Using Guided Discovery to Improve Students’ Retention and Academic Attitudes to Financial Accounting Concepts

Financial Accounting is one of the specialised subjects in the Nigerian senior secondary school curriculum. It is no gain saying that without apposite comprehension of the subject, the goals of its inclusion in the curriculum might not be fully accomplished. Hence, the researchers are in quest of appropriate instructional strategies that entail students’ active participation and improve students’ learning outcomes (attitude and retention) through practice-oriented research. Consequently, this research determined the effectiveness of guided discovery instructional strategy, in relation to a conventional lecture, on learning outcomes of students in Financial Accounting concepts.*is study adopted a nonrandomized pretest, posttest, control group quasiexperimental design with a 2× 2× 3 factorial design. 147 secondary school students in level 5 were selected from eight secondary schools in the northern part of a Southwestern state, Nigeria. *e research instruments used were Teachers’ Instructional Guides on Guided Discovery, Students’ Attitude to Financial Accounting Questionnaire (r� 0.89) and a 30-item Financial Accounting Retention Test (r� 0.83). *e analyzed data affirmed that the treatment improved students’ attitude (F(1,134)� 344.935; p< 0.05; η � 0.720) and retention (F(1,134)� 385.431; p< 0.05; η � 0.742) of accounting concepts. *is study recommended that teachers should utilize the guided discovery strategy to develop attitudes and knowledge retention of learners in Financial Accounting.


Introduction
Nigeria's national policy on education documented the extensive goals of postbasic education to train learners to live functionally in their higher education and society [1,2]. Postbasic education is built on the fundamental literacy, numeric, and practical knowledge obtained at the basic level of education. Postbasic education via its varied programmes gives prospective means of obtaining sophisticated and connoisseur knowledge and proficiency required to advance learning and become useful and responsible members of the society [3]. Financial Accounting is a vocational or technical subject that is offered in postsecondary schools in Nigeria.
Toluwalope [4] stated that the process of collecting, recording, presenting, analyzing, or interpreting financial information for both internal and external users of financial statements is applicable to modern era accounting [4,5]. e subject is a requisite to achieving the purpose of incorporating individuals as efficient members needed to accomplish the goal of positively shaping society [6]. Furthermore, Financial Accounting aims to equip learners with values relating to the foundational practices of the discipline, their applications to ultramodern commercial activities and prepare them for further studies in the discipline [7]. Consequently, in Nigeria, it is meant to develop prospective professionals in business-related fields with the capacity to contribute meaningfully to the economic development of the country.
Financial Accounting is an organized and practical subject that cannot be learnt and comprehended through rote learning. Nwaukwa and Okolocha [8] stated that both the teaching and learning of accounting concepts require a sound knowledge of the subject matter and concentrated practice of its applications. ough the traditional method of teaching is dominant in Nigerian schools [9], it is not efficient for improving students' learning outcomes in discipline-specific subjects because the method does not give enough room for the active participation of students. e event that often transpires during classroom activities when the conventional method is adopted is that majority of the students are more dormant, unenthusiastic, anxious, or timid to articulate their opinions, thereby interrupting the learning atmosphere and ingenuity of learners during classroom activities. In addition, instructional delivery in this method tends to be one way as it depends solely on the teacher. It also makes available numerous instructional materials and faintly gives learners the opportunity to contribute. is mode of delivering instruction may affect learning outcomes in students with its incessant usage [10]. Furthermore, Phillips [11] opined that delivering of instruction with the conventional method of teaching is informed by the possibility of covering enough grounds and needs of the teacher. is, however, only benefits teacher's satisfaction. e role of students in learning cannot be put aside because whenever they feel unsatisfied with a lesson, the interest and effort exerted in the subject will reduce gradually. erefore, the dissatisfaction of students could be the source of poor learning outcomes in Financial Accounting as well as the colossal decline of interest in the subject [8].
Learning is a process that brings about relative permanent changes in the behaviour of students after definite practice or experience [12]. Scholars described learning outcomes as the appraisal of students and their achievement of expected results on the completion of certain instructional activities [13,14]. ese outcomes include changes in students' knowledge retention, skills, attitudes, and other postinstructional changes [14,15]. Learning outcomes in students are usually facilitated by adopting an appropriate learning strategy [16,17]. Okoye [18] submitted that learning strategy has an influence on students' learning outcomes (retention).
Yerizon and Subhan [19], in Wu and Tai [14], opined that guided discovery involves the delivery of instruction that is consistent with a scientific model that enables students to solve problems in a systematic manner, starting from inspiration, declaration/recognition of the problem, gathering of data, processing of data, authentication and drawing of inference. It is an instructional strategy that equips students with the ability to solve problems. is strategy is student-centered since it gives students the opportunity to investigate, use their discretion, contribute to knowledge, and get information individually or collectively to find a solution to a given task [20]. It stimulates inquisitiveness and promotes students' enthusiasm to discover the answer to problems [21].
Students tend to learn better and deeper when required to search, discover, and build essential information. Guided discovery learning encourages students to learn autonomously, discover a variety of learning contents, and actively construct their knowledge under the guidance of the teacher.
According to Khasanah et al. [22], teachers play significant roles in discovery activities in terms of providing innovation, guidance, and direction. e guidance provided by the teacher is not a rule of thumb that must be followed instead of the needed work procedure direction. It requires students to be fully and actively involved in learning by investigating and discovering their own knowledge that is properly monitored by a teacher.
Nwagbo [23], cited in Afolabi and Akinbobola [24], stated that the guided discovery approach is situated in constructivist learning. Nwagbo [23] posited that the teacher provides illustrative materials for students' self-study, and thereafter, asks questions that elicit critical thinking and knowledge construction in this learning approach. e underlying principle is that when students search, discover, and construct knowledge themselves under the guidance of the teacher, it encourages independent learning, creativity, critical thinking, problem solving, active participation and discourage rote learning, memorizing of materials without understanding, and being passive in the classroom, among others.
ere is scholarly evidence that shows that learning via guided discovery strategy promotes students' capability in novelty, inquiry, problem solving, and self-regulating thinking, and constructive inventions in resourceful learning [21,25]. Bamiro [26] affirmed that guided discovery is a philosophical approach to learning that is embedded in constructivism. Bamiro [26] stated that this approach enables learners to actively participate in the learning process because it affords them optimal freedom and self-determination [26]. It was in the light of this assertion that Hake [27] affirmed that guided discovery could positively influence students' learning outcomes.
Ajewole [28] researched the effectiveness of two scientific instructional methods on students' attitude to concepts in biology. Ajewole [28] reported that students taught with the discovery method had better attitude changes to biology than their counterparts who were exposed to expository and conventional methods. With respect to gender, Imasuen and Omorogbe [29] evaluated gender's influence on students' attitude to Mathematics in junior secondary schools and affirmed a distinction in male and female students' attitudes to Mathematical concepts.
is study determined guided discovery's efficacy on learners' outcomes in Financial Accounting concepts, paying attention to gender and socioeconomic status. In the study, learning outcomes were operationally taken as the attitude and knowledge retention of students to Financial Accounting.
In the light of the foregoing, we experimented with the following hypotheses using guided discovery: H 01 : there is no statistically significant improvement in students' attitude to Financial Accounting H 02 : there is no statistically significant improvement in students' retention of Financial Accounting H 03 : gender and socioeconomic status have no statistically significant main effect on students' attitude towards Financial Accounting H 04 : gender and socioeconomic status have no statistically significant main effect on students' retention of Financial Accounting concepts H 05 : interaction effect of treatment and gender on students' retention of Financial Accounting concepts is not statistically significant H 06 : interaction effect of treatment and socioeconomic status on students' retention of Financial Accounting concepts is not statistically significant

Research Design.
is study adopted the nonrandomized pretest-posttest delayed posttest control group quasiexperimental design [30][31][32][33][34][35]. e delayed posttest was employed to capture students' retention. e design of this study is schematically presented: Here, D 1 and D 2 are pretests of the treatment and control groups. D 3 and D 4 represent the posttest of treatment and control groups, while D 5 and D 6 represent the delayed posttest of treatment and control groups E 1 -guided discovery teaching strategy E 2 -conventional lecture method Table 1 shows that the 2 × 2 × 3 factorial matrix adopted for this study consisted of an instructional strategy that was manipulated at two levels, namely Guided Discovery Teaching Strategy and Conventional Lecture Method. e mediating variables included socioeconomic status (low, middle, and high) and gender (male and female).

Selection of Participants.
e students in senior secondary schools offering Financial Accounting in Southwest, Nigeria, from which one hundred and thirty-seven (137) students (68 males and 69 females) were selected for this study, had no impending external examinations. Eight intact senior school II classes in eight secondary schools were selected. Guided discovery teaching strategy was used in four of the selected schools (63 students), while the conventional strategy was adopted in the remaining four schools (84 students). e selection of schools for this study was guided by the presence of male and female learners who registered for Financial Accounting, accreditation of the school by the national and regional examination bodies, and geographical location of the school.

Instruments.
Students' Attitude to Financial Accounting Questionnaire (SAFAQ), Financial Accounting Achievement Test (FAAT), Teachers' Instructional Guide on Guided Discovery (IGGD), and Instructional Guide on Lecture Method (TIGCLM) served as the instruments for this study. SAFAQ was designed by the researchers to measure students' attitude towards Financial Accounting. e questionnaire consists of two sections, i.e., A and B, that elicited students' biographical information and the learners' attitude towards Financial Accounting. SAFAQ consisted of 15 items on a four-point response scale. e items were structured on an ordinal scale ranging from Strongly Agreed (SA), Agreed (A) to Disagreed (D) and Strongly Disagreed (SD).
In scoring the SAFAQ, the scoring of positively structured statements was done in this order: SA-4, A-3, D-2, and SD-1, while the scoring of negatively structured statements was done in the order: SA-1, A-2 D-3, and SD-4. SAFAQ was trial-tested and Cronbach Alpha was used to obtain r � 0.89. e reliability was tested using Cronbach Alpha because it checks the internal consistency of measurement with polychotomous data. SAFAQ was validated by experts in the Test and Measurement Unit at a reputable state government owned university. e comments, suggestions, and corrections made by the experts were used to improve this instrument.
e FAAT comprised 30 adapted multiple-choice questions from the previous examinations conducted by West African Examinations Council. Every item in FAAT had options A-D with a correct option while others were distracters. e core concepts on which FAAT was based were depreciation of the fixed asset, manufacturing accounts, and accounts for nonprofit making organizations. e reliability of FAAT yielded 0.83 when it was subjected to Kuder-Richardson Formula 21 . is was adopted to test the reliability of FAAT because it checks the internal consistency of measurement with dichotomous data. e TIGGDIS and TIGCLM were constructed to guide the instructors in the treatment and control groups to ensure conformity to the experimental and controlled activities.
ese instructional guides were authenticated by specialists in the field of Business Education (Accounting Option) at a university in Nigeria.

Procedure.
e treatment and collection of data procedures took place in five phases for ten weeks (training of research assistants took place in the 1 st week; the 2 nd week was devoted to the administration of pretest; and the 3 rd -7 th week was used for the application of treatments (Olulowo et al.) [57]. e administration of the posttest was done in the 8 th week, while the delayed posttest was administered in the 10 th week. In the 10 th week, the second posttest was also administered to tin the experimental and control groups to determine the participants' level of retention.
In addition, efforts were made by the researchers to control other superfluous variables such as teacher's effect, test familiarity, and subject interaction variable. For instance, the teachers made sure that diverse lessons were going on concurrently in other SS2 classes to control subject interaction.
is reduced itinerant of the students and vetoed disruption. Also, the FAAT was used for the test before treatment, after treatment and delayed posttest. e test items were reshuffled to change the face value to the participants. Data collected during the pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest for the two groups were used to answer the research questions and test the hypotheses for the study.
Education Research International e experimental group students were exposed to guided discovery strategy by introducing the selected accounting topics at the set learning pace to participants. is was done with other interrelated steps. e teacher evaluated the participants after these steps and gave take-home assignment. Lessons in the control group students were presented with conventional lecture method using the steps outlined in Adesoji and Ibraheem [36]: e lesson was presented by teacher in the form of a lecture; the teacher explained the topic to participants; participants wrote summaries in the form of chalkboard summary; the teacher answered questions on aspects of the topic that were unclear to participants. e teacher summarized the lesson, asked evaluation questions, and gave take-home assignment to participants.

Analyzing Data.
e data was subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics on the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Mean and standard deviation were utilized to evaluate the performance in the experimental groups across gender and socioeconomic status. e hypotheses were subjected to Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). ANCOVA was preferred because of its power to take care of the initial lack of equivalence in the groups since intact classes were used for the study [ [37] in [38]]. e significant differences where they existed were subjected to Bonferroni post hoc analysis.

Findings
e data generated were presented below based on the hypotheses.
H 01 : there is no statistically significant improvement in students' attitude towards Financial Accounting using guided discovery. Table 2 showS that there was a significant main effect of the treatment on students' attitude towards Financial Accounting (F (1,134) � 344.935; p < 0.05; η 2 � 0.720). e effect size of 72% confirmed that 72% of the variance in the experimental variable was attributed to the covariates. e product of ANCOVA showed a significant difference in the postattitude scores of participants in Financial Accounting based on the treatment (guided discovery and conventional instructional strategies) given. us, hypothesis 1 on students' attitude towards Financial Accounting was rejected.
e Estimated Marginal Means was used to determine the magnitude of the significant main effect across treatment groups, presented in Table 3. Table 3 shows that the attitude of students taught with guided discovery instructional strategy significantly improved (x � 45.01) than learners in the control group (x � 35.84).
is was mathematically represented as GDIS > CLM. Furthermore, the Bonferroni post hoc test was used to identify the source of the significant difference shown in Table 4.
From Table 4, Bonferroni reported a significant distinction between GDIS and CLM. is, therefore, means that GDIS was statistically more effective than CLM in improving students' attitude.
H 02 : there is no statistically significant improvement in students' retention of Financial Accounting using. Table 5 reports a significant main effect of the treatment on participants' retention in Financial Accounting concepts (F (1,134) � 385.431; p < 0.05; η 2 � 0.742). e effect size was 74% which implied that 74% dependent variable's variance was attributed to the covariates. e output of ANCOVA presented a significant difference in retention mean scores of participants in Financial Accounting in the treatment (guided discovery and conventional instructional strategies) given. e second hypothesis was, therefore. rejected. e magnitude of the significant main effect across treatment groups was determined across the treatment groups and presented in Table 6.
From the output in Table 5, the students who were exposed to guided discovery instructional strategy retained the treatment better (x � 45.01) than those in the control group (x � 35.84).
is order was represented as GDIS > CLM. Further, the source of the significant difference obtained in Table 7 was traced using the Bonferroni post hoc test.
e Bonferroni post hoc analysis affirmed the significant disparity between GDIS and CLM in Table 7. is, therefore, means that GDIS was significantly more effective in enhancing students' retention than CLM.
H 03 : gender and socioeconomic status have no statistically significant main effect on students' attitude towards Financial Accounting.
Regarding hypothesis three, Table 2 shows that gender had no significant main effect on students' attitude towards Financial Accounting F (1,134) � 1.555, p > 0.05; η 2 � 0.011). erefore, the null hypothesis was not rejected. is implied that the differentiation in the postattitude scores of the male and female students was not significant. Table 2 also shows that the main effect of SES on students' attitude to Financial Accounting F (2,134) � 0.127, p > 0.05; η 2 � 0.002) was no significant. erefore, the null  Table 5 affirms no significant main effect of gender on students' retention in Financial Accounting concepts F (1,134) � 1.545, p > 0.05; η 2 � 0.011). erefore, the null hypothesis was not rejected. is implied that the difference in the retention test scores of the male and female participants was not significant. is result affirmed that the instructional strategies' efficacies were common for both male and female students in financial accounting concepts. Table 5 also shows that there was no significant main effect of SES on students' retention in Financial Accounting concepts F (2,134) � 0.505, p > 0.05; η 2 � 0.007). erefore, the null hypothesis was not rejected. is implied that the diversity in the retention test scores of the students based on their SES was not significant.
Regarding hypothesis five, Table 5 shows that there was no significant two-way interaction effect of treatment and gender on students' retention in Financial Accounting concepts (F (1,134) � 2.034, p > 0.05 η 2 � 0.15). Hence, the null hypothesis was, therefore, not rejected.
H 06 : interaction effect of treatment and socioeconomic status on students' retention of Financial Accounting concepts is not statistically significant. Table 5 shows that there was no significant two-way interaction effect of treatment and socioeconomic status on students' retention in Financial Accounting concepts (F (2,134) � 0.535, p > 0.05 η 2 � 0.08). is implied that treatment and socioeconomic status had no significant interaction effect on students' retention in Financial Accounting concepts. Hence, the null hypothesis was, therefore, not rejected.

Discussion
e effectiveness of guided discovery instructional strategy in advancing students' learning outcomes (attitude and retention) in the concepts selected in Financial Accounting compared to conventional lecture method (Olulowo et al. [57]) was investigated in this study. e first and second hypotheses were on the treatment's effect (instructional strategies) on the learning outcomes (attitude and retention) in participants in Financial Accounting concepts selected from the senior school syllabus. e learning outcomes (attitude and retention) in the participants in Financial Accounting concepts significantly improved consequently on the treatments the experimental group underwent. e learners taught with guided discovery greatly improved on their attitude and retention of Financial Accounting concepts. is result indicated that guided discovery instructional strategy was more productive in improving students' retention and attitude to Financial Accounting concepts. e efficacy of guided discovery instructional strategy could be credited to the fact that students participate actively at every stage of the instructional model. is strategy, according to Olorode and Jimoh [39], empowers learners to think and discover facts that are necessary to solve Financial Accounting problems independently. Guided discovery has the instructional capacity to enable students to reorganize or revamp existing information to create innovative concepts or principles [40]. In addition, Simamora et al. [21] opined that this instructional model improves learners' propensity in innovation, investigation, problem solving, and autonomous thoughts, formation, and detection through ingenious learning. As regards attitude, this finding conforms with the findings of Ajewole [28] that examined the effects of discovery and expository instructional methods on students' attitude to Biology, which reported that learners exposed to  Education Research International guided discovery developed better attitudes to science-related concepts than subjects in the control group. is implies that students taught with guided discovery had better attitudes to Biology than the subjects in the control group. In a similar vein, this finding is in conformity with the findings of Casad and Jawaharlal [41] and Amiyani and Widjajanti [42] who in their separate studies reported the effectiveness of guided discovery instructional strategy in improving students' attitude.
For retention, this finding concurs with the findings of Lasisi et al. [43] that reported a significant difference in the Chemistry attainment of students with guided discovery, problem solving, and conventional lecture method. Lasisi et al. [43] further opined that guided discovery seems the most reliable strategy from the strategies evaluated in their study. In a like manner, Ibe [44] and Akanbi and Kolawole [45], in their separate study, reported significant differences between the retention of students taught Biology with guided discovery and those taught with the conventional method.
is implies that guided discovery is better at enhancing students' retention than conventional teaching method. e high retention score of Financial Accounting students in guided discovery group may be attributed to students' encouragement to work together as a team in order to attain group goals, the autonomous discovery of knowledge, and take control of their study with active facilitation of the teacher. Guided discovery strategy is different from conventional teaching method which make students flaccid receivers of knowledge from their teachers.
Regarding the third hypothesis on the significance of gender and socioeconomic status on students' attitude to Financial Accounting, the analysis of data showed that the difference in the attitudinal mean scores of male and female learners in Financial Accounting concepts was not    significant. is finding does not support the assertion of Imasuen and Omorogbe [29] which established significant differences between the attitude of male and female students in Mathematics. On the other hand, this finding is in conformity with the finding of Sofiani et al. [46] who reported that gender's influence on students' attitude to science was not significant. Also, it could be seen from this finding that socioeconomic status had no significant effect on the participants' attitude. is finding does not support Edosomwan and Edosomwan's [47] finding on the relationship between socioeconomic status and students' attitude to Computer Science. Furthermore, the effect of gender and socioeconomic status on participants' retention showed that no dissimilarity was evident in the participants' mean retention scores in Financial Accounting concepts. e findings conflict with the outcomes of research conducted by Bosede [48], Lawal [49], and Ugwu [50] that significant differences are featured in male and female students' retention of Science, Chemistry, and Biology concepts. However, this result concurred with Udu's [51], Oludipe's [52], and Iloputaife's [53] findings that reported no gender influence on the academic retention of their participants in Chemistry, Basic Science, and Physics. It was evident from this research that gender was not statistically important for participants' knowledge retention when exposed to student-centered and action-oriented strategies. Also, socioeconomic status had no significant main effect on students' retention which negated the findings of Edinyang et al. [54] that socioeconomic status had a significant main effect on knowledge retention of students in Social Studies.
Moreover, it was evident from the outcome of this study that the interaction effect of treatment and gender on academic retention of students in Financial Accounting concepts was not significant. is means that the guided discovery instructional strategy is not gender-specific as it offers common opportunities to male and female learners.
is is in harmony with the findings of Ajai et al. [55], Ogundola [38], and Udu [51], who in their separate studies discovered that treatment would not significantly interact with gender to influence knowledge retention of the student in algebra, Technical Drawing, and Chemistry, respectively. ough, on the other hand, the outcome of the analysis deviates from the inference of Ezeudu [56] on the existence of a significant interaction of treatment and gender on the knowledge and retention of students in Chemistry. e analyses of data gathered for this study on the interaction effect of treatment and gender upheld other studies that discovered that treatment does not rely on the gender of students to be efficient. is implies that the relative efficacy of guided discovery was consistent across gender groups (Olulowo et al.) [57]. Finally, treatment and socioeconomic status did not significantly interact with students' retention in Financial Accounting concepts. is finding confirms the finding of Edinyang et al. [54], who found that there was no significant interaction effect of treatment and socioeconomic status on students' achievement and retention in Social Studies.

Conclusion and Suggestions
e crucial culmination that can be inferred from this study is that guided discovery proved better in improving learning outcomes (attitude and knowledge retention) in students in Financial Accounting concepts. Also, guided discovery is not gender inclined and its effectiveness is not based on students' socioeconomic status. Consequent to the outcomes of this study and prior research on improvement of students' learning outcomes (attitude and knowledge retention), guided discovery is vastly suggested for curriculum implementers (teachers), administrator, and curriculum developers whose utmost priority is to improve students' attitude, knowledge, and retention in Financial Accounting as it props up and eggs on social interaction, energetic learning that enhances attitude and knowledge retention. On the other hand, this study only considered senior secondary school two students who were offering Financial Accounting. In this wise, the findings of this study cannot be generalized to other levels of students offering Financial Accounting in senior secondary schools. e researchers, therefore, recommended that further studies should be experimented on students offering Financial Accounting in senior secondary schools and tertiary institutions. Also, future research could explore improvements in other academic and psychological variables, such as self-efficacy and critical thinking in Financial Accounting using guided discovery instructional strategy.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare no conflicts of interest.