Development from Jasminum sambac Flower Extracts of Products with Floral Fragrance and Multiple Physiological Activities

To obtain a potential commercial product with floral fragrance and physiological properties from Jasminum sambac flower extracts, enfleurage was conducted for a short time and followed by further extraction through supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The product extracted through SFE (called 100%SFE) exhibited low physiological activity (including 50.7% antityrosinase activity, 38.6%–45.9% radical scavenging activity, and 6,518–15,003 mg/L half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] of antioxidant activity) and an intense jasmine-like flavor but was nontoxic to CCD-996SK and HEMn cells. By contrast, the residue (called RO) exhibited high physiological activity (94.2%–100%), light jasmine-like flavor, and slight cytotoxicity at the concentration of 4,000 mg/L. When 100%SFE and RO were mixed in the ratio 2 : 8, the resultant mixture exhibited 100% antityrosinase activity, >91.3% radical scavenging activity, strong antioxidant activity (IC50: 273–421 mg/L), high total phenolic content (172.15 mg-GAE/g-extract), noncytotoxicity, and moderately intense jasmine-like flavor; it is also economically competitive. The major antioxidants in these extracts were revealed through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Additionally, the composition and quality of fragrance were confirmed through GC-MS and sensory evaluation, respectively. The major fragrance components in the 2 : 8 extract mixture were benzyl acetate, β-pinene, pentadecyl-2-propyl ester, citronellol, jasminolactone, linalool, farnesol, and jasmone. On the basis of the results, we strongly suggest that the 2 : 8 mixture of extracts from J. sambac flowers can be a powerful antioxidant, whitening, and nontoxic ingredient that can be employed in the pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and food industries.


Introduction
Jasminum sambac Linn. (Family Oleaceae) (J. sambac) is an erect or scandent shrub, can grow up to roughly 1-1.5 m, and is cultivated throughout tropical and subtropical regions [1]. e flowering stage of J. sambac is long in Taiwan (May to October), and thus, this flower can be commercially cultivated in Taiwan for producing value-added products, such as essential oils, in both absolute and concrete forms [2]. e value-added products of J. sambac flowers are used extensively in the manufacture of cosmetics, perfumes, drinks, and consumer goods (e.g., toilet paper, paper tissues, and detergent) [3]. Furthermore, the flowers have been reported to have therapeutic uses in medicine for soothing irritating coughs, alleviating muscular pain [4], and treating dermatitis, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, and abdominal pain [5] as well as preventing breast cancer and stopping uterine bleeding [6]. Moreover, J. sambac flowers are known to have other physiological and pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, antiaging, skin-lightening, and antibacterial activities [7], and no systemic biological toxicity or mortality was observed in tested mice [8]. e essential oils and extracts of J. sambac flowers are, therefore, safe as functional ingredients for general use in medicines, cosmetics, and food.
To obtain essential oils, absolute or concrete, from jasmine flowers, different extraction techniques have been employed, such as enfleurage, maceration, and solvent extraction [9]. However, poor product quality is a concern when using these methods because of solvent residues, low physiological activity, impurity, and a distorted smell [10]. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a rapid, selective, and convenient method and is usually performed with pure or modified CO 2 [11]. It has the advantages of low operating temperature, short extraction time, favorable selectivity, high environmental compatibility, and little solvent residue [12].
us, SFE is considered one of the most efficient extraction methods in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
Different extraction techniques, floral stages, and varieties result in different chemical constituents and concentrations in jasmine flower extracts [13]. More than 100 constituents have been identified, but linalool, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzyl acetate, β-farnesene, citronellol, and nerolidol are often abundant in the extracts of J. sambac flowers obtained through SFE, solvent extraction, hydrodistillation, or enfleurage [1,3,11]. Furthermore, the variation in the chemical constituents of J. sambac flower extracts is dependent on the geographical origin of the J. sambac-that is, China, Pakistan, India, or Indonesia [7,11,12,14]. e extracts have different aromas or various physiological properties, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antityrosinase, antitumor, and analgesic activities [15].
Commercially, an extracted product of J. sambac flowers should have both a floral fragrance and physiological properties. Enfleurage is used for preparing aromatic oils; however, it involves a long preparation time (e.g., 12 days) and laborious steps [3]. To solve this problem and obtain an extract with a high-grade aroma, SFE with CO 2 is applied (SFE-CO 2 ) [16]. SFE-CO 2 is a known extraction method for low-polarity, lipophilic, or low-boiling-point volatile compounds such as aromatic compounds, but it is unfavorable for extracting compounds with polar groups (-OH, -COOH, etc.) [17]. erefore, compounds with physiological or pharmacological activity-such as those containing polyols, polybasic acids, and polyhydroxy aromatic compounds-are found in small amounts in extracts obtained using SFE-CO 2 .
To obtain products from J. sambac flower extracts that have both high-grade aroma and desirable physiological properties, we prepared J. sambac flower extracts by using enfleurage for a short duration (6 or 24 h) and further extracted or concentrated the extracts through SFE-CO 2 . e physiological properties, cytotoxicity, and chemical constituents of the extracts, residual oils, and mixture extracts were evaluated. Finally, the floral fragrance of the four types of J. sambac flower mixture extracts was evaluated through a sensory test. To our knowledge, this is the first study to develop products from J. sambac flower extracts that have a high-grade aroma and multifunctional activities and that can be used in food, medicine, and cosmetics.

Extract Preparation.
e J. sambac flowers were washed with distilled water to remove dirt on petals. Petals were separated from sepals, weighed, air-dried at room temperature, and then used in extraction. In the extraction, approximately 30 g of flowers was subjected to maceration with 300 mL of canola oil at room temperature for 6 or 24 h and then centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 15 min; the products obtained were called 5% oil extract (called 5%OE) and 20% oil extract (called 20%OE), respectively. Afterward, the 20%OE product was placed into the extractor of the SFE apparatus (Separex, France), and supercritical CO 2 extraction was performed. e extraction was conducted at 200 bar pressure and 35°C on the basis of the method detailed by Younis et al. [11]. In the separator of the SFE apparatus, CO 2 vapor was released, leaving the extract free from CO 2 , and the extracted compounds (called 100%SFE) were collected in a flask. Furthermore, the residues in the extractor (called RO) were collected. To obtain potential commercial products (PCPs) with floral fragrance and physiological properties, 2,000 mg/L 100%SFE and 4,000 mg/L RO were mixed in various ratios: 1 : 9, 2 : 8, 3 : 7, and 4 : 6.

Tyrosinase Activity Measurement.
e mushroom tyrosinase activity of the J. sambac extracts-5%OE, 20%OE, RO, 100%SFE, and PCPs-was measured through a modification of the method of Wang et al. [18]. First, 10 μL of the extract was mixed with 65 μL of L-tyrosine (0.03%), 105 μL of phosphate-buffered saline (pH 6.8), and 20 μL of tyrosinase solution in a 96-well microplate and incubated at 25°C for 30 min in the dark. Before and after incubation, the absorbance of the reaction solution was measured at 490 nm using an Epoch ELISA reader (Bio-Tek Instruments, Winooski, VT, USA). Kojic acid and α-arbutin were used as positive controls. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. e antityrosinase activity of the tested sample was calculated as follows: where A is the absorbance at 490 nm without extracts (control), B is the absorbance at 490 nm without extracts and enzymes (blank), C is the absorbance at 490 nm with extracts and enzymes, and D is the absorbance at 490 nm without enzymes (blank of C). e half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of the extracts was identified as the concentration at which the tyrosinase activity was half its original value.
Here, 1 mL of the extract was mixed with 1 mL of ethanol (95%) and 0.5 mL of DPPH solution (100 µM) and incubated at 25°C for 1 h in the dark. Before and after incubation, the absorbance of this reaction solution was measured at 517 nm by using an ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer (Shimizu, Japan). Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was used as a positive control. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. e scavenging activity of the tested sample was calculated as follows: where A 0 is the absorbance of the blank (without extract), and A is the absorbance of the test sample.

Measurement of 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid) Radical Scavenging
Activity. e 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity of the J. sambac extracts was measured using the method described by Lee et al. [20]. ABTS cation radical solution was prepared by mixing 7 mM ABTS with 2.45 mM K 2 S 2 O 8 (1 : 1) for 12 h in the dark and then storing the mixture at room temperature. Before use, the ABTS solution was diluted with methanol until the absorbance at 734 nm reached 0.7. en, 50 μL of the extract was mixed with 950 μL of diluted ABTS solution and incubated at 25°C for 30 min. Before and after incubation, the absorbance of this reaction solution was measured at 734 nm by using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. BHT was used as a positive control. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. e ABTS radical scavenging activity of the tested sample was calculated as follows: where A 0 is the absorbance of the blank (without extract), and A is the absorbance of the test sample.

Measurement of Reducing
Power. e ferric reducing power of the J. sambac extract was measured using the method described by Fejes et al. [21]. First, 1 mL of extract was mixed with 2.5 mL of phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 6.5) and 2.5 mL of K 3 Fe(CN) 6 (1%); the mixture was then incubated at 50°C for 20 min. After incubation, 2.5 mL of Cl 3 CCOOH (10%) was added to terminate the reaction. After centrifugation at 4,000 × g for 20 min, 2.5 mL of supernatant was collected and mixed with 2.5 mL of deionized water and 0.5 mL of FeCl 3 (0.1%) for 10 min. e absorbance was determined at 700 nm by using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. e IC 50 value was defined as the effective concentration of the extract at which the absorbance was 0.5.

β-Carotene Bleaching Assay.
A β-carotene bleaching (BCB) assay of the J. sambac extracts was performed using a modification of the method of Lee et al. [22]. Briefly, 20 μL of β-carotene solution (20 mg/mL) was mixed with 1 mL of CHCl 3 , 40 μL of linoleic acid, and 400 mg of Tween 40 in a round-bottomed flask, and the CHCl 3 was then removed at 45°C in a rotary vacuum evaporator. After evaporation, 100 mL of distilled water was added, and the mixture was stirred in a sonicator. e resulting solution of volume 2.5 mL was then mixed with 350 μL of extract. e solution was gently shaken and incubated at 50°C. e absorbance of the solution was measured at 470 nm by using a UV-vis spectrophotometer every 20 min until 120 min. BHT was used as a positive control. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. e antioxidant activity was calculated in terms of percentage of inhibition relative to the control by using the following equation: where A 0 is the absorbance of the blank (without extract), and A is the absorbance of the test sample. e IC 50 values of the BCB activity of extracts were evaluated at 50% antioxidant activity.

Measurement of Ferrous-Ion-Chelating
Activity. e ferrous-ion-chelating (FIC) activity of the J. sambac extracts was measured using the method described by Wu et al. [19]. First, 2 mL of extract was thoroughly mixed with 0.1 mL of FeSO 4 (2 mM). After 30 s, 0.2 mL of ferrozine solution (5 mM) was added, and the mixture was shaken again, after which it was incubated at room temperature for 10 min. e absorbance was measured at 562 nm by using a UV-vis spectrophotometer.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used as a positive control. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. e FIC activity of extracts was calculated as follows:

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
where A 0 is the absorbance of the blank (without extract), and A is the absorbance of the test sample. e IC 50 values of the FIC activity of extracts were evaluated at 50% chelating activity.

Determination of Total Phenolic
Content. e total phenolic content (TPC) of the various J. sambac extracts was estimated using a modified Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) colorimetric method and calculated in gallic acid equivalents [19]. Briefly, 1 mL of extract or gallic acid was mixed with 1 mL of the FC reagent (diluted 1/10) in a test tube and reacted at 30°C for 10 min. Subsequently, 1 mL of 20% Na 2 CO 3 solution was added to the mixture, which was allowed to react for 60 min in the dark. e absorbance was then measured at 725 nm by using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. e calibration curve of absorbance (y) versus concentration of gallic acid (x) was found to be y � 0.0501x + 0.0647 (R 2 � 0.9968).
e TPC was expressed as the gallic acid equivalent (mg-GAE/g-dried extract).

Determination of Total Flavonoid Content.
e total flavonoid content (TFC) of the J. sambac extracts was estimated using a modified version of the aluminum chloride colorimetric method and calculated in catechin equivalents [23]. Briefly, 1 mL of extract or catechin was mixed with 300 µL of a 5% NaNO 2 solution and 4 mL of distilled water at 25°C for 5 min. Subsequently, 300 µL of 10% AlCl 3 solution, 2 mL of 1 M NaOH, and 2.4 mL of distilled water were added sequentially to the solution, which was then left at 25°C for 15 min. e absorbance of the solution was read at 510 nm by using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. e calibration curve of absorbance (y) versus concentration of catechin (x) was calculated as y � 0.0429x + 0.0261 (R 2 � 0.9972). e TFC was expressed as the catechin equivalent (mg-CAE/g-dried extract).

Analysis of the Chemical Composition of the J. sambac
Extracts.
e various J. sambac extracts were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) (Agilent GC 7890/MS 5975, USA). To separate the volatile compounds in the extracts, 1 μL of a sample volume was injected into the gas chromatograph fitted with HP-5MS capillary columns (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25 μm). Helium was a carrier gas with a linear velocity of 1 mL/min and a split ratio of 10 : 1. e oven temperature program ranged from 50°C to 300°C, programmed at 10°C/min, with initial and final hold times of 3 min. e interface temperature was 260°C, and the ion source temperature was 280°C. Electron impact mass spectra with ionization energy 70 eV were recorded in the 40-600 amu mass range. e chemical compositions of the extracts were identified through a comparison of the mass spectrum of the module with that of the mass spectral library from Wiley 8.0 (Wiley, New York, USA) and NITS 11 (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, USA). e relative quantities of the compounds were determined through the integration of the peak area in the chromatogram.

Cytotoxicity Assay of the J. sambac Extracts.
e cytotoxicity effects of the J. sambac extracts on CCD-966SK and HEMn cells were assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method [24]. After 24 h of incubation, the cells of density 5 × 10 6 per wel1 (96-well plate) were washed using a fresh medium and then treated with J. sambac extract or the culture medium (control) for 72 h. e treated cells were then rewashed and reacted with 0.02% MTT solution at 37°C. After 4 h of MTT treatment, the medium was removed, and the precipitate in each dish was dissolved in 100 µL of dimethyl sulfoxide. e absorbance of the supernatant was measured at 570 nm by using an Epoch ELISA reader. e amounts of viable cells after each treatment were expressed as the percentage of the control and calculated using the following formula: where A 0 is the absorbance of the blank (without extract), and A is the absorbance of the test sample.

Sensory Evaluation.
In total, 30 trained panelists (15 men and 15 women) were recruited to perform the sensory evaluation of PCPs derived from J. sambac extracts. ese trained panelists were 20-22 years old, healthy, nonsmoking, and without olfactory disorders. To evaluate the fragrance emitted from the mixture extracts, 1 mL of extract was placed in a white vinyl bottle, with the bottles numbered randomly [10]. Panelists were asked to smell the samples for 1 min. e panelists assigned each PCP to one of five levels (from strongly disliked to strongly liked): very bad, bad, regular, good, and very good. e fragrance content of the PCPs was divided into five levels (0%-14%, 15%-29%, 30%-44%, 45%-59%, and 60%-74%): very low, low, acceptable, high, and very high.

Results and Discussion
3.1. Antityrosinase Activity. Figure 1 shows the in vitro antityrosinase activity of the J. sambac flower extracts with various concentrations. e results indicated that the antityrosinase activity increased with increasing concentrations of the J. sambac flower extracts. e maximum antityrosinase activity increased in the following order: RO (100% ± 0.2%) > 20%OE (78.2% ± 2.5%) > 5%OE (61.3% ± 3.2%) > 100%SFE (50.7% ± 1.8%). e IC 50 values for RO, 20%OE, 5%OE, and 100%SFE were 263.5, 618.3, 1283.7, and 3986.5 mg/L, respectively. By contrast, the IC 50 values of the antityrosinase activity for the positive controls a-arbutin and kojic acid were 306.4, and 26.2 mg/L, respectively. Tyrosinase is the key enzyme for melanin formation. Excessive melanin formation in the skin may cause hyperpigmentation disorders [25]. us, a natural and effective tyrosinase inhibitor not only meets the demand for skin-whitening products but also lays the foundation for drugs for treating hyperpigmentation. Few studies have focused on the potential of the antityrosinase activity of J. sambac flower extracts. Wang et al. found that the IC 50 of the ethanolic extract of J. sambac flowers reached 1,600 mg/L [25]. us, the extracts obtained in the present study, except 100%SFE, had potential skin-whitening properties.

DPPH and ABTS Radical Scavenging Activity.
Antioxidants have been useful in retarding oxidative deterioration of food and cosmetics, and interest in their therapeutic potential for improving health has increased. Recent investigations have evaluated plant products' potential antioxidants against various diseases because chemical antioxidants (e.g., BHA and BHT) have been suspected of being responsible for liver damage and carcinogenesis in laboratory animals [26]. us, antioxidant activity is a key pharmacological property, and many pharmacological activities including skin whitening, antiaging, and anticarcinogenic activities originate from this property [27]. Figure 2 shows the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the J. sambac flower extracts of various concentrations. DPPH radical scavenging activity increased with increasing extract concentration (Figure 2(a)). Radical scavenging activities were significantly affected by RO concentration.
e maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity increased in the following order: RO (94.2% ± 1.2%) > 20%OE (56.3% ± 1.8%) > 5%OE (52.3% ± 2.0%) > 100% SFE (38.6% ± 1.2%). e tendency was similar to that of the antityrosinase activity (Figure 1). Figure 2(b) shows the ABTS radical scavenging activity of the J. sambac flower extracts with various concentrations. Results indicated that the ABTS radical scavenging activity was positively correlated with the tested concentration. When the concentration was 4,000 mg/L (log concentration: 3.6), the scavenging activity was not at its highest level. e tendency of the extracts to scavenge ABTS radicals was similar to their tendency to scavenge DPPH, but the ABTS scavenging activity was superior to that for DPPH. e IC 50 values of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of RO were 512.6 and 368.4 mg/L, respectively; by contrast, those of the positive control BHT were 206.3 and 72.5 mg/L, respectively. e methanolic extracts of both Jasminum grandiflorum flowers and J. sambac flowers exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC 50 of 639 and 208 mg/L, respectively [1,28]. e DPPH radical scavenging activity of RO originating from J. sambac was slightly higher than that of the methanolic extract of J. grandiflorum but inferior to that of the methanolic extract of J. sambac.
3.3. Reducing Power, BCB Assay, and FIC Ability. Using only a single or simple indicator to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the J. sambac flower extracts would not provide sufficient understanding of the extracts' antioxidant activity due to the lack of specificity and sensitivity of the methods available [29]. erefore, reducing power, BCB activity, and FIC ability were investigated using different mechanisms to provide reliable data regarding the antioxidant capacities of the flowers. Table 1 shows the IC 50 values of the reducing power, BCB activity, and FIC activity for the various J. sambac flower extracts. A low IC 50 indicates high activity. Different activity tendencies were observed for the three indexes. RO was the optimal solution regarding reducing power and FIC activity, but 100%SFE was the optimal solution in terms of BCB activity. In all antioxidant indexes (Figure 2 and Table 1), only the BCB activity tendency was contrary to the trend in the other antioxidant indexes. is was probably because the ß-carotene solution is lipophilic, which makes it favor hydrophobic 100%SFE products to function. e IC 50 values of the reducing power, BCB activity, and FIC activity for RO and 100%SFE were 251.5 ± 23.5, 623.8 ± 21.3, and 382.0 ± 18.5 mg/L and 6,518.2 ± 351, 125.6 ± 5.8, and 15,003 ± 201 mg/L, respectively. By contrast, the IC 50 values of the reducing power, BCB activity, and FIC activity for the positive controls ascorbic acid, BHT, and EDTA were 61.3, 92.5, and 20.5 mg/L, respectively. Compared with the IC 50 of the reducing power for the methanolic extract of J. grandiflorum (603.66 mg/L), RO derived from J. sambac flower extracts was promising [28]. ese results indicate that when our extraction process is employed, J. sambac flower extracts can not only scavenge free radicals (Figure 2) but also efficiently inhibit chain reactions (Table 1).

TPC and TFC.
Phenolic substances exhibit healthpromoting activities, including antipathogenic, antiradiation, antitumor, and antioxidant activities [30]. Polyphenols can be classified into four categories: flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbene, and lignans [31]. erefore, TPC and TFC should be simultaneously evaluated to understand the antioxidant characteristics of natural plants.  Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine higher than or equivalent to those of J. sambac flower extracts obtained using acetone/water/acetic acid solvent (20.64 mg-GAE/g-extract and 4.44 mg-CAE/g-extract, respectively) [30]. Studies have reported positive correlations between antioxidant capacities and TPC as well as TFC [32]. In this study, the antioxidant capacity of the J. sambac flower extracts was found to be positively related to their TPC and TFC. at is, the more TPC and TFC were, the higher the antioxidant capacity was.

Cytotoxic Effects.
e MTT assay is a common method of evaluating the cytotoxicity of chemical compounds by observing cell viability [33]. Although some studies in the field of cosmetics have evaluated antityrosinase, collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase activities and obtained IC 50 values of 250-1,600 mg/L [7,12], cytotoxicity evaluations have not been performed. To ensure user safety, the cytotoxic effects of J. sambac flower extracts on human cells should be assessed. Figure 3 shows the effects of the J. sambac flower extracts with different concentrations on the growth of human CCD-966SK and HEMn cells after 72 h of incubation. At low extract concentrations (0-1,000 mg/L), cell viability exceeded 98.2% and cytotoxicity was nonsignificant compared with the control (P > 0.05) for all extracts. When the RO concentration was 2,000 mg/L, the viability of CCD-966SK and HEMn cells was slightly lower at 93.5% ± 1.2% and 93.2% ± 0.8%, respectively. When the RO concentration was increased to 4,000 mg/L, clear effects were observed and the viability of CCD-966SK and HEMn cells was decreased to 82.5% ± 1.8% and 85.2% ± 1.6%, respectively. Although cell viability was affected by RO concentrations 2,000-4,000 mg/L compared with the control, RO was not toxic to the cells because cell viability remained ≥80% [34]. e relatively high cytotoxicity of RO may be related to its high physiological activity (Figures 1 and 2 and Table 1). us, J. sambac flower extracts are safe for possible applications in the pharmaceutical, health food, and cosmetic industries.

Effects of the Extract Mixture Ratio on Antityrosinase Activity, Radical Scavenging Activity, and Cell Viability.
On the basis of the physiological activity and cytotoxicity results for a single J. sambac flower extract and considering floral fragrance and the cost of a single J. sambac flower extract, PCPs were produced by mixing 2,000 mg/L 100% SFE and 4,000 mg/L RO in various ratios. 100%SFE was found not only to have relatively low physiological activity and to be noncytotoxic but also to have the most fragrance and be the most expensive. On the contrary, RO had high physiological activity and relatively high cytotoxicity but the weak scent and was the cheapest. In the SFE procedure, RO is often discarded; hence, the cost of 100%SFE is   Figure 4 shows the effects of mixture ratio on antityrosinase activity, radical scavenging activity, and cell viability. e effects of 100%SFE and RO in various ratios on antityrosinase activity were nonsignificant (P > 0.05) except that at the 4 : 6 mixture ratio, the antityrosinase activity was slightly lower at 96.3% ± 0.84%. e DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities decreased with a decrease in RO concentration (i.e., an increase in 100%SFE concentration; Figure 4(b)). e mixtures had higher scavenging activity for ABTS free radicals than DPPH free radicals. However, little difference was discovered in the DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities between the different extract mixtures; the maximum difference was approximately 6.2%. Table 3 lists the antioxidant activity (reducing power, BCB activity, and FIC activity) and antioxidant capacity (TPC and TFC) of the J. sambac flower extracts at various mixture ratios. e results revealed that the 1 : 9 mixture ratio (100%SFE: RO; V/V) had the lowest IC 50 for reducing power and FIC activity but the highest IC 50 in the BCB assay. Both TPC and TFC decreased with an increase in the 100%SFE content, indicating that 100%SFE contained fewer antioxidants. Even so, the TPC and TFC of all the mixtures were significantly greater (1.7-6.7 times) than those of J. sambac flower extracts obtained using acetone/water/ acetic acid solvent [30]. Figure 4(c) shows the effects of the mixture ratio on cell viability. When 100%SFE and RO were mixed in volume ratios 1 : 9, 2 : 8, 3 : 7, and 4 : 6, the 100%SFE and RO concentrations (mg/L) of the mixture solution were equivalent to 200 and 3,600; 400 and 3,200; 600 and 2,800; and 800 and 2,400, respectively. e results showed that the viability of CCD-966SK cells (88.5% ± 0.7% to 93.5% ± 1.2%) and HEMn cells (91.2% ± 0.5% to 93.6% ± 0.4%) was similar for all PCPs. Table 3 indicates that the IC 50 for the reducing power, BCB activity, and FIC activity of various mixture extracts was 258 ± 18.6 to 324 ± 12.8, 456 ± 34.1 to 602 ± 36.4, and 394 ± 32.1 to 512 ± 46.2 mg/L, respectively. At these concentration ranges, the PCPs do not inhibit cell viability, even if 100% physiological activity is achieved. us, the PCPs are safe for commercial application.

Sensory Evaluation.
Because the flavor and fragrance of commercial products are critical, sensory evaluation is always required [38]. Table 5 lists the results of the sensory and fragrance quality evaluations for the J. sambac flower extracts at different mixture ratios (100%SFE to RO) analyzed through GC-MS. e results clearly indicated that the higher the proportion of 100%SFE within the solution, the stronger the fragrance. is may have been due to the high volatility of the flavor content in the extract mixture [3]. e 2 : 8 extract mixture exhibited a moderately intense, fresh, and jasmine-like flavor. Regarding the content percentage of fragrant compounds in the various extract mixtures, the content of the 2 : 8 extract mixture was classified as acceptable (42.6%), whereas that of the 4 : 6 mixture was classified as high (51.3%) due to the accumulation of fragrance components. Furthermore, the 2 : 8 and 4 : 6 extract mixtures contained 18 and 26 flavor components, respectively. Considering overall physiological activity, cytotoxicity, flavor acceptability, and product cost, the 2 : 8 jasmine extract mixture was identified as the optimal commercial product.

Conclusion
Our study is the first to provide detailed characteristics of commercial products obtained from J. sambac flower extract mixtures with a combination of fragrance and multifunctional physiological activities. RO was mostly composed of antioxidant ingredients with strong antityrosinase activity, high antioxidant activity, and slight cytotoxicity. By contrast, 100%SFE was composed of few antioxidant ingredients but abundant flavor compounds (e.g., benzyl acetate, citronellol, farnesol, linalool, and jasmone) compared with other J. sambac flower extracts, resulting in relatively low physiological activities, strong aroma, and noncytotoxicity. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of both, 100%SFE and RO were mixed in the ratio 2 : 8, and the resultant mixture exhibited satisfactory multifunctional physiological activities, noncytotoxicity, and moderately intense jasmine-like flavor and was economical. Similar products have not been reported in the literature or exist in the market. us, we strongly suggest that the 2 : 8 extract mixture derived from J. sambac flowers is a powerful antioxidant and whitening ingredient that can be employed in the food, cosmeceutical, and even pharmaceutical industries.
Data Availability e datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors indicate no potential conflicts of interest.

Authors' Contributions
Li-Chun Wu and Chieh-Li Lin contributed equally to this work.