Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2021 (2021), Article ID 7338276, 7 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7338276

Research Article

Effect Observation on Modified Zishen Tongguan Decoction Combined with Acupuncture in Treatment of Urinary Retention after Cervical Cancer Surgery and Its Influence on the Incidence of Adverse Reactions

Shujuan Wang,¹ Min Wang,¹ and Hongbin Zhang²

¹Traditional Chinese Medicine Dispensing Room, Jinan Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
²Department of Accupuncture, People’s Hospital of Shizhong District of Jinan, Jinan 250024, Shandong Province, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Hongbin Zhang; zhanghb1984@163.com

Received 6 September 2021; Accepted 28 September 2021; Published 13 October 2021

Academic Editor: Nadeem Khan

Copyright © 2021 Shujuan Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Objective. To explore the effect observation on modified Zishen Tongguan decoction combined with acupuncture in the treatment of urinary retention after cervical cancer surgery and its influence on the incidence of adverse reactions. Methods. The clinical data of 84 patients suffered from urinary retention after radical resection of cervical cancer (December 2018–December 2019) in the oncology department of Jinan Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were selected for retrospective analysis. According to the order of admission, they were divided into group A (n = 42), treated with conventional therapy, modified Zishen Tongguan decoction, and acupuncture, and group B (n = 42), treated with conventional therapy. The clinical efficacy of the two groups was observed, the urination function indexes after therapy were recorded, and the clinical efficacy and incidence of adverse reactions were analyzed. Results. After therapy, compared with group B, the average urinary flow rate, maximum urinary flow rate, bladder compliance (BC) level value, and the number of patients with good recovery of bladder function of group A were obviously higher , and the urination time and detrusor pressure were obviously lower . There was no significant difference in the average scoring of overactive bladder syndrome score (OABSS) between the two groups at 7 days of therapy . The average OABSS of group A at 14 days of therapy was obviously lower than that of group B . Compared with group B, the total clinical effective rate of group A was obviously higher , while the total incidence of adverse reactions was obviously lower . Conclusion. Modified Zishen Tongguan decoction combined with acupuncture is a reliable method to treat urinary retention after cervical cancer surgery, which greatly improves the urination function of patients, as well as the clinical efficacy. Further research will help create a better solution for patients with urinary retention after cervical cancer surgery.

1. Introduction

Cervical cancer is the primary malignant tumor of cervix, ranking first among women’s malignant tumors in our country, with clinical manifestations of vaginal bleeding, swelling and pain of lower limbs, and unpleasant smell [1, 2]. Surgery is a common method to treat cervical cancer, but it affects a wide range of lesions and easily damages ligamentum and nerve fibers. Because of the long recovery time of bladder contraction after surgery, the incidence of urinary retention is very high. The symptom is that the urine in the bladder is filled to capacity and cannot discharge by itself, which is a common complication after cervical cancer surgery [3–5]. Urinary retention can cause urinary tract infection, resulting in dysuria. In addition, because the bladder cannot be emptied, bacterial infection is easy to occur and cystitis is caused. Currently, indwelling urinary catheter is mostly adopted in the clinic as a routine treatment method [6], which, although can alleviate the symptoms to a certain extent, has poor treatment effect due to the fact that long indwelling period can easily cause infection. Therefore, an effective treatment program for urinary retention after cervical cancer surgery is urgently needed. Some scholars have pointed out in their research [7] that the addition of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment on the base of conventional therapy such as urinary catheterization has significant effect, and the use of TCM to treat urinary retention has received widespread attention. TCM believes that the patients’ vitality is badly sapped after surgery, their lung, spleen, and kidney are weak, and their waterways cannot be regulated, causing difficulty in urination [8]. Therefore, the treatment should be based on tonifying the kidney and qi and dissipating heat and stasis. Zishen Tongguan decoction has the effect of promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, tonifying the kidney, and inducing diuresis for treating stranguria, which can improve the urination function after surgery and accelerate rehabilitation of patients. Previous studies have shown that acupuncture can promote the voluntary movement of bladder to reduce the urinary dysfunction [9]. However, there are few reports about the combination of TCM and acupuncture in treating urinary retention after cervical cancer surgery. This study aims to provide more accurate data for the studies of Zishen Tongguan decoction combined with acupuncture in the treatment of urinary retention after cervical cancer surgery and provide some clinical reference.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. General Data

The clinical data of 84 patients suffered from urinary retention after radical resection of cervical cancer (December 2018–December 2019) in the oncology department of Jinan Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were selected for retrospective analysis. According to the order of admission, they were divided into group A (n = 42) and group B (n = 42). See Figure 1 for details.

Figure 1: Route of experimental technique.

2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) all the enrolled patients met the diagnostic criteria for cervical cancer of Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Cancer (4thedition) [10] and were diagnosed by histopathology, and the clinical manifestations included contact bleeding, abnormal vaginal bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge, and urgency of micturition; (2) all patients underwent radical resection of cervical cancer; (3) the patients suffered from postoperative urinary retention, and their residual urine volume was >100 ml; (4) the patients were diagnosed with urinary retention by ultrasonography and reproductive system examination; and (5) the patients were conscious, and their clinical data were complete.

The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) the patients with urinary calculus; (2) the patients with liver and kidney dysfunction and immune disease; (3) the patients with other severe postoperative complications such as pelvic infection, lymphocyst, postoperative bleeding, and urethrovaginal fistula; (4) the patients with bladder dysfunction; and (5) the patients who were allergic to the medicine in this study.

The study was approved by the ethics committee of Jinan Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and all the patients and their families knew the study and signed the informed consent.

2.3. Methods

After surgical treatments including extensive hysterectomy and laparoscopic pelvic lymph node resection, all patients had urinary retention after surgery, received indwelling urethral catheter, and orally took the prazosin hydrochloride tablets (manufactured by Changzhou Pharmaceutical Factory Co., Ltd., NMPA approval no. H32023906; specification: 1 mg × 100 tablets/bottle). Meanwhile, physical stimulation, such as hot compress, massage of bladder area, and listening to the sound of water flow, was applied to patients. The urine bag was changed and perineum was disinfected once a day [11].

Patients in group A were additionally treated with modified Zishen Tongguan decoction combined with acupuncture. Zishen Tongguan decoction included, respectively, 20 g of Chinese yam, Cortex Phellodendri, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, cowherb seed, and Poria; 10 g of Rhizoma Alismatis, lycopodii herb, Cortex Moutan Radicis, Polyporus umbellatus, and Cornus officinalis; 50 g of Radix Astragali; 15 g of Fructus aurantii, Prepared Radix Rehmanniae, Peach Kernel, and Achyranthes root; 8 g of Radix Aconiti Carmichaeli and Cortex Cinnamomi; 12 g of Rhizoma Sparganii and Rhizoma Curcumae; and 6 g of liquorice root. The patients were administrated with the decoction for 50 ml each time and 3 times a day (the decoction was decocted with water). If the patients were accompanied by red complexion, irritability, red urine, constipation, and yellow tongue with red coating, the illness was diagnosed as toxic heat. 10 g of Hemp Fruit and mirabilite, respectively, should be added. If the patients had heaviness sensation in the limbs and head, recessive fever, bitter taste, yellow urine, little urinary volume, chest fullness, and red tongue with yellow coating, the illness was diagnosed as internal damp-heat. 20 g of capillary Artemisia and 30 g of gentian should be added. If the patients were accompanied by tiredness, abdominal distension, epigastric discomfort, diarrhea, and pale tongue with white coating, the illness was diagnosed as stagnancy of cold-dampness. 6 g of Manchurian Wildginger, 15 g of parasitic Loranthus, and 10 g of Chinese teasel root should be added. If the patients had feverish sensation over the palm and sole, pale complexion, tiredness, and red tongue with little coating, the illness was diagnosed as deficiency of qi and yin. 15 g of Radix Scrophulariae and 20 g of Polygonatum odoratum, Ophiopogon japonicus, Radix Rehmanniae, and Dendrobium should be added.

2.3.1. Acupuncture Therapy

The patients received acupuncture therapy from the 4th day after surgery. The lateral position was taken. Yinlingquan, Qihai, Guanyuan, Zusanli, Baihui, bilateral Sanyinjiao, and bladder meridian acupoints were selected for acupuncture. After routine disinfection, twirling-reinforcing- and uniform reinforcing-reducing needling methods were used. The retaining needle time for the above acupoints was 30 min. The acupuncture was conducted once a day. Both groups were treated for 21 consecutive days, and the therapeutic outcome was observed [12, 13].

2.4. Observation Indexes

An intelligent urinary flow rate detector (manufacturer: Beijing Zhongxi Huada Technology Co., Ltd.; model: CN202M272181) was used to detect the average urinary flow rate, maximum urinary flow rate, and urination time of the two groups after therapy. Urodynamic analyzer (manufacturer: Beijing Haifuda Technology Co., Ltd.; model: ZN999-Nidoc970A) was used to detect detrusor pressure and bladder compliance (BC) level value.

Residual urine volume ≤100 ml indicated good recovery of bladder function. The number of patients with good recovery of bladder function in both groups after therapy was evaluated.

Urination situation at 7 days and 14 days of therapy of the two groups was evaluated according to overactive bladder syndrome score (OABSS) [14]. The scale included urination frequency during daytime, urination frequency at night, urinary urgency, and urge urinary incontinence, with the total score of 15 points. The higher the score, the more severe the overactive bladder syndrome.

Evaluation of clinical symptoms: (1) if the urinary retention disappeared, urination was smooth, and residual urine volume was not more than 50 ml, it was cured. If the urinary retention basically disappeared, urination was a little blocked, and residual urine volume was 51–100 ml, it was markedly effective. If the urinary retention was reduced, urination lasted longer, there was painful and uncomfortable urination, and residual urine volume was 51–100 ml, it was effective. If the patients could not urinate by themselves, it was invalid.

The incidence of adverse reactions of the two groups was recorded, including rash, salivation, urinary system infection, and nausea and vomiting.

2.5. Statistical Methods

The data processing software selected in this study was SPSS21.0, and the selected drawing software was GraphPad Prism 7 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, USA). The count data were tested by the X² test and described by (n (%)). The measurement data were tested by the t test and described by mean ± SD. indicated that the difference had statistical significance.

3. Results

3.1. Comparison of the Baseline Data

There was no significant difference in baseline data including mean age, BMI, disease types, and clinical stages between the two groups , as shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Comparison of baseline data (n = 42).

Items
Group A
Group B
X²/t

Mean age (mean ± SD, years old)
42.18 ± 3.46
42.23 ± 3.42
0.067
0.947

BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m²)
21.82 ± 1.03
21.76 ± 1.06
0.263
0.793

Disease types (n (%))

Squamous cell carcinoma
28 (66.67%)
25 (59.52%)
0.460
0.498

Adenocarcinoma
7 (16.67%)
9 (21.43%)
0.309
0.578

Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma
5 (11.90%)
7 (16.67%)
0.389
0.533

Small cell carcinoma
2 (4.76%)
1 (2.38%)
0.346
0.557

Clinical stages (n (%))

Stage IB2
13 (30.95%)
11 (26.19%)
0.233
0.629

Stage IIA1
17 (40.48%)
19 (45.24%)
0.194
0.659

Stage IIA2
9 (21.43%)
11 (26.19%)
0.263
0.608

Stage IIB1
3 (7.14%)
1 (2.38%)
1.050
0.306

Surgery time (mean ± SD, min)
155.48 ± 29.18
155.36 ± 30.19
0.019
0.985

Bladder urinary retention (mean ± SD, ml)
473.46 ± 36.74
475.25 ± 35.62
0.227
0.821

Physical work (n (%))

0.441
0.507

Yes
26 (61.90%)
23 (54.76%)

No
16 (38.10%)
19 (45.24%)

Surgical approaches (n (%))

0.202
0.653

Laparoscopic surgery
27 (64.29%)
25 (59.52%)

Laparotomy
15 (35.71%)
17 (40.48%)

Marital status (n (%))

Married
6 (14.29%)
8 (19.05%)
0.343
0.558

Unmarried
34 (80.95%)
31 (73.81%)
0.612
0.434

Divorced
2 (4.76%)
3 (7.14%)
0.213
0.645

Residence (n (%))

0.778
0.378

Cities and towns
16 (38.10%)
20 (47.62%)

Countryside
26 (61.90%)
22 (52.38%)

Education level (n (%))

College and above
8 (19.05%)
7 (16.67%)
0.081
0.776

High school
25 (59.52%)
21 (50.00%)
0.769
0.381

Middle school and below
9 (21.43%)
14 (33.33%)
1.497
0.221

3.2. Comparison of the Urination Situation after Therapy

After therapy, compared with group B, the average urinary flow rate and maximum urinary flow rate of group A were obviously higher, while the urination time and detrusor pressure were obviously lower . See details in Table 2.

Table 2: Comparison of urination situation after therapy (mean ± SD, n = 42).

Items
Average urinary flow rate (cm/s)
Maximum urinary flow rate (cm/s)
Urination time (s)
Detrusor pressure (cm·H₂O)

Group A
8.32 ± 1.36
16.27 ± 2.27
34.18 ± 4.63
22.17 ± 3.18

Group B
6.27 ± 1.42
12.96 ± 2.31
41.26 ± 4.73
28.12 ± 3.21

t
6.757
6.623
6.932
8.534

＜0.001
＜0.001
＜0.001
＜0.001

3.3. Comparison of the Number of Patients with Good Recovery of Bladder Function and BC Level Values after Therapy

After therapy, the BC level value and the number of patients with good recovery of bladder function of group A were obviously higher compared with group B , as shown in Figure 2.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: Comparison of the number of patients with good recovery of bladder function and BC level values after therapy (n (%), mean ± SD). (a) Comparison of BC level values between the two groups after therapy. The horizontal axis represents group A and group B, and the vertical axis represents BC level value (ml/H₂O). After therapy, the BC level values in group A and group B were 64.35 ± 8.34 ml/H₂O and 56.23 ± 8.46 ml/H₂O, respectively. There was a significant difference in BC level values between the two groups after therapy (t = 4.430, ). (b) Comparison of the number of patients with good recovery of bladder function between the two groups after therapy. The horizontal axis represents group A and group B, and the vertical axis represents the number of patients with good recovery of bladder function (n (%)). After therapy, the number of patients with good recovery of bladder function in group A and group B were 39 (92.86%) and 32 (76.19%), respectively. There was a significant difference in the number of patients with good recovery of bladder function between the two groups after therapy (X² = 4.459, ).

3.4. Comparison of the OABSS Scores at 7 and 14 Days of Therapy

There was no significant difference in the average OABSS scores between the two groups at 7 days of therapy . The average OABSS score of group A was obviously lower compared with group B at 14 days of therapy . See details in Figure 3.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: Comparison of OABSS scores at 7 d and 14 d of therapy (mean ± SD, n = 42). (a) Comparison of OABSS scores between the two groups at 7 d of therapy. The average OABSS scores of group A and group B at 7 d of therapy were 9.17 ± 1.72 points and 10.40 ± 1.67 points, respectively. (b) Comparison of OABSS scores between the two groups at 14 d of therapy. The average OABSS scores of group A and group B at 14 d of therapy were 5.58 ± 1.50 points and 7.98 ± 1.60 points, respectively. The horizontal axis represents group A and group B, and the vertical axis represents OABSS score (points). There was a significant difference in average OABSS scores between the two groups at 14 d of therapy (t = 7.092, ).

3.5. Comparison of the Clinical Efficacy

The total clinical effective rate of group A was obviously higher compared with group B , as shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Comparison of clinical efficacy (n (%)).

Items
n
Cured
Markedly effective
Effective
Invalid
Total clinical effective rate

Group A
42
23 (54.76)
11 (26.19)
6 (14.29)
2 (4.76)
95.24% (40/42)

Group B
42
17 (40.48)
9 (21.43)
8 (19.05)
8 (19.05)
80.95% (34/42)

X²

4.087

<0.05

3.6. Comparison of the Incidence of Adverse Reactions

The total incidence of adverse reactions of group A was obviously lower compared with group B , as shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Comparison of incidence of adverse reactions (n (%)).

Items
n
Rash
Salivation
Urinary tract infection
Nausea and vomiting
Total incidence

Group A
42
1 (2.38)
0 (0.00)
0 (0.00)
2 (4.76)
7.14% (3/42)

Group B
42
2 (4.76)
1 (2.38)
4 (9.52)
3 (7.14)
23.81% (10/42)

X²

4.459

<0.05

4. Discussion

Cervical cancer is one of the most common diseases affecting women’s health, and the continuous infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important pathogenic factor in the occurrence and development of it [15, 16]. Surgical resection is often used clinically, which has better therapeutic effect. However, because of the large trauma area of the surgery and intraoperative free ureter lower end, the peripheral nerve of the bladder may be removed when upper pushing the bladder, thereby causing postoperative bladder dysfunction and then the occurrence of urinary retention [17]. In addition, because of the mental stress caused by postoperative pain, being unaccustomed to urinating in bed, and urinary tract infection caused by urinary catheter insertion, the possibility of urinary retention will also increase, which may result in pyelitis, obstruction of the ureter, ureteral fistula, and other complications, affecting the postoperative recovery. At present, indwelling urinary catheter combined with Western medicine is often used as a conventional therapy. Although it can relieve clinical symptoms to a certain extent, urinary tract infection may be caused by long-term indwelling catheter, with limited efficacy [18].

It has been reported [19] that the implementation of TCM treatment in patients with urinary retention after mixed hemorrhoid surgery can stimulate the bladder and induce diuresis. TCM believes that urinary retention belongs to the category of uroschesis. Kidney qi deficiency, lack of vitality after surgery, and unregulated waterways can result in inability to urinate normally and retention of the bladder. Therefore, the therapy should be based on tonifying the kidney and qi, removing blood stasis, and alleviating water retention [20]. In this study, the therapeutic effect of modified Zishen Tongguan decoction combined with acupuncture on urinary retention after cervical cancer surgery was observed. Modern pharmacological studies have shown [21] that Radix Astragali has the effect of replenishing vitality, antiaging, enhancing immunity, and inducing diuresis. Rhizoma Anemarrhenae can nourish the kidney and yin, clear heat, and drain fire, which has antibacterial and antitumor effect. Rhizoma Alismatis is cold-natured, which can remove dampness and promote diuresis after entering the kidney and bladder meridian. Polyporus umbellatus plays a role of inducing diuresis and curing edema. Polyporus polysaccharide injection was subcutaneously injected to rats by some scholars [22], and significant increase of urine volume was found in the rats. The combined use of the above herbal medicine can make patients’ kidney-qi sufficient, bladder gasification normal, and urination smooth. Acupuncture takes patients’ acupoints as the point of penetration, which can treat disease of internal organs. Guanyuan, Yinlingquan, Zusanli, etc., are selected for regulating the bladder and assisting in gasification. Yilingquan is selected for promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis and clearing heat and dampness. Acupuncture on the above points has the effect of dredging meridians, promoting qi to induce diuresis, solid off, and addendum [23].

This study showed that compared with group B, the average urinary flow rate and maximum urinary flow rate of group A after therapy were obviously higher, while the urination time and detrusor pressure were obviously lower . It is speculated that Zishen Tongguan decoction combined with acupuncture can affect neuronal activity, promote the contraction of sphincter and detrusor, and enhance urinary function. BC refers to the ability to maintain constant pressure or slightly increase pressure, which is the tolerance of the bladder to the increased fluid [24]. This study showed that the BC level value of group A after therapy was obviously higher compared with group B . It is speculated that acupuncture plays a role during the treatment, which can regulate yin and yang of viscera and promote the functional recovery of bladder smooth muscle through stimulating acupoints. Cowherb seed and Rhizoma Alismatis included in the decoction can stimulate nerve conduction, increase the blood perfusion of the local vessels of the bladder detrusor, and promote the recovery of tissue, which has been confirmed in the study of Nardone et al. [25]. The study also showed that the incidence of adverse reactions of group A was obviously lower compared with group B , indicating that Chinese herbal decoction combined with acupuncture had high safety and could improve the therapeutic effect. Deficiencies of this study were as follows. The clinical trial lasted for 3 weeks due to the limitation of the research cycle, and the long-term efficacy of the patients after therapy could not be completely followed up. Therefore, the experimental design scheme needed to be improved. There was a lack of research on emotional changes and quality of life of patients. It is hoped that the impact on the life and mental health of such patients could be evaluated in future studies.

In summary, the modified Zishen Tongguan decoction combined with acupuncture can significantly improve the therapeutic effect, bladder compliance, and urinary function in patients with urinary retention after cervical cancer surgery. Therefore, the combined use of modified Zishen Tongguan decoction and acupuncture has high clinical value.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

References

K. Imaizumi, Y. Tsukada, Y. Komai et al., “Prediction of urinary retention after surgery for rectal cancer using voiding efficiency in the 24 h following Foley catheter removal,” International Journal of Colorectal Disease, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1431–1443, 2019.

M. Karavitakis, I. Kyriazis, M. I. Omar et al., “Management of urinary retention in patients with benign prostatic obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” European Urology, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 788–798, 2019.

S. L. Erin, P. Alam, M. Meister et al., “Antibiotic prophylaxis during catheter-managed postoperative urinary retention after pelvic reconstructive surgery a randomized controlled trial,” Obstetrics and Gynecology: Journal of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, vol. 134, no. 4, pp. 727–735, 2019.

M. J. Halawi, N. Caminiti, M. P. Cote, A. D. Lindsay, and V. J. Williams, “The most significant risk factors for urinary retention in fast-track total joint arthroplasty are iatrogenic,” The Journal of Arthroplasty, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 136–139, 2019.

P. D. Reiter and A. C. Clevenger, “Nalbuphine reduces opioid-associated urinary retention in pediatric patients,” Pediatric Critical Care Medicine A Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. E240–E244, 2019.

M. F. Mengatto, B. G. R. Castro, L. Nobrega et al., “Early removal of indwelling urinary catheter after radical surgery for early‐stage cervical cancer-a cohort study,” Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 122, no. 7, pp. 1498–1505, 2020.

F. Kum, A. Jones, and R. Nigam, “Factors influencing urinary retention after transperineal template biopsy of the prostate: outcomes from a regional cancer centre,” World Journal of Urology, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 337–342, 2019.

S. Behbehani, R. Delara, J. Yi, K. Kunze, E. Suarez-Salvador, and M. Wasson, “Predictors of postoperative urinary retention in outpatient minimally invasive hysterectomy,” Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 681–686, 2020.

A. Alas, L. Martin, H. Devakumar et al., “Anesthetics' role in postoperative urinary retention after pelvic organ prolapse surgery with concomitant midurethral slings: a randomized clinical trial,” International Urogynecology Journal, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 205–213, 2020.

J. N. Panicker, Y. Miki, A. Batla et al., “Early presentation of urinary retention in multiple system atrophy: can the disease begin in the sacral spinal cord?” Journal of Neurology, vol. 267, no. 3, pp. 659–664, 2020.

L. Katrien, J. de Lepeleire, J. Béatrice, F. Buntinx, and B. Catry, “Diagnosis, prevention and control of urinary tract infections: a survey of routine practices in Belgian nursing homes,” Journal of Infection Prevention, vol. 21, pp. 182–188, 2020.

M. Cremins, S. Vellanky, G. Mccann, M. Mancini, L. Sanzari, and A. Yannopoulos, “Considering healthcare value and associated risk factors with postoperative urinary retention after elective laminectomy,” The Spine Journal, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 701–707, 2020.

D. Strassle Paula, E. Sickbert-Bennett Emily, and K. Michael, “Incidence and risk factors of non-device-associated urinary tract infections in an acute-care hospital,” Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, vol. 40, pp. 1242–1247, 2019.

R. Scholten, K. Kremers, S. A. W. van de Groes, D. M. Somford, and S. Koëter, “Incidence and risk factors of postoperative urinary retention and bladder catheterization in patients undergoing fast-track total joint arthroplasty: a prospective observational study on 371 patients,” The Journal of Arthroplasty, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 1546–1551, 2018.

T. L. Griebling, “Re: clinical epidemiology: detrusor voiding contraction maximum power, related to ageing,” Journal of Urology, vol. 202, no. 3, p. 440, 2019.

S. Suzuki, E. Kakizaki, R. Kobayashi, and S. Teshima, “Risk factors for postpartum urinary retention after vaginal delivery at term without epidural anesthesia,” The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, vol. 32, no. 19/24, pp. 3470–3472, 2019.

M. Denham, K. Donovan, N. Wetoska et al., “Effects of dexamethasone on postoperative urinary retention after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair,” Surgical Endoscopy, vol. 33, pp. 3008–3013, 2019.

A. Lucio, B. L. Christiane, B. P. Damasceno, M. H. B. de Moraes Lopes, and C. A. Levi D’ancona, “The effect of pelvic floor muscle contraction on detrusor overactivity pressure in neurogenic and nonneurogenic women during urodynamic study a cross-sectional study,” American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 275–279, 2019.

L. Qing, L. Jun, and W. Yong, “Effect of electroacupuncture preconditioning combined with induced urination on urinary retention after milligan-morgan hemorrhoidectomy,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 39, pp. 821–824, 2019.

M. Kozomara, U. Mehnert, B. Seifert, and T. M. Kessler, “Is detrusor contraction during rapid bladder filling caused by cold or warm water? a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial,” Journal of Urology, vol. 199, no. 1, pp. 223–228, 2018.

K. D. Sievert, “Is detrusor contraction during rapid bladder filling caused by cold or warm water? a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial editorial comment,” Journal of Urology, vol. 199, no. 1, pp. 227-228, 2018.

D. A. Schettini, F. G. Freitas, D. Y. Tomotani, J. C. Alves, A. T. Bafi, and F. R. Machado, “Incidence and risk factors for urinary retention in critically ill patients,” Nursing in Critical Care, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 355–361, 2019.

C. Bekos, R. Morgenbesser, H. Kölbl et al., “Uterus preservation in case of vaginal prolapse surgery acts as a protector against postoperative urinary retention,” Journal of Clinical Medicine, vol. 9, no. 11, p. 3773, 2020.

R. Lauterbach, C. F. Sokolovski, J. Rozenberg, and A. Weissman, “Acupuncture for the treatment of post-partum urinary retention,” European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology: An International Journal, pp. 22335–22338, 2018.

R. Nardone, V. Versace, L. Sebastianelli et al., “Transcranial magnetic stimulation and bladder function: a systematic review,” Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 130, no. 11, pp. 2032–2037, 2019.