Elucidating Antiangiogenic Potential of Rauwolfia serpentina: VEGFR-2 Targeting-Based Molecular Docking Study

Angiogenesis plays a critical role in tumorigenesis as it provides the necessary blood supply to the newly grown solid tumor. It helps maintain the tumor microenvironment, promotes tumor development, progression, and metastasis. The vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF), interacting with the tyrosine kinase receptor VEGFR-2 on endothelial cells, exerts its proangiogenic activity. Hence, targeting the VEGFR-2 signaling is considered a promising strategy to inhibit angiogenesis and thus cancer treatment. This study aims to identify the bioactive compounds derived from the medicinal herb Rauwolfia serpentina that effectively binds with VEGFR-2. The bioactive compounds of R. serpentina were first screened for their physicochemical properties using the DataWarrior program (version 5.5.0). Finally, 17 compounds that obeyed Lipinski's rule of five and showed good drug-likeness were selected for molecular docking studies. Molecular docking results showed that the ligands ajmalicidine, 1, 2-dihydrovomilenine, rauwolscine, yohimbine, ajmaline, and papaverine interact strongly with the target VEGFR-2 receptor. Hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions stabilized the interactions of these compounds with VEGFR-2. These compounds showed favourable drug-like properties and possess no significant toxicity. Therefore, the findings of this study indicate that the compounds derived from R. serpentina can be considered for the development of antiangiogenic drug candidates by targeting VEGFR-2.


Introduction
Angiogenesis is a multistep process involving a sequence of biological events leading to neovascularization. In various cancers, angiogenesis plays a key role in maintaining the tumor microenvironment and promoting tumor development, progression, and metastasis [1]. e process of angiogenesis is regulated by various pro-and antiangiogenic factors. e vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important proangiogenic factor that regulates endothelial cell sprouting and proliferation during vasculogenesis [2]. e VEGF secreted by tumor cells promotes neovascularization that further promotes cancer development. Several members of the VEGF family, including VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, and VEGFD, and the placental growth factor (PLGF) are known to have a role in the regulation of angiogenesis [3]. Among these, the VEGFA isoform is the most functional proangiogenic factor that interacts with the tyrosine kinase receptor VEGFR-2 expressed on endothelial cells [4]. Ligand binding activates VEGFR-2, promoting endothelial cell proliferation and motility, leading to neighboring vessel formation [5]. It is evident that the neovascular tumor endothelial cells display overexpression of VEGFR-2 [6]. e VEGFR-2 overexpression has been observed in cancer cells of various origins including breast, colorectal, urothelial, malignant melanoma, B-cell lymphoma, lung, and others [5].
e VEGFR-2 signaling pathway regulates vascular endothelial cells' permeability, survival, and migration [6]. erefore, inhibiting the VEGFR-2 signaling in both tumor endothelium and malignant cells is considered a promising target for developing new cancer therapeutics [3].
Conventional cancer therapies such as synthetic anticancer medications and radiation therapy are associated with numerous adverse effects such as severe pain, anemia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, alopecia, decreased platelet count, loss of white blood cells, oral ulcers, and adverse radiation-related skin reactions [7]. is has opened up new avenues in the search for alternative anticancer drugs derived from plant sources [8]. Plant-derived phytomedicines are often considered safer than conventional treatments, and they are usually regarded to pose little danger of harm [9]. Rauwolfia serpentina, found in the Himalayan mountain range of India and Southeast Asia, is a valuable medicinal herb that belongs to the Apocynaceae family [10,11].
is plant is known for its pharmacological properties, such as antihypertensive, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities [12]. e phytochemical constituents of medicinal herbs are the key to their therapeutic potential as they can be utilized as precursors for novel drug development. Moreover, they render superior effects to the plant source as a whole. erefore, in this study, efforts have been made to identify the bioactive compounds derived from R. serpentina that could potentially inhibit angiogenesis by effectively targeting VEGFR-2 by molecular docking.  [13]. ese compounds were then assessed by using the DataWarrior program (version 5.5.0) for their various physicochemical properties [14]. Finally, only those compounds that obeyed Lipinski's rule of five were selected for further studies [15].

Preparation of Ligand.
e 3D structures of the selected bioactive compounds of R. serpentina were downloaded in SDF format from the IMPPAT database, and the atomic coordinates were converted to pdb format using Open Babel GUI [16].

Preparation of Target Protein.
e 3D structure of the target protein, human VEGFR-2 (2OH4), was retrieved from Protein Data Bank (https://www.rcsb.org/). is protein was optimized with an MMFF94 force field and prepared for molecular docking by removing heteroatoms (water and ions), adding polar hydrogen, and assigning Kollman charges [17]. To set the active site of the target protein, an appropriate grid box was placed around the cocrystal ligand.

Molecular Docking.
e bioactive compounds of R. serpentina, selected based on their physicochemical properties and drug-likeness, were docked against the human VEGFR-2 molecular target using the AutoDock 4.2 software [18]. Molecular docking was performed, employing Lamarckian genetic algorithm, with the following set parameters: a starting population of 150 randomly placed individuals, a maximum number of 2,500,000 energy evaluations, a mutation rate of 0.02, and a crossover rate of 0.8.

Results and Discussion
R. serpentina is traditionally used for its various health benefits. Recent studies also report the anticancer properties of the plant [12]. In this study, we investigated the phytoconstituents of R. serpentina against human VEGFR-2 to identify its potential inhibitors by using a molecular docking approach. e molecular docking technique can be reliably used to predict the potential drug candidates against certain target proteins in pursuit of therapeutic development of various diseases [20][21][22]. ere are a total of 25 bioactive compounds of R. serpentina retrieved from the IMPPAT database, and their physicochemical properties were studied using the DataWarrior program. Only those compounds that obeyed Lipinski's rule of five were selected for molecular docking studies against the VEGFR-2 target [15]. It was found that 17 out of total 25 compounds obeyed Lipinski's rule of five and showed good drug-likeness scores. e detailed physicochemical properties of these selected compounds are shown in Table 1. ese compounds also possessed none of the mutagenic, tumorigenic, irritant, or any adverse effects on reproductive health. Moreover, the physicochemical properties like polar surface area and rotatable bonds were also within permissible limits of 140Å 2 and 10, respectively. Other eight compounds that showed violation in at least any of the rule criteria have been eliminated from further studies. e selected compounds were then investigated to identify the most potent antiangiogenic drug candidates by targeting VEGFR-2 receptor using a molecular docking approach. e redocking experiment was performed before molecular docking studies with the selected ligands to validate the docking technique and algorithm. e rootmean-square deviation value was found to be less than 2Å between the native cocrystal and the docked positions. is suggests that the docking procedures and parameters used in    Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine  Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine this work can accurately predict the compounds' natural conformations [23]. In this study, the threshold binding energy (ΔG) was set at −9.0 kcal/mol, and the best ligands were chosen based on the binding energy of −9.0 kcal/mol or greater negative values. Out of the 17 molecules selected after the physicochemical screening, six major compounds such as ajmalicidine, 1, 2-dihydrovomilenine, rauwolscine, yohimbine, ajmaline, and papaverine showed binding  energy greater than the threshold value, i.e., ≤ −9.0 kcal/mol. Detailed molecular interactions of these ligands with VEGFR-2 were studied further as depicted in Table 2.  Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine of this compound and warrants further exploration for its therapeutic use. Another compound, 1, 2-dihydrovomilenine was best docked to VEGFR-2 with a ΔG of −10.06 kcal/mol and Ki of 17.06 nM. It showed strong interaction with VEGFR-2 through two hydrogen bonds with Lys866, Glu883, and multiple hydrophobic interactions via Leu838, Val846, Ala864, Leu887, Val897, Val914, Glu915, Phe916, Cys917, Leu1033, Cys1043, Asp1044, and Phe1045. e molecular interactions of 1,2-dihydrovomilenine with the VEGFR-2 are shown in Figure 2.
Rauwolscine was best docked to VEGFR-2 with a ΔG of −10.4 and Ki of 23.79 nM. e interaction of rauwolscine with VEGFR-2 as shown in Figure 3 depicts the formation of two hydrogen bonds with Lys866 and Glu883 and hydrophobic interactions with residues Leu838, Ala864, Val897, Val912, Val914, Glu915, Phe916, Cys917, Leu1033, Asp1044, and Phe1045. e ligand yohimbine was best docked to VEGFR-2 with ΔG of −9.7 kcal/mol and Ki of 78.00 nM and established two hydrogen bonds through Leu838 and Arg1049. Furthermore, hydrophobic interactions were formed involving the residues Ala864, Val897, Val914, Glu915, Phe916, Asn921, Leu1033, Cys1043, Asp1044, and Phe1045 ( Figure 4). Both these compounds, rauwolscine and yohimbine are known antagonists of α2-adrenoceptor and are reported to inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells [24,25]. Moreover, the yohimbine was also shown to exhibit an inhibitory effect against human pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis [26].
Another ligand that showed strong binding to VEGFR-2 with binding energy within the set threshold is ajmaline. It was best docked with ΔG of −9.44 kcal/mol and Ki of 121.28 nM and established only one hydrogen bond through Glu915. Moreover, this interaction was further stabilized by hydrophobic interactions with the active residues Leu838, Val846, Ala864, Lys866, Glu883, Val914, Cys917, Leu1033, Cys1043, and Asp1044. e molecular interactions of ajmaline with the VEGFR-2 are shown in Figure 5. Apart from all these R. serpentina ligands, papaverine also showed binding with VEGFR-2 with ΔG of −9.06 kcal/mol and Ki of 230.32 nM and established one hydrogen bond through Asp1044. Moreover, hydrophobic interactions were also formed with residues Leu838, Gly839, Val846, Ala864, Lys866, Glu883, Val897, Glu915, Phe916, Cys917, Gly920, Leu1033, Cys1043, and Phe1045. e molecular interactions of papaverine with the VEGFR-2 are shown in Figure 6. e papaverine is shown to exhibit anticancer activity against various types of cancer [27,28]

Conclusion
e present study revealed the possible constituents of R. serpentina that can potentially bind with and inhibit VEGFR-2.
is study further provides structural insights into the possible modes of interaction of the ligands with the target.
ere are six compounds viz. ajmalicidine, 1, 2dihydrovomilenine, rauwolscine, yohimbine, ajmaline, and papaverine identified to show strong interactions with VEGFR-2 with high binding energy and low Ki values. e overall scheme of identification of potential VEGFR-2 inhibitors derived from R. serpentina is shown in Figure 7. All these compounds were found to form a good number of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with VEGFR-2 indicating a stable interaction. All the compounds derived from R. serpentina were initially screened for druglikeliness and physicochemical properties and considered only those with drug-like properties for molecular docking studies. erefore, the identified six compounds can be considered promising leads for designing a specific VEGFR-2 inhibitor. Targeting VEGFR-2 by the identified R. serpentina compounds will have implications in inhibiting angiogenesis in various forms of cancer. However, further studies on in vitro as well as in vivo models would be required to validate their therapeutic application in cancer treatment.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are available upon request to the corresponding author.

Ethical Approval
is article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

Consent
Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.