Multisource Information Risk Evaluation Technology of Mine Water Inrush Based on VWM: A Case Study ofWeng’an Coal Mine

The use ofmultisource information fusion technology to predict the risk of water inrush fromcoal floor is a research hotspot in recent years, but the current evaluationmethod ismainly based on a constant weight evaluationmodel. Using constant weights to reflect the control effect of changing factor state values on water inrush evaluation has obvious limitations, and it is unable to describe the control effect of the hydrogeological condition mutation on the water inrush from the floor. In order to solve the above problems, this manuscript introduces the idea of variable weight into the field of water inrush evaluation, expounds on the significance of variable weight theory for water inrush evaluation, analyzes the characteristics of mine water inrush variable weight evaluation, and, on this basis, further combines GIS-based multisource information fusion technology and typical engineering case to compare with the evaluation effect map, evaluation unit, and comprehensive evaluation values. The differences between the variable weight model (VWM) and the constant weight model (CWM) are analyzed, which proves that the evaluation process of the variable weight evaluation model is more reasonable and can effectively improve the evaluation accuracy.


Introduction
Mine water risk has always been one of the important factors restricting coal mining in China, and it is of great application value to carry out research on mine water inrush risk prediction technology [1][2][3][4][5]. In China, the forecast of coal floor water inrush has been studied for more than 40 years. In the early 1960s, according to a large number of mine water inrush data, the empirical formula of the water inrush coefficient method (WICM) for predicting water inrush was summarized, and it has been used until now [6][7][8]. However, there are many factors influencing water inrush disaster [9][10][11][12]. The WICM only considers the water pressure and aquiclude thickness. It does not fully reflect the nonlinear dynamic phenomenon controlled by multifactors. Based on the above reasons, from the beginning of the 20th century to the present, some scholars have adopted the geographic information systems (GIS) with linear or nonlinear integration technology and proposed the water inrush evaluation method based on multisource information fusion technology. For example, Dai et al. analyzed the water inrush risk of the 11th coal seam in Hancheng mining area using GIS and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) [13]. Wu et al. proposed a karst water inrush water risk prediction method based on GIS and artificial neural network (ANN) coupling technology [14]. Hu et al. obtained the weights of the evaluation factors through AHP and the entropy weight method and further determined water inrush risk zonation by using GIS technology [15]. Similar studies also include Liu et al. [16], Chen et al. [17], and Ruan et al. [18]. This type of method can better solve the problem of water inrush prediction [19]. However, in the process of applying multisource information fusion technology to predict water inrush, the currently widely used evaluation model is the weighted average model: Mðx 1 , x 2 , ⋯, x m Þ = ∑ m i=1 w i x i , where x i is the state value of factors influencing water inrush and w i ∈ ½0, 1 is the weight of the influencing factor and needs to satisfy ∑ m i=1 w i = 1 [20,21]. In this model, regardless of how the state vector X = ðx 1 , x 2 , ⋯, x m Þ of each factor changes, the weight vector W = ðw 1 , w 2 , ⋯, w m Þ of the factor always remains unchanged. This method reflects the relative importance of individual factors in the overall evaluation system to a certain extent and has certain scientific nature and applicability. However, under certain weight vector levels, the water inrush evaluation result is not only related to each basic importance of influencing factors but also related to the magnitude of the factor state value and the combination relationship of the state value of each factor; that is, the state vector X = ðx 1 , x 2 , ⋯, x m Þ of the constant coping factor of the weight vector W = ðw 1 , w 2 , ⋯, w m Þ has a certain limitation. The CWM ignores the influence of the internal differences of the factor state value on the evaluation process and is unable to describe the control effect of the change of state value caused by the change of hydrogeological conditions. The more factors involved in the evaluation, the more average the weights, the greater the probability of making a wrong judgment. In order to solve the above technical defect, this paper introduces the variable weight idea into the process of water inrush risk evaluation. The VWM can realize the change of factor weight value with the change of its state value, which can more accurately reflect the influence effect of water inrush by a sudden change of hydrogeological condition. The evaluation process is more consistent with the law of occurrence of water inrush and has a positive effect on improving the accuracy of water inrush evaluation. The method proposed in this paper can provide a reference for the risk evaluation of water inrush from the coal floor in areas with similar geological conditions in the world.

Overview of the Research Area
2.1. Physical Geography. Weng'an Coal Mine is located in Weng'an county in Guizhou province within the geographic coordinate of 107°28 ′ 30 ″~1 07°32 ′ 30 ″ (east longitude) and 26°57 ′ 57 ″~2 7°03 ′ 15 ″ (north latitude); the geography location is shown in Figure 1. The topography of the mining area is generally high in the south and low in the north. The eastern and western regions are the ridges with a north-south direction, while the central region is a valley, with a long strip of about 20 km length and 3-5 km width.

Meteorological and Hydrological.
The climate type of the mining area belongs to the subtropical humid monsoon climate, and the rainy season is concentrated from April to September, with the annual rainfall reaching 1148.2 mm. The rainfall in the rainy season accounts for more than 70% of the total annual rainfall. The surface water system of the mining area belongs to the tributaries of Baishui river tributary, Yangtze river basin. And the Baishui river runs through the whole area, and it is the main river in the region. Along both sides of the Baishui river develops a seasonal stream with short flow, small water, and dry season.

Geological Conditions.
According to the borehole data, the exposed strata from old to new are the Middle Permian System Maokou Formation (P 2 m), Upper Permian System Emeishan Basalt Formation (P 3 β), the Upper Permian System Wujiaping Formation (P 3 w), the Upper Permian System Changxing Formation (P 3 c), the Lower Triassic System Yelang Formation (T 1 y), and the Quaternary (Q). The mine is located on the wings of the Yangzi washing horse syncline of quasistation, and the oblique axis is distributed in the north-south direction. The dip angle of the two wings is 10-37°, which is basically symmetrical. Three faults are developed in the mining area, one fault is nearly northeastward and extends longer, and the other two faults are near east-west and small in scale. The coal-bearing strata are Permian Wujiaping Formation (P 3 w). It is a set of gray, light gray thin-layered carbon mudstone and silty mudstone with argillaceous siltstone, containing four layers of coal; only Dth coal seam can be mined. It is the target coal seam for this evaluation (Figure 2).

Hydrogeological Conditions.
According to the geological borehole data of the mining area, the lithology of Middle Permian Maokou Formation (P 2 m) is gray to grayish thick layer and the massive micritic limestone powder, containing a small amount of irregular chert nodule, and its thickness is greater than 60 m. According to the results of a hydrogeological survey, the karst fissure of this aquifer is strongly developed and belongs to a water-rich confined aquifer. There is a wide distribution range between limestone and main coal seam of Maokou Formation, but the thickness of which is not uniform. As an aquiclude, basalt can generally function as a water barrier under natural conditions. However, under the coupling of mining stress and high-pressure water, water inrush is easy to form in the weak area of the aquiclude.

The Thematic Maps of the Factors
At present, there has been a lot of research in the field of water inrush control factors, such as Wu et al. [22], Li et al. [23], and Zeng [24]. Based on the previous research data, according to the hydrogeological conditions and the current geological exploration degree, ignoring the factors that have little effect on the water inrush process, the following six key control factors were selected as the control factors for the water inrush from the floor in Weng'an Coal Mine: (1) Equivalent thickness of effective aquiclude (ETEA): the effective aquiclude is equal to the total thickness of the aquiclude minus the depth of the failure zone of the mine, and the equivalent thickness is the thickness that converts the effective thickness of different lithologies into the same standard lithology. (2) Thickness of brittle rock under failure zone of the mine (TBRFZM): there are brittle rocks such as sandstone and limestone in the aquifuge, which have strong compressive capacity for preventing water inrush. Therefore, the total thickness of brittle rock after the failure zone is reduced as one of the evaluation indicators of water inrush. (3) Distribution of faults and folds (DFF): the rock mass integrity of the aquiclude in the fault and fold distribution is generally poor, and the fractures formed by these geological structures can easily become the passage of groundwater into the mine. (4) Rock quality designation of aquiclude (RQDA): the rock quality designation of aquiclude refers to the ratio of the core 2 Geofluids length obtained by drilling to the corresponding actual drilling footage, which can reflect the degree of fracture development of the aquiclude. (5) Water abundance of limestone aquifer (WALA): the water abundance of the aquifer is the water-bearing capacity of the aquifer, which determines the amount of water inrush. (6) Water pressure of limestone aquifer (WPLA): high water pressure is the driving factor for the groundwater suddenly flooded into the mine, and it is a prerequisite for the formation of water inrush. The data of various influencing factors of water inrush from the D coal floor of Weng'an Coal Mine were collected and organized, and the original data were processed and interpolated to generate thematic maps of various control factors and establish the factor database. For the method of data processing and interpolation calculation, please refer to Wu et al. [22,25]. Because of the limited space, only the WPLA thematic map is taken as an example in the text, as shown in Figure 3; the other thematic maps (Figures S1-S5) are in Supplementary Materials. The purpose of normalizing is to eliminate the influence of different dimensions on the evaluation results, so that it is statistically significant and comparable [19,26]. The normalization formula used is as follows: N i is the normalized value, min ðx i Þ is the minimum state value, max ðx i Þ is the maximum state value, u is the upper limit of the normalized range, and η is the lower limit of the normalized range; in the normalization process, u = 1, η = 0. Among the identified influencing factors, the WALA, RQDA, WPLA, and DFF are positively related to the water inrush risk, which means that the larger the quantified value of these factors, the more likely it is to produce a sudden change. The ETEA and DFF are negatively correlated. In this paper, the negative correlation data is normalized by (1 − N i ).  [27,28], Liu [29], Li and Li [30], Cai and Li [31], and other mathematicians continued their research on this theory and gradually formed a relatively complete theory. The VWM can realize the weight changes with the change of the factor state value, so that the influence of each factor on the evaluation system under different combination states is better reflected by the change of the weight, which makes it a more scientific weight. The relevant content of the variable weight theory can be found in references, which will not be explained in the paper.

Evaluation Idea and Model.
In the process of GIS-based floor water inrush risk evaluation, the evaluation area will be divided into many evaluation units, each evaluation unit contains all the control factors, and the status value of each control factor is different in different evaluation units. Especially when the status value of a factor in the evaluation unit is very high or very low, it often means that this factor has a stronger control effect on water inrush. In order to avoid the very high or very low state value of a factor in the evaluation unit being neutralized by other factors, the model can significantly increase the weight value of this type of factor. At the same time, the high state value will lead to a significant increase in risk, but the state value is very low and does not necessarily significantly reduce the risk; therefore, the weight of the high state value is increased by a larger amount in the model. It should be noted that the weight of each factor is a secondary adjustment based on its constant weight, so the adjusted weight value does not change the relative importance relationship between each factor. According to the ideas, a risk evaluation model for water inrush based on variable weight theory is constructed [22], as follows:

Geofluids
where RI is the risk index, w i is the variable weight vector, f i ðx, yÞ is the state value, x and y are the coordinates, w ð0Þ is the constant weight vector, m is the number of factors, and VðXÞ is the state variable weight vector, expressed as follows:   6 Geofluids interval threshold determines the degree of weight adjustment of different types of state values of each factor. In ½b j3 , 1, the weight increases as the state value increases; in ½b j2 , b j3 Þ, the weight increases as the state value increases, but the magnitude of the increase is smaller than the ½b j3 , 1 interval. In ½b j1 , b j2 Þ, the weight is neither increased nor decreased; at ½0, b j1 Þ, the weight increases as the state value decreases. In this paper, according to the characteristics of the difference in the spatial distribution of the state values of the factors, the clustering analysis method is used to determine the variable weight interval of each main control factor, as shown in Table 1.

Water Inrush Risk Evaluation.
Before multifactor fusion analysis, firstly, the composite superposition processing must be carried out. The information superposition function of GIS technology is used to superimpose the thematic maps of control factors, and the information storage layers of each relevant factor are combined into one information storage layer to form the superimposed units containing all relevant factor information. Then, the constant weight of each evaluation factor is determined according to the analytic hierarchy process. On this basis, Matlab software is used to calculate the coal floor water inrush variable weight vulnerability evaluation model (formula (2)), and the weight calculation program 7 Geofluids can be obtained from Supplementary Materials. Finally, the water inrush vulnerability evaluation index of all superimposed units is obtained. Then, the natural break classification method in GIS software is used to classify, and finally, a floor water risk evaluation partition map is formed (Figure 4). For comparative analysis, we also made a partition map based on constant weights ( Figure 5). The weights were obtained using the AHP, which was proposed by Saaty [32]. This method  Figure 6: Partial enlarged map based on VWM. 8 Geofluids obtains the factor weight by calculating the maximum eigenvalue of the judgment matrix and the eigenvectors. The constant weight calculation results are shown in Table 2.  9 Geofluids comprehensive evaluation value is calculated by using two methods of VWM and CWM (Table 2).

Evaluation Effect Analysis
From Table 2, it can be clearly seen that the normalized value of the DFF of the evaluation unit is extremely large, and the value is 1, which means that there is a geological structure at the location, and it is easy to induce a water inrush disaster. Compared with other factors, the DFF plays a stronger control role in water inrush. However, in the evaluation process of the CWM, the risk of these two factors was neutralized by the other five factors, resulting in the risk comprehensive evaluation value being reduced to 0.3903. And by using the VWM for risk evaluation, according to the magnitude of the state value of control factors, VWM redistribute the weight of the control factors and increase the weight value of the DFF; the weight value increased from 0.1128 to 0.1763, so that the risk comprehensive evaluation value increased to 0.4389, which effectively prevents the key control factor of water inrush from being neutralized by other factors. Therefore, compared with the CWM, the evaluation process of the VWM is more in line with the actual geological conditions of the mining area, and the risk evaluation results are more accurate.

Comparison of the Range of Comprehensive Evaluation
Values. For each evaluation superimposed unit in the study area, both two evaluation methods of the CWM and the VWM are used to calculate the risk index of water inrush. From the final calculation results, the risk index range of the CWM is 0.3456554~0.8890497 and the risk index range of VWM is 0.314419~0.925728. The risk index distribution ranges of all evaluation units are shown in Figure 8. It can be seen that the risk index range of the VWM is larger than the CWM, and the dispersion is better. For the GIS-based multisource information fusion risk evaluation method of coal seam floor water inrush, a larger value range and a better dispersion mean that it is easier to determine the critical thresholds of different risk zones.

Conclusion
The coal seam floor water inrush evaluation technology based on GIS combined with linear or nonlinear mathematical theory is the current research hotspot, and the CWM is currently widely used. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional evaluation method, the variable weight theory is introduced into the field of risk evaluation of water inrush from coal floor and puts forward the variable weight evaluation idea of water inrush. The VWM can overcome the defect that the weight value of the traditional evaluation model remains unchanged and can consider the effect of state value change of the influencing factors on the water inrush, especially the state value mutation on the water inrush, which can effectively improve the evaluation accuracy of water inrush based on multisource information fusion technology. In addition, the CWM is greatly affected by human factors in the weight determination process. The VWM realizes the weight change based on the constant weight, which will also be affected by certain human factors, but the weight change is determined according to the objective difference of the factor state value, which can effectively reduce the influence of human factors.
Combined with the example of the water inrush evaluation project of the coal floor in Weng'an Coal Mine, the differences in evaluation effects between VWM and CWM are compared from three aspects: evaluation map, typical unit, and comprehensive evaluation values. It is demonstrated that the VWM can better reflect the control effect of mine hydrogeological condition mutations on water inrush; the evaluation process and evaluation results are more consistent with the formation mechanism of coal floor water inrush.
The current VWM still has defects such as the lack of a versatile method of parameter determination, the evaluation process will be disturbed by human factors, and the research on the change law of the weight value under the condition that the state values of different factors are combined with 10 Geofluids each other is not deep. In the follow-up research work, it is necessary to continue to improve the variable weight evaluation theory of water inrush from coal floor, reduce the interference of human factors on the evaluation process, and explore a VWM that is more consistent with the evaluation characteristics of water inrush from coal floor.

Data Availability
All data included in this study are available upon request by contact with the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.