Gastroenterology Research and Practice

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 827534, 5 pages

doi:10.1155/2012/827534

Research Article

Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy with Melphalan: A Summary of Clinical and Pharmacological Data in 34 Patients

Lana Bijelic,¹ Paul H. Sugarbaker,¹ and O. Anthony Stuart²

¹Washington Cancer Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA

²MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA

Received 16 April 2012; Accepted 1 May 2012

Academic Editor: Yan Li

Copyright © 2012 Lana Bijelic et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a treatment option for peritoneal metastases. The optimal agents for HIPEC have not been established. Melphalan is a drug with broad activity and a favorable profile for intraperitoneal application. The purpose of this study is to review our experience using melphalan for HIPEC. Pharmacologic data was obtained. Thirty four patients who underwent CRS for peritoneal metastases received melphalan for HIPEC between 2003 and 2011. The first 10 patients received 70 mg/m²; subsequent 24 received 60 or 70 mg/m². The mean PCI was . Twenty-eight patients (83%) had a CC score of 1 or 2. The mean length of stay was days. Nine patients (26%) had a grade 3 and 6 (17%) had grade 4 morbidity. There were no postoperative deaths. The pharmacologic analysis of plasma to peritoneal fluid levels of melphalan showed an AUC ratio of 33 while the tumor nodules to peritoneal ratio was 8. Melphalan is an acceptable agent for use in HIPEC. The morbidity of intraperitoneal melphalan at the dose of 60–70 mg/m² appears acceptable. Further studies comparing the effectiveness of melphalan and other HIPEC agents are needed.

1. Introduction

Cytoreductivesurgery, combined with heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), is a treatment modality that can provide long-term survival for selected patients with peritoneal metastases from gastrointestinal cancer and mesothelioma [1–3]. The best outcomes are achieved in patients who have a complete surgical removal of the peritoneal deposits [4, 5]. Unfortunately, recurrence on the peritoneal surface is common even after successful complete cytoreduction [6–8]. Therefore, efforts should be directed to improve the effectiveness of intraperitoneal chemotherapy as a way to maintain the disease control obtained with complete cytoreduction.

While HIPEC is almost universally used as an integral component of the cytoreductive procedure, there is little consensus on the optimal regimen. There is variability in both the chemotherapy agents and doses used among treatment centers due to a lack of studies directly comparing different HIPEC regimens. Treatment centers often base their choice of HIPEC regimen on theoretical principals and pharmacologic data.

Melphalan is an antineoplastic alkylating agent that causes the formation of interstrand DNA crosslinks and shows a marked increase in activity with heat [9, 10]. For this reason, it remains the principal agent used in isolated limb perfusion for the treatment of in-transit metastases of melanoma [11]. We have previously shown in an animal model that the intraperitoneal administration of melphalan combined with heat is effective in delaying tumor growth and that the effect of hyperthermia on the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of intraperitoneally administered melphalan indicated increased intraabdominal tissue concentrations [12].

Therefore, we sought to evaluate the feasibility of using melphalan for heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy combined with cytoreductive surgery for the treatment of peritoneal metastases from appendix and colorectal cancer as well as mesothelioma.

2. Methods

All patients, undergoing cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC utilizing melphalan, were identified by searching our prospectively maintained database. From July 2003 until July 2011, 34 patients received HIPEC with melphalan. The first 10 patients were treated as part of a prospective, single-institution phase I trial approved by the Institutional Review Board.

Cytoreductive surgery was performed by the senior author in all cases and consisted of peritonectomies and visceral resections performed as needed to achieve complete tumor removal whenever possible as previously described [13]. After all resections were completed, the patients underwent HIPEC with melphalan for 60 or 90 minutes. Melphalan was given at a dose of 50–70 mg/m² in 1.5 L/m² of 1.5% dextrose peritoneal dialysis solution. The dose of melphalan was chosen based on the number of cycles of systemic chemotherapy that the patients received prior to cytoreductive surgery and their performance status. HIPEC was performed using the open coliseum method except in select patients with incomplete cytoreduction in whom the closed method was used to provide increased intraabdominal pressure [14]. One inflow catheter and four outflow catheters were used to circulate the chemotherapy solution in both the open and closed method. The temperature of the chemotherapy solution was maintained at 41-42°C inside the abdomen and continuously monitored with two temperature probes.

Early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy with 5-FU was used in four patients who did not receive any prior systemic or intraperitoneal chemotherapy during the phase I trial. Following completion of the phase I trial, HIPEC with melphalan was used in patients with recurrent disease being treated with repeat cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC. This group of patients did not receive EPIC. Perioperative variables, including the peritoneal cancer index (PCI), extent of cytoreductive surgery, completeness of cytoreduction (CC score) and a detailed assessment of morbidity by grade, and organ system for each patient, were prospectively assessed and entered into a database.

Pharmacological assessments were done on the first 10 patients enrolled in the phase I trial and an additional 10 patients treated afterwards. In patients who underwent pharmacologic analysis, samples of peritoneal fluid, blood, urine, and, where available, tumor nodules were collected immediately prior and every 15 minutes during HIPEC. Melphalan concentration was assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) within 24 hours of collection. Melphalan concentrations were determined using a modification of the HPLC method described by Norda et al. [15] We used a Shimadzu LC7A instrument equipped with a SPD-6AV (UV-VIS) detector set at 270 nm along with a C-R6a Chromatopac data processor. A Dynamax reversed-phase C₁₈ column (150 × 4.6 mm²) of Microsorb 100° 5 μm particles was used coupled to a guard column of the same chemical consistency (Varian Associates, Walnut Creek, CA, USA). The mobile phase consisted of an isocratic mixture of 30% acetonitrile in 0.005 M NaH₂PO₄ with the pH adjusted to 3.5 with phosphoric acid. The flow rate was set at 1.2 mL/min and the volume of sample injections was 50 μL. All solvents used were HPLC grade (Fisher Scientific, Norcross, GA, USA).

3. Results

Thirty-four patients received heated intraoperative intraperitoneal melphalan between July 2003 and July 2011. There were 20 females and 14 males. Twenty-three patients had appendiceal carcinoma, 6 had mesothelioma, 2 colon cancer, 2 ovarian cancer, and 1 had urachal carcinoma. Eleven patients received melphalan at their first cytoreduction with HIPEC while 23 had repeat CRS+HIPEC for recurrent disease.

The mean PCI was 28 for patients who received melphalan at the time of their first cytoreductive procedure and 18 for patients who had repeat cytoreduction.

Twenty-one patients had a CC score of 1, seven had a CC score of 2, and six had a CC score of 3. All the demographic and perioperative data is summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Demographic and perioperative data on 34 patients treated with cytoreductive surgery and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy with melphalan.

Gender

    Male
14

    Female
20

Age (mean)
46.1

Primary diagnosis

    Appendix cancer
23

    Mesothelioma
6

    Colon cancer
2

    Ovarian cancer
2

    Urachal cancer
1

Peritoneal cancer index (PCI)

    Mean
21

    Range
4–39

Completeness of cytoreduction score

    CC-1
21

    CC-2
7

    CC-3
6

Dose of melphalan

    50 mg/m²
5

    60 mg/m²
17

    70 mg/m²
10

The number of peritonectomies performed ranged from 0 to 4 (mean 1.05). The number of visceral resections performed ranged from 0 to 6 (mean 2.26). The mean length of stay was days. Nine patients (26%) had a grade 3 complication in the postoperative period. The following grade 3 complications were observed: deep vein thrombosis in 4 instances, urinary tract infection in 3, diarrhea in 2, respiratory distress in 2, neutropenia in 2, and catheter associated bloodstream infection in 1 (Figure 1). Six patients (17%) had grade 4 morbidity: there was 1 fistula and 1 Hartmann’s pouch leak, 1 severe pancreatitis, 1 occurrence of postoperative bleeding, 1 case of ARDS, 1 lower extremity compartment syndrome, and 1 grade IV neutropenia (Figure 2). There were no postoperative deaths. On univariate analysis, the dose of melphalan, the number of visceral resection, and the number of peritonectomies were associated with an increased incidence of grade 4 complications, while the peritoneal cancer index and the use of EPIC were not (Table 2).

Table 2: Univariate analysis of clinical factors associated with grade 4 postoperative morbidity in 34 patients treated with cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC with melphalan.

Clinical variable
Grade 4 morbidity
value

Yes
No

Dose of melphalan

0.01

    50 mg/m²
0

    60 mg/m²
0

    70 mg/m²
4

Number of peritonectomies

<0.001

    ≤2
1

    >2
5

Number of visceral resections

0.002

    ≤2
0

    >2
6

Peritoneal cancer index

0.38

    ≤20
1

    >20
5

EPIC

0.13

    Yes
2

    No
26

Figure 1: Grade 3 complications observed during the postoperative period in 34 patients treated with cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC with melphalan.

Figure 2: Grade 4 complications observed during the postoperative period in 34 patients treated with cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC with melphalan.

The mean total dose of melphalan received was  mg. Five patients were treated with 50 mg/m², 17 patients received 60 mg/m², and 10 received 70 mg/m² (the dose/m² data was unknown for 2 patients). The pharmacologic analysis was carried out in 20 patients. During 90 minutes of HIPEC, an average of % of melphalan was absorbed. The average absorption at 60 minutes of treatment was %. The average peritoneal fluid AUC over 90 minutes of HIPEC was  μg/mL while the average plasma AUC was . The average peritoneal fluid to plasma AUC ratio was (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Pharmacologic analysis showing peritoneal fluid, plasma, and tumor nodule levels of melphalan in 20 patients treated with cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC with melphalan.

There were three patients who received intraperitoneal melphalan using the closed technique who had a complete pharmacologic evaluation. The pharmacologic data on these patients was compared to 12 patients treated with hyperthermic intraperitoneal melphalan using the open technique. The melphalan levels in these patients are shown in Figure 4. The plasma levels of melphalan were slightly increased in the closed technique as compared to the open; however; these results were not statistically significant.

Figure 4: Pharmacokinetics of hyperthermic intraperitoneal melphalan in 3 patients in whom the closed technique was used compared to 12 patients treated with the open technique. The difference in the plasma levels was not statistically significant ().

4. Discussion

The rationale for using local regional chemotherapy following cytoreductive surgery for peritoneal metastases is based on the well-documented pharmacokinetic advantage of intraperitoneal delivery that results in high peritoneal fluid levels and comparatively low systemic levels [16]. From a theoretical standpoint, the choice of agents for use in HIPEC should take maximal advantage of this principle. The pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal melphalan have been studied by Howell at al. under normothermic conditions showing approximately 90% systemic absorption at 4 hours [17]. However, we have previously shown in an animal model that the addition of hyperthermia increases the rate of systemic absorption [12]. In the current study, we performed melphalan HIPEC for 90 minutes in the first 18 patients. An analysis of the pharmacology shows there was approximately 85% absorption at 90 minutes compared to 75% at 60 minutes. Considering, there is only a 10% additional systemic exposure in the last 30 minutes of treatment, we have modified the duration of melphalan HIPEC to 60 minutes. Our pharmacologic analysis also confirms a favorable peritoneal fluid to plasma AUC ratio of 36 when melphalan is used for HIPEC. This AUC ratio compares favorably with other chemotherapy agents that are commonly used for HIPEC, such as mitomycin C with a peritoneal fluid to plasma AUC ratio of 24 and cisplatin with an AUC ratio of 8 [18]. Urano and Ling studied the effect of hyperthermia on the cytotoxicity of melphalan showing maximal thermal enhancement of melphalan at 41.5°C [10]. Therefore, we have used a target temperature of 41-42°C for the perfusate in the current study.

Previous studies of normothermic intraperitoneal melphalan by Howell at al. showed the maximal tolerated dose to be approximately 70 mg/m² [17]. Our early experience with melphalan HIPEC at a dose of 70 mg/m² seemed to suggest an increased incidence of perioperative morbidity. Based on this clinical observation, we empirically decreased the dose to 60 mg/m². The current study provides an analysis of all the patients we have treated with heated intraperitoneal melphalan. The univariate analysis of clinical variables associated with grade 4 morbidity confirms our clinical impression and shows a statistically significant increase in grade 4 morbidity for patients treated with 70 mg/m² of melphalan. Other factors associated with increased morbidity were the number of peritonectomies and visceral resections. The morbidities observed in this group of patients were very similar to those observed in our recent study of patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC with mitomycin C and doxorubicin [19]. We did not observe morbidities specific to the use of melphalan.

Heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy can be delivered using the open or the closed abdomen technique. There have been no studies showing a clear advantage of one technique over the other. In our practice, we use both techniques depending on the clinical scenario. The closed technique is typically used when no cytoreduction of small bowel surfaces needs to be done or in patients with incomplete cytoreduction in whom the increased intra-abdominal pressure may provide improved tissue penetration of the chemotherapy solution. In this study, we compared the pharmacology of melphalan used with the open versus the closed abdomen technique. One might suspect that the closed technique would demonstrate an increased clearance of chemotherapy from the abdominal/pelvic space into the plasma. There is an increase in the total diffusion surface because the surface of the anterior abdominal wall and the surface of the skin and subcutaneous tissue are exposed to the chemotherapy in the closed method. These surfaces are only intermittently exposed with the open method. Also, there is a slight increase in pressure within the abdomen with the closed technique. However, pharmacologically, these expected differences were not observed and the pharmacology of melphalan is virtually identical regardless of the HIPEC technique used. We have previously shown that more significant changes in the diffusion surface, such as those seen with large visceral resections or in patients with a contracted peritoneal space do have an impact on the clearance of mitomycin C and doxorubicin from the peritoneal cavity [20, 21].

This study was primarily designed to provide information about the safety of hyperthermic intraperitoneal melphalan and to help establish an optimal dose and duration of melphalan HIPEC. It is not possible to make judgments regarding the clinical efficacy of melphalan in terms of its impact on survival from the current series. The patient population, in this study, is heterogeneous in terms of primary diagnosis as well as whether the cancer was primary or recurrent. Therefore, an analysis of survival, following HIPEC with melphalan, would not provide clinically useful insights into its efficacy.

In conclusion, our experience in 34 patients treated with hyperthermic intraperitoneal melphalan suggests that melphalan is a reasonable chemotherapy agent to use for HIPEC with a favorable pharmacologic and safety profile. We suggest a dose of 60 mg/m² for 60 minutes. Based on our experience, melphalan should be included in future studies comparing different HIPEC agents, especially for patients with peritoneal recurrence following initial cytoreduction plus HIPEC.

References

P. H. Sugarbaker, “Epithelial appendiceal neoplasms,” Cancer Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 225–235, 2009.

L. Maggiori and D. Elias, “Curative treatment of colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis: current status and future trends,” European Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 599–603, 2010.

T. D. Yan, M. Deraco, D. Baratti et al., “Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for malignant peritoneal mesothelioma: multi-institutional experience,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 27, no. 36, pp. 6237–6242, 2009.

T. C. Chua, I. Al-Alem, A. Saxena, W. Liauw, and D. L. Morris, “Surgical cytoreduction and survival in appendiceal cancer peritoneal carcinomatosis: an evaluation of 46 consecutive patients,” Annals of Surgical Oncology, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1540–1546, 2011.

T. D. Yan, E. A. Brun, C. A. Cerruto, N. Haveric, D. Chang, and P. H. Sugarbaker, “Prognostic indicators for patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy for diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma,” Annals of Surgical Oncology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 41–49, 2007.

L. Bijelic, T. D. Yan, and P. H. Sugarbaker, “Failure analysis of recurrent disease following complete cytoreduction and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer,” Annals of Surgical Oncology, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 2281–2288, 2007.

T. D. Yan, L. Bijelic, and P. H. Sugarbaker, “Critical analysis of treatment failure after complete cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal dissemination from appendiceal mucinous neoplasms,” Annals of Surgical Oncology, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 2289–2299, 2007.

D. Baratti, S. Kusamura, A. D. Cabras, P. Dileo, B. Laterza, and M. Deraco, “Diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma: failure analysis following cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC),” Annals of Surgical Oncology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 463–472, 2009.

G. Sarosy, B. Leyland-Jones, P. Soochan, and B. D. Cheson, “The systemic administration of intravenous melphalan,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 1768–1782, 1988.

M. Urano and C. C. Ling, “Thermal enhancement of melphalan and oxaliplatin cytotoxicity in vitro,” International Journal of Hyperthermia, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 307–315, 2002.

A. Testori, C. Verhoef, H. M. Kroon, et al., “Treatment of melanoma metastases in a limb by isolated limb perfusion and isolated limb infusion,” Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 104, no. 4, pp. 397–404, 2011.

O. Glehen, O. A. Stuart, F. Mohamed, and P. H. Sugarbaker, “Hyperthermia modifies pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of intraperitoneal melphalan in a rat model,” Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 79–84, 2004.

P. H. Sugarbaker, “Peritonectomy procedures,” Annals of Surgery, vol. 221, no. 1, pp. 29–42, 1995.

A. D. Stephens, R. Alderman, D. Chang et al., “Morbidity and mortality analysis of 200 treatments with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy using the coliseum technique,” Annals of Surgical Oncology, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 790–796, 1999.

A. Norda, U. Loos, M. Sastry, J. Goehl, and W. Hohenberger, “Pharmacokinetics of melphalan in isolated limb perfusion,” Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 35–42, 1999.

R. L. Dedrick and M. F. Flessner, “Pharmacokinetic problems in peritoneal drug administration: tissue penetration and surface exposure,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 89, no. 7, pp. 480–487, 1997.

S. B. Howell, C. E. Pfeifle, and R. A. Olshen, “Intraperitoneal chemotherapy with Melphalan,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 14–18, 1984.

P. H. Sugarbaker, J. T. Mora, P. Carmignani, O. A. Stuart, and D. Yoo, “Update on chemotherapeutic agents utilized for perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy,” Oncologist, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 112–122, 2005.

T. D. Yan, L. Zappa, G. Edwards, R. Alderman, C. E. Marquardt, and P. H. Sugarbaker, “Perioperative outcomes of cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy for non-Appendiceal peritoneal carcinomatosis from a prospective database,” Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 102–112, 2007.

K. Van der Speeten, O. A. Stuart, D. Chang, H. Mahteme, and P. H. Sugarbaker, “Changes induced by surgical and clinical factors in the pharmacology of intraperitoneal mitomycin C in 145 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis,” Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 147–156, 2011.

P. H. Sugarbaker, K. Van der Speeten, O. Anthony Stuart, and D. Chang, “Impact of surgical and clinical factors on the pharmacology of intraperitoneal doxorubicin in 145 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis,” European Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 719–726, 2011.