Botanical, Traditional Use, Phytochemical, and Toxicological of Arisaematis rhizoma

Materials and Methods This review is a collection of all possible studies on AR, published in scientific journals, papers, and books. Using the papers related to Arisaematis, such as ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, Springer Link, Web of Science, CNKI, and WanFang Database. In this paper, the traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of AR were reviewed. Finally, the existing problems and research directions of the research on AR are discussed. Results Ninety-eight chemical constituents were isolated from AR. AR has a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as the effects on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. It also has anti-tumor, sedative, analgesic, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, antiarrhythmic, anticoagulant, and other effects. It is also considered an effective drug for in vitro and in vivo validation. Conclusions AR is an excellent traditional medicinal plant in China. Pharmacological studies support the traditional use of AR and may verify the folk use of AR in the treatment of different diseases. The anti-tumor effect of AR has been widely concerned by scholars at home and abroad. It has become a hot spot in recent years and has made great contributions to the survival and development of human beings. Although it has a high value of comprehensive utilization, its development and utilization are far from enough. Therefore, the comprehensive development of AR is worthy of further analysis.


Introduction
Arisaematis rhizoma (hereafter referred to as AR) is a tuber of the Arisaema plant of the Araceae family [1]. ere are about 115 genera and more than 2,000 species in the Araceae family that are widely distributed all over the world, with more than 92% of them produced in the tropics. Among them, there are more than 90 species in the provinces of North and South China, 59 of which are endemic to China [2]. AR was first recorded as a herbal medicine in Shennong materia classic [3]. e tuber of Pinellia pedatisecta Schott was used as AR until the Song Dynasty (Kaibao Materia Medica) [4]. In the current market circulation, Pinellia palmata was widely used as a

Botanical Aspects
ree plants of AR consist of A. erubescens (Wall.) Schott., Arisaema amurense Maxim., and A. heterophyllum Blume; all of them are perennial herbs of about 40-90 cm high. Its petiole is vertical and cylindrical and is about 40-55 cm long with a sheathed lower part. e base is covered with a transparent long membrane sheath and white green or purple spots on the long membrane sheath are present. e tuber is oblate with a straight diameter of about 2.5 to 5.5 cm.
e outer skin of the tuber is yellow brown. e leaves are all split into leaflets, which are similar to palmate compound leaves, with 7-23 lobes that are lanceolate or long lanceolate in shape. is is about 13 to 19 cm in length and 1.5 to 2.5 cm in width. From the apex to the end, they are awn-shaped, whole, narrow, and wedge-shaped at the base, and the veins are feathery. Both sides of the leaves are smooth and glabrous, green above, and light green below ( Figure 1) [12]. e flowers are dioecious, with a thick inflorescence axis, fleshy spikes, and club-like appendages at the apex. e peduncle is about 30 to 70 cm long, and the spathes are mostly green with a few purple ones. e male flowers have many stamens, with 2-4 clustered into a cluster; the anthers are black purple; and the female flowers are dense. Each flower is composed of one pistil; the ovary is oval; and the style is short. e berries of the plant are red. e flowering period of AR is from May to June, and the fruit period is August.
e height of A. amurense Maxim. (东北天南星) is about 35-60 cm (see Figure 1(c)), and the fibrous roots above it are distributed radially. e leaves are totally divided in the shape of bird toes, with five lobes (but only three lobes in the annual Arisaema amurensis), and they are obovate or broadly obovate, with a length of 11-15 cm and a width of 6-8 cm, all of which have irregular teeth. e inflorescence is 20-40 cm long, and the spathes are green or purple, with a total length of 11-14 cm. e inflorescence has rod-shaped appendages at the top. It is in berry red, flowers from July to August, and grows in a shady and humid forest on a shady slope.
A. Heterophyllum Blume (异叶天南星) is a perennial herb (see Figure 1(e)), with a height of 15-30 cm. ere is a leaf 2-4 cm in diameter, with 13-19 lobes in bird's toe shape, a narrow tip and tapered base over the whole, lateral lobes 7-24 cm long and 2-6 cm wide, and the smallest central lobe. e flower stalk is extracted from the leaf sheath and is 30-55 cm long. e spathes is green; its lower part is tubular; and its upper part is bent downward like a helmet. With the inflorescence shape like a meat spike, the unisexual inflorescence is in the lower part of the male flower. e lower part of the bisexual inflorescence is a female flower, the upper part is a sparsely male flower, and the appendage at the top of inflorescence axis is mouse-tail-shaped, protruding. Berries are red when ripe. e flowering period is from April to May, and the fruit period is from July to September. e dried tubers of AR are oblate and massive. e diameter is about 2 to 7 cm, and the thickness is about 1 to 2 cm. e surface is wrinkled or smooth, milky white or brown, with pitted fibrous root marks around (Figure 1(b)). A hard texture that is not easy to break, uneven section,

Chemical Composition
e chemical composition of AR is complex, with more than 200 chemical compounds, including alkaloids, polysaccharides, lectins, amino acids, fatty acids, sterols, and lectins. In this paper, the chemical composition and the corresponding structure of AR are described in detail to provide some references for the in-depth study of the plant and provide ideas for its future research direction. It was reported that total alkaloids from AR could inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of SF21 cells in a doseand time-dependent manner, suggesting that total alkaloids from AR could induce programmed death of SF21 cells [13]. e pharmacodynamics study of total flavonoids and their main component, liphotropic side, showed that it had the effects of anti-ischemia, protecting nerve cells and analgesia [14]. Saponins are irritating to the gastric mucosa, which can reflexively increase the secretion of the trachea and bronchus and play the role of expectorant [15].

Glycosides.
Glycosides, also known as gametophytes, are compounds formed by the linkage of a sugar or a derivative of a sugar with another nonsugar substance via an end group carbon atom. At present, the main glycosides isolated from Arisaematis are oxyglycosides. Nine diacylglyceryl galactosides [16] (Table 2 and Figure 2) and five cerebrosides [17] ( Table 3 and Figure 3) were isolated from AR. In addition, cerebrosides have the activity of protecting the liver [18].

Flavonoid.
Du Shushan isolated and identified six flavonoids from the tubers of AR, and all of them were flavonoid glycosides [27,31]. Wang Guangshu also obtained six compounds from the ethanol extract of AR by macroporous resin, silica gel, and ODS column chromatography and were identified as flavonoids by physicochemical identification and spectral analysis [32] (Table 7 and Figure 6).  Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine    Figure 9). Zheng Xiumei obtained 10 compounds from 80% ethanol extract of AR [41] (Table 10 and Figure 9); Yang Jia identified 52 compounds from AR by GC-MS, of which 7 compounds were more than 2% [42]. Sucrose and pine disaccharide were also isolated from AR [36] (Table 10 and Figure 9). In addition, there is a water-soluble polysaccharide in AR [43]; the monosaccharide composition of AR polysaccharide is mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, arabinose, and fucose [6,43,44]. No. Name Ref. 10 1  Cucurbitacin [19,20]

Pharmacological Action
AR has been reported to have a wide range of pharmacological activities, including the effects on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system; it is also used in the clinic for anti-tumor, sedation, analgesia, anti-convulsant, antiinflammatory, expectorant, anti-arrhythmic, and anti-coagulant. In this section, we mainly introduce and analyze the pharmacological effects of AR (Table 10).

Effects on the Respiratory
System. AR is a common traditional Chinese medicine for reducing phlegm. It has the effect of dryness and dampness reducing phlegm. e experiment was carried out by phenol red excretion method in mice showed AR aqueous solution (19 g/kg) had an expectorant effect [45]. Nie Rongzhen studied the antitussive and expectorant effects of AR by ammonia-induced cough test and phenol red excretion experiment in the trachea. e results showed that the cough frequency of mice could be significantly reduced, and the cough latency of mice could be prolonged by AR (4 g/kg) [46].  Figure 4: Chemical structures of alkaloids from Arisaematis.  Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11

Effects on the Central Nervous
convulsion mortality [49]. It is also reported that intraperitoneal injection of AR decoction can increase the electric convulsion threshold of rabbits [50]. Liu Yuxi measured the anti-convulsant threshold and anti-convulsant effect of AR by a convulsion analyzer. e extract was injected intraperitoneally with 10 ml/kg (equivalent to 1.2 g/kg of crude drug). After administration of AR, the effect increased (119 ± 22 μA), and the effect lasted for 7 days [51]. Li Xianduan investigated the synergism of different bile processing methods of AR with different bile processing methods by means of mice autonomous activity, sleep time, and convulsion test induced by pentylenetetrazol. e results showed that AR and its processed products could reduce the convulsion rate caused by pentylenetetrazol, reduce the number of spontaneous activities of mice, and prolong the sleep time of mice [52]. Wang Mingzheng concluded that the supercritical CO 2 ethanol extract of AR could antagonize the maximal electric shock convulsion and pentylenetetrazole convulsion in a dose-dependent manner [53]. Nie Rongzhen used the mouse autonomous activity test and mouse drug convulsion experiment to conclude that AR has sedative and anti-convulsant effects and that AR can prolong the incubation period of convulsion induced by nicothamide [46].

Sedative Effect Activity (镇静).
Intraperitoneal injection of AR decoction (10.5 g/kg) into rats and rabbits can prolong the sleep time of barbital sodium in mice, indicating that AR has an obvious sedative effect [48]. In addition, some studies have reported that the compound Sansheng needle of AR has an obvious sedative effect and has a significant sedative effect on pentobarbital [54]. Nie Rongzhen and others reported that AR can significantly reduce the spontaneous activity times of mice [46]. In addition, studies have reported that the water extract of Arisaemw cum Bile can prolong the sleep time induced by pentobarbital and significantly improve the sedative effect, which is manifested as the inhibition of walking distance, jumping, and vertical entry [55].

Anti-Inflammatory Effect Activity (抗炎).
e research shows that AR (the major component of compound Sansheng needle) is also a good anti-inflammatory drug. It can promote the exudation and absorption of inflammatory substances, inhibit tissue edema, and effectively reduce the permeability of capillaries [54]. Li Yang observed the antiinflammatory effect of the extract of AR on different inflammatory models by using three models: xylene-induced auricle swelling, cotton-ball-induced granuloma proliferation, and acetic-acid-induced peritoneal capillary permeability increase in mice. e results showed that the alcohol extract and ethyl acetate extract of AR could significantly inhibit the auricle swelling induced by xylene, inhibit the    Apigenin-6,8-di-c-galactoside [31,32] proliferation of cotton ball granuloma in mice (external coating), and significantly inhibit the capillary permeability of mice induced by glacial acetic acid [56]. In addition, Liu Yanping found that high-dose preparation of AR could treat knee osteoarthritis in rabbits, reduce the content of IL-1 in synovial fluid, and reduce synovial inflammation. ere was a positive correlation between the efficacy and the dose [57]. In addition, Zhao Chongbo used a type II collagen-induced arthritis rat model to study the anti-arthritis effect of water extract from AR and found that AR can be used for clinical treatment or prevention of rheumatoid arthritis [58]. In addition, it has been reported that AEL has proinflammatory activity, which may release inflammatory mediators through macrophages and induce foot swelling and neutrophil migration in rats. ese findings suggest that AEL can be used as a tool to better understand the related mechanisms of the inflammatory response [59].

Analgesic Effect Activity (镇痛).
Xing Shulin has proved that AR (the major component of compound Sansheng needle) has an obvious analgesic effect [46]. Wang Qin studied the analgesic effect of AR flavonoids on Walker256 bone cancer pain rats. e results showed that AR flavonoids had a certain analgesic effect [60]. In addition, Nie Rongzhen used the hot plate method and acetic acid writhing test to observe the analgesic effect of AR. e results showed that AR could significantly reduce the number of writhing reactions induced by acetic acid in mice, playing an analgesic role [46]. Liu Chun compared the correlation between analgesia and toxicity of AR by hot plate method, e results showed that the percentage of pain threshold increased by more than 85% after 0.5 h of administration, indicating that   AR has a certain analgesic effect [15]. In addition, the effects of crude AR and its different preparations combined with ginger juice or bile (Arisaemw cum Bile) on ICR mice were also reported. e results showed that the water extract of Arisaemw cum Bile could significantly improve the analgesic effect of mice [55]. Flavonoids are the main analgesic components in AR, but the research on the analgesic mechanism of AR is not deep enough.

Inhibitory Effect on Tumor Cells Activity (抗肿瘤).
With the research on chemical constituents of AR in recent years, the study of its anti-tumor effect has become a hot spot in recent years. Zhang Zhilin found that 2.5 g/L and 1.25 g/L ethanol extracts of AR had significant effects on the proliferation of mouse spleen cells [61]. Li Lingyan used the water extract of AR to observe the inhibitory effect of the drug on the tumor of mice after inoculation with H 22 ,

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
indicating that the water extract of AR can significantly inhibit the growth of H 22 transplanted tumor in mice [62]. Jiang Shuang found that all treatment groups could inhibit the growth of S180 tumor by intragastric administration of AR polysaccharide (high, medium, and low doses (2g kg −1 d −1 , 1g kg −1 d −1 , and 0.5g kg −1 d −1 )], and the inhibition rate of high dose group was 33.3%. It was found that all the treatment groups could inhibit the growth of S 180 tumor, and the inhibition rate of the high-dose group was 33.3% [63]. Yang Zonghui reported that 95% alcohol of AR had an obvious inhibitory effect on SMMC7221 cells of liver cancer. e results showed that the extracts of AR in different concentrations (2 mg/mL, 4 mg/mL, and 8 mg/mL) had different anti-tumor effects [64]. Zhao Chongbo found that the inhibitory rate of AR polysaccharide on human lung cancer A459 was 8.625 mg·ml −1 [65]. Liang Feng and Meng Xiansheng used the MTT method to determine the inhibitory rate of the extract of AR on the proliferation of human lung cancer A549 cells, and the results showed that the extract of AR had a significant inhibitory effect on the A549 cells with IC 50 of 133.5 g/mL [66,67]. In addition, studies have shown that the total flavonoids of AR can inhibit the proliferation and apoptosis of lung cancer A549 cells [68]. Qiu Limin studied the treatment of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells with AR polysaccharide, cisplatin, and AR polysaccharide + cisplatin and confirmed that the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells could be significantly inhibited by the combination of AR polysaccharide and cisplatin [69]. Tang Huayong verified the inhibitory effect of AR polysaccharides on the proliferation of human renal cancer cell line GRC-1 [70]. Li Feng explored the effect of water extract of AR on gastric cancer cells of rats and showed that the proliferation rate of cancer tissue cells in gastric cancer rats decreased under the intervention of water extract of AR [71]. Qi Xiaoxiao found that at the dose of (100 g/L), the intragastric administration of AR could slow down the growth of the tumor, and the tumor inhibition rate was 34.7% [72]. Qian Jinmao reported that the tumor inhibition rates of high, medium, and low dose groups of AR extract were 35.50%, 40.40%, 25.50%, 35.70%, 40.60%, and 24.30% [73]. Dong Wei intervened with the mice uterine fibroma with fresh AR water extract, which showed that fresh AR water extract could inhibit mouse uterine fibroma [74]. Tang Jianhua and others reported that the alcohol extract of AR could significantly inhibit the proliferation of K562, BGC823, and HeLa cells, with IC 50 of 0.24 mg/mL, 0.78 mg/ mL, and 82.17 mg/mL [75][76][77].

Other Functions Activity (其它).
In addition to the pharmacological effects described above, AR also has some other pharmacological effects. Rats were given 60% ethanol extract of AR (1.4 g/kg), which could not only delay the occurrence time of arrhythmia but also shorten the duration of arrhythmia [48]. It was found that the needle crystal of calcium oxalate had a significant lethal effect on Oncomelania hupensis [78]. Sensitivity test against Gram-negative bacteria showed that the ethanol extract of AR had an obvious inhibitory effect on both Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria [79]. In addition, it has been reported that AR can also whiten through inhibiting the production of melanin by regulating autophagy. e extract of AR was used to treat the melanin production of B16-F1 cells, regulate TRP1 protein and tryptophan enzyme, and reduce the anti-melanin production of RA in treated B16-F1 cells [80]. In addition, AR through the experiment of the influence of the needle crystal of calcium oxalate on the activity of Oncomelania hupensis and the examination of the scanning electron microscope has a cough-relieving effect [46].

Toxicity
In China, AR is traditionally and commonly recognized as a toxic plant as other plants in Araceae. us, the toxicities of AR have been comprehensively recorded and investigated. e toxic or irritant components of Araceae plants may be produced by special biological metabolites contained in the plants. It may include calcium oxalate needle crystal and its surface glycoprotein, and some trace polysaccharides [6,81].
e content of calcium oxalate in the poisonous needle crystal is 90.26% [82]. e calcium oxalate needle crystal acts through special mucous cells [83], resulting in strong irritation and corrosiveness to the skin, mucous membrane, muscle, and other local tissues [84]. e toxicity of AR was mainly manifested in strong irritation to the oral cavity, throat, skin, and mucous membrane [85,86]. After oral     [87,88] (Table 11). Dong Wei carried out an acute toxicity study on an ethanol extract of AR and obtained that LD 50 was 155.78 g/kg [89]. In addition, Wu Zijun found obvious acute toxicity in mice by intraperitoneal injection of crude AR with LD 50 of 21.58 g/kg [90]. Tang Liying intraperitoneal injection of AR powder, water extract, needle crystal, and processed product powder to compare the difference of acute toxicity. e acute toxicity test table showed that the LD 50 of the AR needle crystal group was 42.53 mg·kg −1 , the LD 50 of the raw AR powder group was 1062 mg·kg −1 , and the LD 50 of the processed product powder group was 2788 mg·kg− 1 [91] (Table 12).

Irritant Toxicity.
Yang Zhonglin reported the results of the rabbit eye irritation test showed that the stimulation of prepared AR was lower than that of raw AR [87]. Wu Hao reported that the calcium oxalate needle crystal in the AR showed strong irritation to rabbit eyes, and the stimulating effect increased with the increase of concentration [81]. Tang Liying compared the toxicity of crude products, processed products, and needle crystal of AR through rabbit eye irritation experiment, which showed that the crude drug powder group and needle crystal group showed mild and moderate irritation, while the control group had no irritation reaction. However, it does not show that needle crystal is the main material basis for the stimulation of AR, and the needle crystal structure is destroyed after processing, which can reduce the irritation [88].

Pharmacokinetic Studies
So far, the pharmacokinetic studies on the extracts and compounds of this plant are very few. e pharmacokinetic studies of AR were mainly focused on flavonoid compounds, including schaftoside and isoschaftoside. Luo Fen studied the pharmacokinetic characteristics of schaftoside and isoschaftoside. In rats, the data are as follows: AUC (0⟶t) � 143.378 ± 26.249 h·μg -1 ·mL -1 , AUC (0⟶∞) � 149.106 ± 26.249 h·μg -1 ·mL -1 , t 1    In vivo [61] To observe the effect of Arisaematis extract on human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells

mg/mL could induce SMMC-7721 cell apoptosis
In vitro [63] To investigate the inhibitory effect of alcohol extract and water extract of AR on the growth of S 180 sarcoma in mice e anti-tumor rates of ethanol extract and water extract in high, medium, and low dose groups were 35.5%, 40.4%, 25.5%, 35.75%, 40.6%, and 24.3% In vitro [73] To observe the anti-tumor effect of polysaccharide from AR in vitro IC 50 � 8.625 mgmL −1 In vitro [65] e effect of AR polysaccharides on the proliferation of human renal cell line GRC-1 Compared with the blank group, ARPS significantly inhibited the proliferation of GRC-1 cells at 20-200 mgL −1 [67] MTT method was used to determine the inhibitory rate of alcohol extract and water extract of AR on proliferation of human lung cancer A549 cells IC 50 � 64.46 μg/mL; IC 50 � 133.5 μg/mL In vitro [71] To explore the effect of water extract of AR on the expression of PKM2 and mTOR in gastric cancer cells of rats e levels of motilin and gastrin in the high concentration group were 137.65 pg/mL and 88.76 pg/mL, and the apoptosis rate was 49.73% In vitro [72] MTT method was used to determine the inhibitory effect of alcohol extract of AR on human K562 cells e results showed that the ethanol extract could significantly inhibit the proliferation of human K562 cell line, IC 50 � 65.07 μg·mL −1 In vitro [75] Human erythroleukemia cell line K562, human gastric cancer cell line BGC823, and human cervical cancer cell line HeLa were used to determine the inhibitory effect of alcohol extract and water extract of AR on tumor cells in vitro e IC 50 of ethanol extract was 65.07 μg/mL, 0.59 mg/mL, and 5.11 mg/mL, respectively; the IC 50 of water extract was 0.24 mg/mL, 0.78 mg/ mL, and 82.17 mg/mL, respectively In vitro [76] To observe the anti-

Future Perspectives and Conclusions
To sum up, AR is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long history. It has more than 2,000 years of application history and continuous research of modern science. At present, many chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from this plant. ere is no doubt that AR is an important traditional Chinese medicine, although it has certain toxicity. For this reason, in the past many years, many experts are constantly studying the south star and have made great contributions in many aspects. At the same time, in the process of continuous research, there are still some new problems and challenges, which need further research and exploration to meet the clinical needs.
First of all, as a traditional Chinese medicine, AR contains glycosides, sugars, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and other chemical components with expectorant, anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsant, anti-tumor, and other Anti-convulsant effect e anti-convulsant effect of water extract of AR (1 mL/20g) was studied by subcutaneous injection of strychnine, caffeine, and pentamethylenetetrazol in mice e water extract of AR has an anti-convulsant effect In vivo [48] To study the anti-convulsant effect of AR at different temperatures (30°C, 70°C, and 100°C) e convulsion rate of strychnine was inhibited by intraperitoneal injection of a cold extract of AR (10 g/kg at 30°C) In vivo [50] e anti-convulsant effect of AR against pentylene tetra plastic convulsion was measured by a convulsion analyzer After administration of AR, it increased 119 ± 22 μA, and the effect lasted for 7 days In vivo [51] To investigate the effects of different bile processed AR on spontaneous activity, sleep time, and convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazol in mice AR can reduce the convulsion rate caused by pentylenetetrazol In vivo [53] To study the anti-convulsant effect of supercritical CO 2 ethanol extract from AR Dose-dependent antagonism of maximal electric shock convulsion in mice In vivo [46] Sedative effect Rats and rabbits were intraperitoneally injected with AR decoction (crude drug of AR 10.5 g/kg) Prolonging the sleeping time of barbital sodium in mice In vivo [49] e sedative effect was compared by spontaneous activity test in mice e results showed that AR could reduce the spontaneous activity of mice In vivo [54] Analgesic effect e analgesic effect of AR was observed by hot plate test and acetic acid writhing test in mice It can significantly reduce the number of writhing reactions induced by acetic acid in mice and play an analgesic role In vivo [54] To explore the effect of crude AR and processed products on ICR mice e water extract of Rhizoma AR can obviously improve the analgesic effect in mice In vivo [60] Analgesic effect of AR flavonoids on Walker256 bone cancer pain in rats Total flavonoids of Rhizoma Arisaematis nanogel may have an analgesic effect in the development of bone cancer In vivo [15] Anti-inflammatory effect To observe the anti-inflammatory effect of extract of AR on different inflammatory models e extract of AR can obviously inhibit the auricle swelling of mice induced by xylene In vivo [56] To investigate the effect of AR on IL-1 and synovium of knee osteoarthritis in rabbits A high dose of AR can reduce the content of IL-1 in synovial fluid and synovial inflammation in rabbits with knee osteoarthritis In vivo [58] Other pharmacological effects e experiment was carried out by phenol red excretion method in mice e water extract of AR (19 g/kg) has an expectorant effect In vivo [48] e 60% ethanol extract of A. parachinensis and AR were observed AR (1.4 g crude drug/kg) can delay arrhythmia In vivo [78] Treatment of Oncomelania hupensis with needle crystal of calcium oxalate in AR e needle crystal of calcium oxalate has a lethal effect on Oncomelania hupensis In vitro [78] e sensitivity of alcohol extract of AR to Gramnegative bacteria was studied e alcohol extract of Rhizoma AR had an inhibitory effect on Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria [79] e melanin of B16-F1 cells was treated with the extract of AR Schaftoside can inhibit the production of melanin and play a whitening role In vitro [80] pharmacological effects. ere are many studies on it, and the anti-tumor effect of AR has also been widely concerned by scholars at home and abroad and has become a research hotspot in recent years. However, the material basis of other pharmacological effects is not clear, and how and what kind of effects some chemical components play are not clear. It is necessary to further study its monomer compounds and clarify the material basis through certain methods and experiments; AR has certain toxicity. Toxicity studies showed that most of them were irritant, and the long-term toxicity was not obvious. ere are some problems in toxicity evaluation methods; for example, oral generated AR can stimulate the throat and make the throat smooth and hoarseness, and it is difficult to enlarge the throat so it is necessary to find a toxicity evaluation model to better evaluate the toxicity of AR. ere are too few studies on the pharmacokinetics of AR, which should be paid more attention to in vivo and in vitro verification to improve the safety of the clinical medication. So that AR can be better used better for the guidance of clinical medication to lay a certain foundation.
In general, as a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, AR still needs further study. is paper systematically and comprehensively introduces the research status of AR at home and abroad in recent years, including traditional application, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. Although great progress has been made in its research, there are still some problems in all aspects. erefore, we still need to make continuous efforts to develop and utilize AR. [93] Conflicts of Interest e authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interest.

Authors' Contributions
Chun-yan Qi collated documents and wrote the manuscript; Su-rong He and Xu Wu helped perform the arrangement of tables and figures; Jing Wang assisted in the revision of the manuscript; Qiao Zhang and Jing Sun provided valuable ideas; and Chong-bo Zhao provided financial supports and valuable discussion. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.