International Journal of Analytical Chemistry
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 650927, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/650927

Research Article

Comparison of Electrospray Ionization and Atmospheric Chemical Ionization Coupled with the Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Cholesteryl Esters

Hae-Rim Lee,¹ Sunil Kochhar,² and Soon-Mi Shim¹

¹Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
²Department of Lipids & Off-Flavors, Nestlé Research Center, Nestec, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland

Received 15 October 2014; Revised 15 February 2015; Accepted 15 February 2015

Academic Editor: Mohamed Abdel-Rehim

Copyright © 2015 Hae-Rim Lee et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The approach of two different ionization techniques including electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was tested for the analysis of cholesteryl esters (CEs). The retention time (RT), signal intensity, protonated ion, and product ion of CEs were compared between ESI and APCI. RT of CEs from both ionizations decreased with increasing double bonds, while it increased with longer carbon chain length. The ESI process generated strong signal intensity of precursor ions corresponding to [M+Na]⁺ and [M+NH₄]⁺ regardless of the number of carbon chains and double bonds in CEs. On the other hand, the APCI process produced a protonated ion of CEs [M+H]⁺ with a weak signal intensity, and it is selectively sensitive to detect precursor ions of CEs with unsaturated fatty acids. The ESI technique proved to be effective in ionizing more kinds of CEs than the APCI technique.

1. Introduction

Mother’s milk is widely known as the first and essential food for infants [1]. Many studies have discovered that mother’s milk provides numerous beneficial health effects including improving neurologic development, immune system against pathogens, gastrointestinal function, and obesity inhibition [1–4]. Mother’s milk consists of various nutrients including cholesterol (Chl), and such components are dependent on the mother’s diets and are required for infant’s growth [5]. A previous study suggested that a high level of Chl intake during infancy through mother’s milk can reduce the blood Chl level in adults, implying a high amount of Chl intake can decrease the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease [5, 6].

Cholesteryl ester (CEs) is an esterified form of Chl in mother’s milk and it consists of a long chain fatty acids, connecting with the hydroxyl group of Chl. It is known as an efficient form to transport Chl through the blood stream [7]. There are two enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of CEs in humans, that is, lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) and acyl-coA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). LCAT catalyzes Chl to cholesteryl esters by transferring fatty acids to Chl. In the small intestine, absorbed Chl is esterified by ACAT (Figure 1) [7–10]. The biosynthesis of CEs plays a role in the regulation of cholesterol transport and storage as well as membrane function. More importantly, it is controlled by intracellular Chl levels [11].

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: Biosynthesis of cholesterol esters (CEs) in human by two enzymes: lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) (a) and acyl-coA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) (b).

Many approaches have been developed that are well-suited for analyzing hydrophobic components. Gas liquid chromatography (GC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) have been utilized for the analysis of CEs in human milk [7, 12, 13]. Recently, high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) condition has been optimized for the identification and quantification of CEs in various matrices such as human meibum, human plasma, and margarine spread [14–16]. For instance, a hexyl-phenyl HPLC column with a mobile phase consisting mixture of acetonitrile and water was used with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source to analyze the CEs in food matrices such as orange juice and margarine spread [13]. Butovich [15] utilized a reversed-phase (RP) C18 HPLC column with a mobile phase mixture coupled ammonium formate, acetonitrile, and propan-2-ol with an APCI source for the identification of 20 kinds of CEs in human meibum. To date, electrospray ionization (ESI) and APCI are the most common ionization sources for the coupling of LC to a tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) [16]. Under optimal ESI conditions, a charged liquid is formatted and sprayed for evaporating the solvent. And then, ion formation occurs in the fission of charged droplets due to the high field intensity. This technique is appropriate for analyzing polar components [17]. In optimized APCI, a mixture of solvent molecules and analyte molecules goes through a corona discharge after being dried in the gas phase. The solvent molecules are ionized to create charged solvent ions. The charge which is located with solvent ions is transferred to the analyte molecules, producing analyte ions. APCI is usually used to analyze nonpolar molecules with lower molecular weight [18]. Hence, we hypothesized that the ESI process is more adequate ionization for analysis of CEs than the APCI due to the ESI and APCI different mechanism of ionization, a potential polarity of CEs attributed to the ester group, and CEs’ large molecular weight.

2. Materials & Method

2.1. Chemicals

HPLC grade acetonitrile, propan-2-ol, methanol, and water were purchased from Fisher scientific (Leicestershire, UK). Chloroform, n-hexane, ethanol, ammonium acetate, petroleum benzene, and diethyl ether were obtained from Merck-chemicals (Darmstadt, Germany). Ammonium formate and acetic acid glacial were obtained from Biosolve (Dieuze, France).

Twenty three standards of cholesterol esters (CEs) including; Chl-butyrate, Chl-valerate, Chl-heptanoate, Chl-caprylate, Chl-nonanoate, Chl-caprate, Chl-undecanoate, Chl-laurate, Chl-tridecanoate, Chl-myristate, Chl-pentadecanoate, Chl-palmitate, Chl,-heptadecanoate, Chl-nonadecanoate, Chl-arachidate, Chl-heneicosanoate, Chl-behenate, and Chl-lignocerate were purchased from Nu-Chek (Elysian, MN). Chl-arachidonate, Chl-linoleate, Chl-palmitelaidate, Chl-oleate, and Chl-stearate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, CA).

2.2. Preparation of Standard Solution

Aliquot amount of each standard was weighed and solubilized in 100% chloroform. Stock solution was consequently diluted by n-hexane/propan-2-ol (1 : 1, v/v) for calibration by HPLC-MS/MS (ThermoFisher Scientific, Franklin, MA).

2.3. Analytical Conditions

2.3.1. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

The method from Butovich [15] was adopted with certain modifications. The samples were analyzed by using HPLC (ThermoFisher Scientific, Franklin, MA) with aria OS software (ThermoFisher Scientific, Franklin, MA). Hypersil Gold C18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) obtained from Thermo Electron (San Jose, CA) was used for the separation of CEs. Acetonitrile containing 5% of 5 mM aqueous ammonium formate was used as mobile phase A, whereas propan-2-ol contains 5% of 5 mM ammonium formate as mobile phase B. Before the injection, the column was preequilibrated with a solvent mixture (A : B, 47.4 : 52.6, v/v). The gradient rate was linearly changed to 7.6% of mobile phase A over the period of 35 min. The gradient rate was maintained for 10 min and then went back to the initial condition having 47.4% of mobile phase A within the next 1 min. It was reequilibrated for another 14 min.

2.3.2. Mass Spectrometry (MS) Condition

MS was conducted after separation by HPLC using Thermo LTQ having interchangeable ESI and APIC probes (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., San Jose, CA). The full scan with speed in events per second was carried out.

(1) Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Source (APCI). The entire flow was directed to the APCI ion source operating in the positive ion mode. Total ion chromatograms were recorded in the m/z range of 50 to 800. The vaporization and capillary temperature were set at 270 and 250°C, respectively. Sheath, ion sweep, and auxiliary gas pressure were set at 20, 2.0, and 5 psi, respectively. In MS₂ (MS/MS) experiments, the normalized collision energy was optimized for each of the compounds. Helium was used as a collision gas.

(2) Electrospray Ionization Source (ESI). The entire flow was directed to the Thermo LTQ ESI ion source operating in the positive ion mode (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., San Jose, CA). Total ion chromatograms were recorded in the m/z range of 50 to 800. ESI probe ion was used. Spray voltage was set to 4000 V. Vaporization and capillary temperature was set at 240 and 280°C, respectively. Sheath (N₂), ion sweep, and auxiliary gas (N₂) pressure were, respectively, set at 10, 2.0, and 5 psi. In MS2 (MS/MS) experiments, the normalized collision energy was optimized for each of the compounds. The particular transitions, the collision energy, and the tube lens settings were specific for each analyte and obtained using the TSQ Tune Master software in the optimization MS + MS/MS mode. These were shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Time-scheduled SIM conditions, ions and corresponding structures used in the LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of CEs.

Compound
Retention time (RT, min)
Molecular weight (Mw)
SRM transitions
() Precursor ion → Product ion
Coll. energy (v)
Corresponding structure
NL
Fatty acid

ESI
APCI
ESI
APCI
ESI
APCI
ESI
APCI

Chl-butyrate
7.02
456.8
479.4 → 119
457.5 → 105.20
40
62
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
2.82E + 03
1.22E + 02
4:0

479.4 → 369
457.5 → 369
5
7

Chl-valerate
7.69
470.8
493.4 → 105
471 → 369
39
20
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
8.14E + 03
9.54E + 01
5:0

493.4 → 369
—
9

Chl-heptanoate
8.93
498.8
521.4 → 147
499.6 → 369
31
8
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
1.28E + 04
1.14E + 01
7:0

521.4 → 369
—
9

Chl-caprylate
9.77
512.8
535.5 → 147
514 → 369
22
10
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
1.44E + 04
2.94E + 01
8:0

535.5 → 369
—
13

Chl-nonanoate
10.64
526.9
549.5 → 105
528 → 369
42
5
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
1.24E + 04
6.03E + 01
9:0

549.5 → 369
—
10

Chl-caprate
11.64
540.9
563.5 → 107
542 → 369
30
11
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
1.50E + 04
2.88E + 02
10:0

563.5 → 369
—
18

Chl-undecanoate
12.51
555
577.5 → 161
556 → 369
32
8
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
1.76E + 04
3.42E + 02
11:0

577.5 → 369
—
14

Chl-laurate
13.68
569
591.5 → 161
570 → 146.9
32
32
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
1.50E + 04
1.40E + 03
12:0

591.5 → 369
570 → 369
13
10

Chl-arachidonate
13.98
673.11
690.6 → 109
674 → 147.14
43
36
M+NH₄]⁺
M+H]⁺
5.03E + 05
2.46E + 04
20:4

690.6 → 369
674 → 369
10
14

Chl-tridecanoate
15.09
583
605.5 → 105
584 → 369
46
10
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
1.22E + 04
1.96E + 02
13:0

605.5 → 369
—
13

Chl-linoleate
15.55
649.08
666.6 → 161
650 → 373.26
30
15
M+NH₄]⁺
M+H]⁺
2.77E + 05
1.14E + 04
18:2

666.6 → 369
650 → 361.26
9
15

Chl-palmitelaidate
15.92
623.05
640.6 → 108
624 → 335.21
35
15
M+NH₄]⁺
M+H]⁺
6.73E + 04
4.10E + 03
16:2

640.6 → 369
624 → 369
9
13

Chl-myristate
16.06
597
619.5 → 108
598 → 369
39
14
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
1.57E + 04
2.61E + 02
14:0

619.5 → 369
—
16

Chl-pentadecanoate
17.52
611.1
633.6 → 369
612 → 369
12
5
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
5.06E + 03
1.75E + 03
15:0

Chl-oleate
18.13
651.1
668.6 → 147
652 → 363.28
33
20
M+NH₄]⁺
M+H]⁺
1.62E + 05
8.79E + 03
18:1

668.6 → 369
652 → 369
8
11

Chl-palmitate
18.6
625.1
647.6 → 147
626 → 161.1
28
23
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
1.17E + 04
2.23E + 03
16:0

647.6 → 369
626 → 369
14
11

Chl-heptadecanoate
19.92
639.1
661.6 → 105
640 → 146.89
69
32
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
1.43E + 04
1.67E + 03
17:0

661.6 → 369
640 → 369
16
10

Chl-stearate
21.31
653.1
675.6 → 135
654 → 273.16
38
31
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
9.78E + 03
7.03E + 02
18:0

675.6 → 369
654 → 369
15
6

Chl-nonadecanoate
22.53
667.2
689.6 → 119
668 → 147
45
28
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
1.24E + 04
7.34
19:0

689.6 → 369
668 → 369
19
9

Chl-arachidate
23.85
681.2
703.6 → 335
682 → 228.75
16
33
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
7.32E + 04
6.00E + 02
20:0

703.6 → 369
682 → 369
15
5

Chl-heneicosanoate
25.14
695.2
717.7 → 349.5
696 → 272.6
17
31
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
5.94E + 04
2.92E + 03
21:0

717.7 → 369
696 → 369
19
14

Chl-behenate
26.39
709.2
731.7 → 363
710 → 386.13
17
14
M+Na]⁺
M+H]⁺
6.73E + 04
1.82E + 03
22:0

731.7 → 369
710 → 369
23
9

Chl-lignocerate
28.49
737.3
754.7 → 132
738 → 108.96
50
28
M+NH₄]⁺
M+H]⁺
4.86E + 04
5.01E + 03
24:0

754.7 → 369
738 → 369
11
16

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Comparison of Retention Time, Intensity, and Ion Fragmentation of CEs between ESI and APCI Mass Spectra

ESI is one of the primary ionization techniques for the coupling of LC to MS, while APCI is a supplementary technique to electrospray and suitable for thermally stale polar and nonpolar compounds due to no generation of charged ions. ESI is particularly suited for polar organic compounds and is sensitive to matrix effects. High molecular weight compounds can be observed as multicharged molecular ions in ESI. In contrast to ESI, the APCI technique is used to analyze smaller molecular compared to ESI technique [16, 19, 20]. Owing to different ionization mechanism and characteristics of CEs, we hypothesized that ESI is more suitable for isolation and identification of CEs than APCI; firstly, polarity of CEs is due to the ester group. Secondly, the least molecular weight of CEs is 428.7, which is combined cholesterol with acetic acid (C2:0).

The retention time (RT) of CEs by using both ESI and APCI process is expressed in Table 1. Overall, RT of CEs on total ion chromatogram (TIC) was affected by a number of carbon chains and double bonds. The Chl-lignocerate (C24:0) appeared at 28.49 min of RT, while Chl-myristate was separated at 16.06 min of RT. RT increased with longer carbon chain lengths. CEs containing the same number of carbons with different number of double bonds such as Chl-linoleate (C18:2), Chl-oleate (C18:1), and Chl-stearate (C18:0) appeared at 15.55, 18.13, and 21.31 min of RT, respectively. The present double bonds reduced RT. These findings are similar to a previous study in which fatty acid’s chain length and double bond influenced the RT in the analysis fatty acid [21, 22].

Under ESI technique, both full and product ion scan of CEs standards were demonstrated to generate protonated molecular ions such as [M+Na]⁺ and [M+NH₄]⁺ (Table 1). Among the protonated ions, [M+Na]⁺ was the most abundant for 18 CEs: m/z 479 for Chl-butyrate, m/z 493 for Chl-valerate, m/z 521 for Chl-heptanoate, m/z 535 for Chl-caprylate, m/z 549 for Chl-nonanoate, m/z 563 for Chl-caprate, m/z 577 for Chl-undecanoate, m/z 519 for Chl-laurate, m/z 605 for Chl-tridecanoate, m/z 619 for Chl-myristate, m/z 633 for Chl-pentadecanoate, m/z 647 for Chl-palmitate, m/z 661 for Chl-heptadecanoate, m/z 675 for Chl-stearate, m/z 689 for Chl-nonadecanoate, m/z 703 for Chl-arachidate, m/z 717 for Chl-heneicosanoate, and m/z 731 for Chl-behenate. As shown in Table 1, 5 other CEs including Chl-palmitelaidate, Chl-linoleate, Chl-oleate, Chl-arachidonate, and Chl-lignocerate were detected corresponding to [M+NH₄]⁺ at m/z 690, 666, 640, 668, and 754, respectively. This adduct ion ([M+NH₄]⁺) appeared to have stronger intensity than other proton adducts such as [M+Na]⁺ and [M+H]⁺. In the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of CEs, all standards lost its fatty acid as well as created a specific fragment with m/z 369 derived from Chl. The product ion at m/z 369 is supposed to be Chl upon its dehydration, corresponding to [M-H₂O+H]⁺ and suggesting that Chl produces the specific daughter ion with an m/z 369 by using ESI technique. Up to now, only 20 kinds of CEs in human medium have been analyzed by APCI linked to HPLC-MS [15]. To our knowledge, there is no study regarding the analysis of various CEs using ESI as a source.

APCI ion source hardware is quite similar to that of ESI. The differences are both the APCI probe, which consists of a heated ceramic tube where the effluent is evaporated and a corona needle [23]. Thus, the difference in signal intensity and product ion of CEs between APCI and ESI source was investigated. In the current study, 23 CEs were analyzed according to the APCI technique (Table 1). All CEs standards created the protonated molecule, [M+H]⁺, showing a lower signal intensity at the same concentration compared to the consequence of the ESI source. This implies that the insufficient parent ion of CEs was produced using APCI. Nevertheless, CEs containing double bonds were observed to have relatively strong signal intensity from APCI source. For example, signal intensity of Chl-arachidonate (C20:4) was higher than that of Chl-arachidate (C20:0) in the MS₁ experiment of their [M+H]⁺ ions. The same patterns occurred among Chl-linoleate (C18:2), Chl-oleate (C18:1), and Chl-stearate (C18:0) as shown in Table 1. The precursor ion of CEs with unsaturated fatty acids seems to be sensitively detected compared to CEs with saturated fatty acid by the APCI technique. Butovich [15] found that the fragmentation of CEs containing saturated fatty acids did not generate clear specific product ions except for m/z 369 because of the very low intensity of their precursor ions [M+H]⁺.

In conclusion, the ESI technique produced two protonated ions of CEs such as [M+Na]⁺ and [M+NH₄]⁺ with strong signal intensity; otherwise, the APCI technique generated protonated ion [M+H]⁺. The ESI process coupled with LC-MS more effectively ionized CEs than the APCI process regardless of number of carbon chains and double bonds. However, there is a limitation for comparison in the ESI and APCI source regarding which one is appropriate ionization on analyzing of CEs. It is necessary to study the comparison in the limit of detection, limit of quantification, matrix effects of ESI, and APCI for providing a suitable MS to LC conditions for CEs.

Conflict of Interests

The authors do not have any conflict of interests related to this paper.

Authors’ Contribution

Sunil Kochhar and Soon-Mi Shim contributed equally to the study.

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