A Novel Dual-Shorting Point PIFA (GSM850 to IMT-A) for Mobile Handsets

A novel planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) with dual-shorting points is proposed for multiband mobile handsets. The antenna comprises a meandered strip, a feeding point, two shorting points, and a slotted ground plane. For bandwidth enhancement of DCS/PCS/UMTS/WLAN 11.b/LTE2300/2500 and IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced), the antenna applies a dual-shorting points design, which generates amultimode between 1707 and 2815MHz.Theproposed antenna has good impedance matching characteristics for GSM (824–960MHz)/DCS (1710–1880MHz)/PCS (1850–1990MHz)/UMTS (1920– 2170MHz)/LTE (2300–2400MHz, 2500–2690MHz)/WLAN 11.b (2400–2480MHz) and IMT-A (4200–4800MHz).Themeasured radiation efficiencies of the proposed antenna were all higher than 60% in GSM850/900, DCS/PCS, UMTS, LTE2300/2500, and WLAN 802.11 b, and it is up to 86% in IMT-A.


Introduction
With the rapid development of wireless communications, the multistandard mobile communication systems (MSMCS) are required with low cost and compact size.Recently, the longterm evolution (LTE) system is introduced to afford better mobile services to the wireless wide area network (WWAN) and 4G (IMT-Advanced) [1][2][3].Owing to the overall size limited for the placing of mobile terminal antenna, it becomes more difficult to achieve wide bandwidths.Conventional planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) are no longer a suitable option because of narrow bandwidth.
In order to obtain a wide frequency band, the coupled-fed structure is usually applied [4][5][6][7].However, the performance, especially the high-frequency band, is susceptible to the width of the coupling gap.It is difficult to manufacture, and the cost will be increased significantly.Also, it is not suitable for IMT-A (4200-4800 MHz) operation.In order to obtain a compact-size antenna with large and multiple-frequency band, many other constructions for PIFA are applied with probe feeding [1][2][3]8].However, in these designs, it is difficult to realize multiband and wideband operations at the same time.Besides, with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) element [4][5][6][7]9], the cost is increased inevitably.
In this paper, a compact and low-profile antenna is presented.The proposed design has a wide bandwidth, a reduced size, and a high efficiency [10][11][12][13].The presented PIFA occupies a small volume of 46 × 19 × 5.5 mm 3 .In particular, lowfrequency band operation is achieved by two parallel openend slots on the ground plane.Based on the joint disposition of the PIFA and a meandered monopole in the structure, the multiband operation is realized.Reflection coefficient less than −6 dB is obtained in 704-970 MHz (31.8% relative bandwidth, GSM850/900), 1575-2820 MHz (56.7% relative bandwidth, DCS/PCS/UMTS/LTE2300/25000), and 3850-5490 MHz (35.1% relative bandwidth, IMT-A), respectively.
Another issue of mobile terminal antenna is the radiation efficiency.In our design, the efficiency is up to 69% at low-frequency band, it and is more than 52% in the highfrequency band.The structure of the rest of the paper is given as follows.In Section 2, geometric structure and prototype of the PIFA is first presented.With dual-shorting point structure, the effect of antenna geometric parameters on performance is discussed in details.To validate our design, simulation and measurement results are demonstrated in Section 3 for comparison.Finally, conclusions are summarized in Section 4.

Antenna Design and Parametric Study
The proposed antenna structure is shown in Figure 1(a) shows the 3D mode of the proposed antenna.Points A (A1 and A2) and point C are the shorting points and the feeding point, respectively.For practical mobile handset application, the PIFA is fed using a 50 ohm minicoaxial line at point C. At point B, there is a chip-inductorloaded strip which contributes to a wideband covering the DCS/PCS/UMTS/LTE2300/2500 and WLAN 11.b operation [9][10][11][12][14][15][16].The chip inductor used in the PIFA has an inductance of 11.5 nH.With the shorting points A1 and A2 in Figures 1(a) and 1(b), the meandered strip is proposed as a PIFA with two shorting points.In Figure 1(c), the two slots of the ground plane are applied for the low-frequency resonant band and for enhancing the antenna return loss in the lower part of the band [7,9,[14][15][16].
Based on the bandwidth specification of 3 : 1 VSWR (6 dB return loss), which is widely approved as the fundamental design requirement of the internal handset antenna, the  Figure 2 shows the influence of the chip inductor  for  parameter.Stronger influence on the impedance matching of DCS/PCS/UMTS can be observed, while the inductor  is changed from 4 to 16 nH.When a smaller inductance is used, the obtained bandwidth is decreased due to the decreasing of its resonant mode.After the optimizing, the impedance matching is improved when  is 11.5 nH.A comparison of the simulation reflection coefficient and the input impedance (including the real and imaginary parts) is presented in Figure 3. Quite different from the obtained two resonant modes at about 1800 and 2600 MHz of the proposed PIFA, there is only one resonant mode excited at about 1900 for the single-shorted point antenna.The structure is helpful in achieving better impedance matching for UMTS/WLAN 11.b/LTE2300/2500 operation.In addition, as seen in Figure 3(c), the excited resonant mode for the higher-frequency band (2300-3000 MHz) is contributed by dual-shorting points.
The resonant mode at 1700 MHz and 2600 MHz also shifts down with the increasing of the length of the meandered strip (the function  8 ).In Figure 4

Measured Results
Based on the parameters study in Section 2, the PIFA prototype is manufactured as shown in Figure 5. Figure 6 presents the measured  parameter and the simulated  parameter.Because the value of  is not accurate to 11.5 nH, the measured data result is even better than that of the simulation.Three wide operating bands have been obtained for the antenna.
The radiation patterns, the total efficiency, and the peak gain are measured by the SATIMO measurement system.Figure 7 shows the normalized pattern in three principal planes.The measured total efficiency including the mismatching loss for the proposed antenna is presented in Figure 8.Over the lower band (800-1000 MHz and 1600-3000 MHz, Figures 8(a) and 8(b)), the total efficiency and the peak gain of the operation frequency band are 52%-55% and 0.3-2.8dBi, respectively.For the upper band shown in Figure 8(c), the antenna gain varies from 0.7 to 4.1 dBi, while the total efficiency is better than 52%.From the obtained results, the proposed design for PIFA is a good option for practical internal mobile applications.

Conclusions
This paper presents a new design for PIFA.Using two open-end parallel slots in the ground plane, a significant improvement in the antenna operational bandwidth at the lower-frequency band can be achieved.The higher-frequency operating band is achieved by comprising two meandered monopoles.Thus, triple-band impedance (704-970 MHz, 1575-2820 MHz, and 3850-5490 MHz) for VSWR ≦ 3 is obtained.The main design dimensions of the meandered strip are studied and discussed.Measured results show that the proposed antenna has good radiation characteristics, including total efficiency and peak gain.With the presence of the multiband and the wideband features, the proposed design of PIFA is attractive for the practical mobile phones.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Photos of the manufactured antenna: (a) top side and (b) back side.