extent. Because there were fewer concentration gradients in our experiment, more groups still need to be set to verify the above conclusions. LC-MS confirmed that formononetin and bisdemethoxycurcumin were present in the freeze-dried powder of HCSC, which matched the prediction in the database. This suggests that the in vitro antitumor effect of the freeze-dried powder of HCSC may be dominated by formononetin and bisdemethoxycurcumin.

This study also explains the relationship between disease-syndrome-herb through the analysis of the SymMap database. According to the basic theory of TCM, lung cancer was historically classified into the Zhengjia category. At present, there is no unified standard for the classification of TCM syndromes in lung cancer. The deficiency of lung-spleen qi and the stagnation of qi and blood stasis are common TCM syndromes in patients with advanced lung cancer, and these syndromes often manifest as dyspepsia and chest pain [36, 37]. This proves that the TCM symptoms, TCM syndromes, modern medicine symptoms, and diseases in the results correspond with each other. It can be inferred that HCSC effectively alleviates the abovementioned TCM syndromes. Clinical studies have shown that HCSC combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of lung cancer patients with qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome is beneficial for alleviating TCM syndromes, reducing the toxicity and side-effects of chemotherapy, and controlling tumor growth [38, 39]. However, the efficacy of HCSC on different subtypes of lung cancer and TCM syndromes requires further verification. Research on the corresponding relationship between disease, syndrome, and herbs may help explain the main TCM pathogenesis of diseases and lay the foundation for further study on the underlying mechanisms of personalised TCM treatment.

5. Conclusions

This research innovatively used network pharmacology and in vitro experiments to reach the following conclusions: (1) the core bioactive components of HCSC were sitosterol, formononetin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin; (2) HCSC can upregulate the mitochondrial-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis signaling pathway by inducing the cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP; (3) the qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome would be the most suitable for treatment with the HCSC. Thus, this study enhanced the therapeutic potential of HCSC in lung cancer.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included in the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Authors’ Contributions

Shuying Dai and Gaochenxi Zhang performed the data analysis work, and Fangmin Zhao aided in writing the manuscript. Qijin Shu designed the study.

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81173247).

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