Study of Antenna Superstrates Using Metamaterials for Directivity Enhancement Based on Fabry-Perot Resonant Cavity

Metamaterial superstrate is a significant method to obtain high directivity of one or a few antennas. In this paper, the characteristics of directivity enhancement using differentmetamaterial structures as antenna superstrates, such as electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures, frequency selective surface (FSS), and left-handed material (LHM), are unifiedly studied by applying the theory of Fabry-Perot (F-P) resonant cavity. Focusing on the analysis of reflection phase andmagnitude of superstrates in presently proposed designs, the essential reason for high-directivity antenna with different superstrates can be revealed in terms of the F-P resonant theory. Furthermore, a new design of the optimum reflection coefficient of superstrates for the maximum antenna directivity is proposed and validated.The optimum location of the LHM superstrate which is based on a refractive lensmodel can be determined by the F-P resonant distance.


Introduction
Artificial electromagnetic materials, such as electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures, frequency selective surface (FSS), and left-handed material (LHM), are broadly classified as metamaterials.They have attracted significant research interest in recent years due to their special electromagnetic properties, which are applicable to a wide range of electromagnetic devices.Array antennas had been widely used for applications requiring high directivity.However, array antennas require a complicated feeding network which makes difficulty in design and fabrication of array antennas.
If using an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) consisting of a periodic array of metallic patches on the ground plane, the F-P resonant cavity can reduce the height to /4 [18].A summary of recent researches on F-P antenna has been proposed [4], which shows that the analytic models of F-P cavity, EBG defect model, transmission line model, leaky wave model, and refractive lens model are consistent when applied to analyze this type of resonator antenna.However, the analysis and design of the high-gain antenna with EBG as the cover are based on the defect modes [19,20].These modes involve in not only the superstrate but also its image through the ground plane of the antenna, which are not suitable for the composite structure of a single-layer FSS superstrate [22].In addition, an LHM superstrate was also used to improve the radiation performance of an antenna, which was interpreted by the theory of near-zero refraction index materials [23,26], but the theory is difficult to determine the optimum distance between the LHM superstrate and the antenna aperture.
In this paper, based on the theory of Fabry-Perot (F-P) resonant cavity, we further explain the unified mechanism of directivity enhancement using three different metamaterials as antennas' superstrates.By analyzing the reflection phase and magnitude of superstrates, we can design high-directivity antennas with different types of superstrates according to F-P resonant theory.The organization of the paper is as follows.First, the theory of F-P resonat or antenna is briefly described, and the ideal optimum reflection magnitude of superstrate related to antenna maximum directivity is given.Second, taking EBG, FSS, and LHM superstrates proposed by previous references [24][25][26] for instance, we analyze the characteristics of different superstrates using full-wave simulation.An improved design method of the optimum reflection coefficient of the superstrate for the maximum antenna directivity is proposed in terms of the F-P cavity theory.Finally, the LHM superstrate is analyzed according to the theory of the Fabry-Perot resonant cavity and near-zero refractive theory of metamaterials.

Theory of F-P Resonant Cavity
A geometrical optics model has been applied to describe the theory of F-P resonator antenna [27,28].As shown in Figure 1, the conventional F-P cavity is composed of a ground plane and a superstrate placed with distance ℎ.The ground plane has a complex reflection coefficient   1 , and the superstrate surface which is a partially reflection surface (PRS) has a complex reflection coefficient   2 .Both of the two surfaces would be assumed homogeneous and ignored edge effects.According to the optics analysis model, the electromagnetic wave excited by a source will be bounced in the F-P cavity.Assuming no transmission loss, the electric field intensity in the far zone consists of the vector sum of these partial rays, and for an infinite screen and sheet we may write [27,28] where () is the antenna pattern function in  direction.The phase angle Θ  is composed of the phase variations during reflections from the completely reflecting screen and partially reflecting sheet, and also of the path differences of the partial rays as follows: where  is the operating wavelength.The power pattern is therefore Consider the forward direction, that is,  = 0 ∘ , then which is corresponding to the resonant condition.The resonant distance can be written as Therefore, maximum power in the direction of  = 0 ∘ can be obtained as follows: where  0 is corresponding to the forward power from the source without superstrate.It is shown that the resonant cavity height ℎ can be determined by the reflection phase  1 ,  2 , and the operating frequency .In the F-P cavity antenna system,   1 is the complex reflection coefficient of the ground plane of an antenna, and   2 is the complex reflection coefficient of the superstrate which may be composed of EBG, FSS, or LHM structures.Conventionally, the ground plane is a metallic conductor with reflection phase close to  ( 1 ≈ ).Therefore, the resonance condition of ( 6) can be reduced as follows: when  = 0.If the reflection phase  2 of the superstrate and the operating frequency  are given, the resonant distance ℎ will be determined.At the resonant distance ℎ, the antenna system with a metamaterial superstrate can achieve a high directivity, as well as high gain.Furthermore, we assume that an original planar antenna without superstrate has a directivity of  0 at operating frequency  0 , and the F-P cavity antenna which consists of the same planar antenna and a superstrate has directivity of   at the same frequency.The amount of improvement of the directivity can be approximately written as Therefore, the magnitude of reflection coefficient  of the superstrate can be obtained from  = 10 Δ (dB)/10 − 1 10 Δ (dB)/10 + 1 .
For an aperture antenna, the ideal maximum directivity  max can be estimated by where  em is the maximum effective aperture of the antenna.
For the F-P cavity antenna, it is reasonable to assume that  em is the maximum physical area of the superstrate.Therefore, the ideal optimum reflection magnitude of the superstrate is related to its maximum directivity by  This assumes that there are no conduction-dielectric losses and the antenna is matched to the load.It provides a primary principle guiding the design to achieve the maximum directivity of the F-P cavity antenna with supstrates based on (12).Numerical experiments in the next section show that when the reflection coefficient  of a real superstrate is less than  opt , the larger  of the superstrate is chosen, the higher directivity of the F-P cavity antenna can be obtained.However, when the designed  is more than  opt , the directivity of the F-P cavity antenna will decrease with  further increased.

Analysis of Three Kinds of Different Metamaterial Superstrates
Taking into account three kinds of different metamaterial superstrates proposed by [24][25][26], respectively, we give a International Journal of Antennas and Propagation detailed analysis of the characteristics of different superstrates and their relation to the directivity enhancement of antennas by using the theory of F-P cavity.
3.1.Dielectric EBG Superstrate.A typical design example using one-dimension periodicity dielectric EBG superstrate proposed by [24] is shown in Figure 2(a).The dimension of the dielectric EBG superstrate is rewritten here  = 3.84 mm,  = 6.25 mm, the cross section is 60 mm × 60 mm, and the relative dielectric permittivity is 2.65.When the EBG superstrate has a distance 13.2 mm to the antenna ground plane (Figure 2(b)), the circular waveguide aperture antenna, whose dimension is  = 60mm and  = 20mm, can achieve a high gain at 12 GHz.Moreover, the paper pointed out that the antenna gain would increase with the increase of EBG elements when the number of EBG elements is less than four [24].Meanwhile it means that the superstrate with more EBG elements is not always better.The comparisons of the radiation patterns of -plane ( plane) and -plane ( plane) of the circular waveguide antenna with EBG superstrates composed of different EBG cells are given in Figures 2(c) and 2(d).
Here, we will provide an insight into the above phenomenon in terms of the reflection phase and magnitude of the EBG superstrate based on the theory of F-P resonant cavity.A full-wave EM simulation was performed by using finite-element analysis based on HFSS [30].The periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) and Floquet ports are used to simulate the infinite periodic model of the EBG superstrate.Figure 3 shows that the reflection phase  2 and the reflection magnitude  of different number of EBG elements.It can be seen from Figure 3(a) that the EBG superstrate with different number of elements has almost the same reflection phase  2 at the working frequency 12 GHz, that is,  2 ≈ .Inserting  2 and  at 12 GHz into (8), we obtain the resonant height of the EBG superstrate should be ℎ = 12.5 mm, which is in agreement with the distance given by [24].It is revealed that the antenna with EBG superstrate system satisfied the resonance condition of F-P cavity.On the other hand, Figure 3(b) shows that the magnitude  of reflection coefficient ( 11 ) increases with the increase of the EBG elements.
The directivities of the antenna with the EBG superstrate versus different actual  are simulated and shown in Figure 4(a).Note that the original circular waveguide antenna without superstrate has a directivity of  0 = 8.71 dBi, in which case corresponds to  = 0 (without superstrate).When the superstrate has four EBG elements, in which case  is about 0.93, the directivity is   = 18.36 dBi. Figure 4(b) shows that the comparison between the theoretic  calculated by (10) and the actual  realized by various EBG elements.It can be seen that the theoretical prediction  is in accordance with the result of actual  when the superstrates are composed of one or two EBG elements, which indicates the suitable condition of F-P cavity theory for EBG superstrates.Nevertheless, the ideal maximum directivity  max and  opt of the circular waveguide aperture antenna with the EBG superstrate can be still predicted according to (11) and (12), respectively.In this case,  max is 18.6 dBi at 12 GHz and  opt is 0.82.It can be seen from Figure 4(a) that the actual maximum directivity   is 18.36 dBi, which is very close to the ideal maximum directivity  max .When the number of elements of the EBG superstrate is increased continuously, the corresponding  is greater than the  opt so that the directivity enhancement will decrease.It can be concluded that when the reflection coefficient  of the designed superstrate is less than  opt , the larger  of the superstrate is chosen, the higher directivity of the F-P cavity antenna can be obtained.However, when the actual  is more than  opt , the directivity of the F-P cavity antenna will decrease with  further increased.Therefore, by analyzing the reflection phase and magnitude of the EBG superstrate, it is revealed that the mechanism of gain enhancement using EBG dielectric structure as the antenna superstrate is intrinsically based on the theory of F-P resonant cavity.It is worth pointing out that the directivities mentioned above are gotten when the EBG superstrates are assumed to be lossless.If the EBG superstrates were lossy with tan  = 0.002, the computed  max would be 18.15 dBi at 12 GHz.So it is shown that the loss of the superstrate has a small influence on the directivity enhancement.

FSS Superstrate.
FSS structures can also be used as antenna superstrate to enhance antenna directivity.A FSS structure of square patches proposed by [25] is shown in Figure 5(a), and the distance between the FSS superstrate and the microstrip antenna ground plane is about 15 mm.In this case, the measured maximum gain of the patch antenna with FSS superstrate is 16.5 dBi at 8.7 GHz.The FSS is composed of an Arlon Diclad dielectric slab having relative permittivity of 2.5, tangent loss of 0.0022, with thickness of 1.59 mm.The periodicity of the square patch array is  = 10mm and  = 6.5 mm.We analyzed the reflection phase  2 and the reflection magnitude  of the FSS superstrate using infinite periodic model simulation, as shown in Figure 6.It can be seen that the reflection phase  2 of the FSS superstrate is 166 ∘ at 8.7 GHz.The FSS superstrate is placed above a microstrip antenna whose substrate dielectric is also Arlon Diclad and cross section area is 150 mm × 150 mm, as shown in Figure 5(b).Similarly, inserting  2 and  at 8.7 GHz in (8), we can determine that the resonant distance ℎ should be 16.5 mm, which is also in good agreement with the distance given in [25].Thus it can be concluded that the design of FSS superstrate for high-directivity antenna is also dependent on the theory of F-P resonant cavity.Besides, it is found that the operating frequency band of the FSS superstrate used for the directivity enhancement is in its stopband but not its passband.
Analyzing the reflection magnitude of the FSS superstrate, we can see that the actual  is 0.964 when  2 = 166 ∘ .
Putting the FSS structure at the resonant height, the patch antenna can get a high directivity of 18.1 dBi by simulation.According to (11) and ( 12), the ideal maximum directivity  max and optimum reflection magnitude  opt should be 23.7 dBi and 0.95, respectively.
It can be predicted from F-P cavity theory that the original FSS design is not optimal, because its reflection magnitude  is more than  opt .By adjusting the patch width  of the FSS structure, we calculated the corresponding relationship of reflection coefficient magnitude  with the antenna directivity, as shown in Figure 7(a).It is revealed that when  = 0.924, the actual maximum directivity of 19.4 dBi can be achieved, which is higher than that of the proposed design [25] by 1.3 dB.The dimension of the modified FSS superstrate is  = 10 mm and  = 6.9 mm.The comparisons of the radiated patterns and directivities of the original patch antenna, the patch antenna with the FSS superstrate proposed by [25], and the patch antenna with our improved FSS superstrate, are shown in Figure 8.The comparison of the theoretic  calculated by (10) and the actual  of FSS simulated by HFSS corresponding to different antenna directivity is shown in Figure 7(b).The good agreement of the two curves furthermore verifies the correction and effectiveness of the optimum reflection magnitude design based on F-P cavity theory.

LHM Superstrate.
Generally, the analysis of LHM superstrate for directivity enhancement of an antenna is based on the effective near-zero refractive index of metamaterials.However, it is still difficult to determine the optimum distance between LHM superstrate and antenna aperture.In this section, we give an insight into the mechanism of the LHM superstrate by combining the near-zero refraction theory with Fabry-Perot resonant cavity theory.
The LHM structure proposed by [26] is shown in Figure 9, whose parameters are as follows: From another point of view, we consider the antenna system with LHM superstrate as the F-P resonant cavity antenna approximately.We first analyze the reflection phase  2 and the reflection magnitude  of the LHM superstrate, as shown in Figure 13.Note that the reflection phase  2 is 148.5 ∘ at the frequency of 11 GHz.Here, inserting the  2 and  at 11 GHz into (8), we can obtain the resonant distance ℎ = 12.4 mm between the LHM superstrate and the patch antenna aperture, which is just corresponding to the optimum distance determined by numerical simulations shown in Figure 12.
It is revealed that the maximum directivity of the antenna system can be achieved by setting the LHM superstrate at   the resonant height of the F-P resonant cavity.When the LHM superstrate is placed at another position, the directivity enhancement would be less than that at the resonant position, which is only contributed from the near-zero refraction index response.Therefore, it is shown that we can obtain an optimum design of the LHM superstrate by combining the F-P resonant cavity theory with the near-zero refractive index of metamaterials.In addition, it is found that the directivity enhancement of the LHM superstrate is weak compared with the EBG and FSS superstrates.The reason for this is that the LHM superstrate has a small reflection coefficient magnitude at the working frequency, that is,  = 0.55, which cannot achieve a high directivity according to the theory of F-P resonant cavity.

Conclusion
In this paper, the mechanism of directivity enhancement using different metamaterial structures as antenna superstrates was studied by unifiedly applying the theory of Fabry-Perot (F-P) resonant cavity.An improved design of superstrates for the maximum antenna directivity enhancement is proposed and validated.Based on the analysis of the reflection magnitude and phase of superstrates, three kinds of metamaterial superstrates, such as EBG structure, FSS, and LHM, are proved to satisfy the theory of Fabry-Perot resonant cavity.It has been shown that if the reflection magnitude  of the EBG superstrate is less than the ideal optimum reflection magnitude  opt , the increase of EBG elements brings about the enhancement of the antenna directivity.While it is more than the optimum reflection coefficient, the antenna directivity would decrease with the increase of EBG elements.For the FSS superstrate, it also has an optimum reflection coefficient that makes the antenna obtain the maximum directivity.According to the F-P cavity theory, the operating frequency of the FSS superstrate used for the directivity enhancement is in its stopband but not the passband.The LHM used to improve antenna directivity is based on both the F-P resonant cavity and the near-zero refractive index of metamaterials.The optimum distance of the LHM superstrate for maximum directivity is also determined by the F-P resonant distance.

Figure 1 :Figure 2 :
Figure 1: F-P resonant cavity composed of a ground plane and a superstrate.

Figure 3 :Figure 4 :
Figure 3: Simulated phase and magnitude of reflection coefficients ( 11 ) of the dielectric EBG structure with different elements, (a) reflection phase (b) reflection magnitude.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: (a) Unit cell of the FSS and (b) patch antenna with FSS superstrate.

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: (a) Directivity of the patch antenna with FSS superstrates versus different , (b) comparison of the theoretic and the actual  corresponding to the antenna directivity enhancement.

Figure 10 :
Figure 10: Effective refractive index of the LHM structure.
5 mm,  = 0.2 mm,  = 2mm,  = 0.2 mm,  = 2.5 mm,  = 0.75 mm,   = 4.4.(13) It has been pointed out that the antenna gain would increase when the LHM superstrate operates at 11 GHz.By analyzing the reflection and transmission characteristics of the LHM structure, we extracted the effective refractive index [31], as shown in Figure 10.It can be noted that the refractive index is close to zero around 11 GHz, and the electromagnetic wave can be concentrated around the normal of the LHM slab.The proposed LHM structure was used as the superstrate for a patch antenna, as illustrated in Figure 11(a).The original patch antenna has the following geometry parameter:  = 20 mm,  = 7 mm,  = 1.5 mm, and   = 2.94, whose directivity is 7.3 dBi at the working frequency of 11 GHz.The reflected coefficient  11 and radiated patterns are simulated and shown in Figures 11(b), 11(c), and 11(d).By adjusting the position of the LHM superstrate, we can determine the optimum distance, that is, ℎ = 12.4 mm, to achieve the maximum directivity of the antenna, as shown in Figure 12.The  11 and radiated directivity patterns of the patch antenna with the LHM superstrate (ℎ = 12.4 mm) are also shown in Figures 11(b) and 11(c) for comparison.

Figure 12 :
Figure 12: Directivities of the patch antenna with LHM superstrate located at different distance.

Figure 13 :
Figure 13: Reflection phase and magnitude of the LHM superstrate.