Retraction Retracted : Modeling , Real-Time Estimation , and Identification of UWB Indoor Wireless Channels

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation has retracted the article titled “Modeling, Real-Time Estimation, and Identification of UWB Indoor Wireless Channels” [1]. The article was found to contain a substantial amount of material from the following published article: Yanyan Li, Mohammed Olama, Seddik Djouadi, Aly Fathy, Teja Kuruganti: “Stochastic UWB wireless channel modeling and estimation from received signal measurements.” Radio and Wireless Symposium, pp. 195–198. IEEE, 2009. The reuse includes most of the introduction, some of the methods and results, and all the conclusion. The authors do not agree with this retraction as Li et al. were cited as “Some preliminary results using SDEs tomodel UWB channels were presented initially in [19].” The authors believe that the approximation of the timevarying wireless channel impulse response is more general and harder to prove and solve (providing the arbitrary order approximationwhile Li et al. provided the fixed order approximation). The proof of Theorem 2 is different and required additional steps. New stochastic models for indoor wireless channels and their statistics are provided (eq. (26)–(28)), as well as new stochastic models for UWB indoor wireless channels and their statistics (eq. (30)–(32)) and generalized forms of themodels in Li et al.’s study.The received signaly(t) has triple summations and a phase term, while the received signal in Li et al.’s study (eq. (14)) has only double summations without a phase term.


Introduction
Ultrawideband (UWB) communication systems have recently attracted significant interest from both the research community and industry since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allowed limited unlicensed operation of UWB devices in the USA [1].They are commonly defined as systems that have either more than 20% relative bandwidth or more than 500 MHz absolute bandwidth.UWB technology has many benefits, including high data rate, low interference, less sensitivity to multipath fading, low transmit power, and availability of low cost transceivers [2].Industrial standards such as IEEE 802.15.3a and 802.15.4a have been established in recognizing these developments.
The ultimate performance limits of a communication system are determined by the channel it operates in [3].Realistic channel models are thus of utmost importance for system design and testing.UWB propagation channels show fundamental differences from conventional (narrowband) ones in many respects [4,5], and therefore the established (narrowband) channel models cannot be used.A number of UWB channel models have been proposed in the literature.
A model for frequency range below 1 GHz is suggested in [6].A statistical model that is valid for a frequency range from 3 to 10 GHz is proposed in [7] and is accepted by the IEEE 802.15.4a task group as a standard model for evaluation of UWB system proposals.Significant experimental work in office, residential, and industrial environments has been reported in this field such as in [8,9].Most of the proposed channel models are based on characterizing the discrete multipath components.Although these models are able to capture the statistics of the channel, they cannot be specified by a finite number of parameters since their impulse responses are general functions of time and space and therefore are not easy to estimate directly from measurements.
A necessary and sufficient condition for representing any time-varying (TV) impulse response (IR) in stochastic state-space form is that it is factorizable into the product of two separate functions of time and space [10].However, in general this is not the case for the IR of wireless channels.We show that the IR of indoor wireless channels can be approximated in the mean-square sense as close as desired by factorizable impulse responses that can be realized by stochastic differential equations (SDEs) in state-space form.
In particular, the SDEs are used to model UWB indoor channels and are combined with system identification algorithms to extract various parameters of the channel from received signal measurement data.The expected maximization (EM) and the extended Kalman filter (EKF) are employed in estimating channel parameters as well as the inphase and quadrature components, respectively.The EM and EKF are chosen since they are recursive and therefore can be implemented online.These algorithms have been recently utilized in [11][12][13] to estimate the channel parameters and states in narrowband environments, and therefore the formulations of these algorithms are not presented in this paper.Experiments are conducted in our UWB laboratory to collect received signal strength measured data, which are used to determine the applicability of the proposed models.These models can be used in the development of a practical channel simulator that replicates wireless channel characteristics and produces outputs that vary in a similar manner to the variations encountered in a real-world UWB channel environment.
Recently, there have been several papers on the application of SDEs to modeling propagation phenomena in radar scattering and wireless communications.SDEs have been successfully used to analyze -distributed noise in electromagnetic scattering in [14].Autoregressive stochastic models for the computer simulation of correlated Rayleigh fading processes are investigated in [15].A first-order stochastic autoregressive model for a flat stationary wireless channel is introduced in [16].Stochastic channel models based on SDEs for cellular and ad hoc networks have been presented in [12,17,18].Some preliminary results using SDEs to model UWB channels were presented initially in [19].The advantage of using SDE methods is based on the computational simplicity of the algorithm simply because estimation is done recursively.This means that there is no need to store and process all measurements; rather, at each time step, the estimator is updated using the previous estimator values and the new innovations.
The paper is organized as follows.In Section 2, the general TV narrowband and UWB indoor wireless channel impulse responses are introduced.In Section 3, we show that the impulse responses for TV indoor wireless channels can be approximated in a mean-square sense as close as desired by impulse responses that can be realized by SDEs.The stochastic UWB channel models are developed in Section 4. In Section 5, experimental setup and numerical results are presented.Finally, Section 6 provides concluding remarks.

The General Time-Varying Impulse
Response for Indoor Wireless Channels The general TV impulse response (in complex baseband) of an indoor wireless fading channel is typically represented by Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) model given as [20]  (; ) = where (; ) is the impulse response of the channel at time , due to an impulse applied at time  − ,   (, ) and   (, ) are, respectively, the random TV tap weight and phase of the th component in the th cluster,   () is the delay of the th cluster,   () is the delay of the th multipath component (MPC) relative to the th cluster arrival   (), (⋅) is the Dirac delta function,   is the total number of MPCs within the th cluster, and  is the total number of clusters that can either be assumed fixed [21] or considered to be a random variable [7].Let () be the transmitted signal; the received signal is then given by where V() is the measurement noise process.For narrowband systems, complex Gaussian fading is conventionally used to describe the small-scale fading.More precisely, the equivalent complex baseband representation consists of Rayleigh-distributed amplitude and uniformly distributed phase.This can be related theoretically to the fact that a large number of multipath components fall into each resolvable delay bin, so that the central limit theorem is valid [3].Therefore,   (, ) and   (, ) are statistically independent Rayleigh and uniform (over [0, 2]) random processes, respectively [20].
In UWB systems, the central limit theorem is not valid, and a number of alternative amplitude distributions have been proposed in the literature.The most common empirically determined amplitude distribution in many UWB environments is Nakagami distribution, which is observed in [6,8] and considered in the IEEE 802.15.4a standard [7].Therefore, in UWB systems,   (, ) and   (, ) are statistically independent Nakagami and uniform random processes, respectively.In the next section, the corresponding impulse response with   (, ) and   (, ) for the timevarying indoor wireless channels in (1) is approximated in a mean-square sense as close as desired by SDEs.

Approximating the Time-Varying Impulse Response for Indoor Wireless Channels by SDEs
Now, we want to represent the TV IR in (1) with a stochastic state-space form in order to allow well-developed tools of estimation and identification to be applied to this class of problems.The following theorem states a necessary and sufficient condition for the realization of the TV IR.
Theorem 1 (see [10]).The impulse response (; ) of a TV system has a stochastic state-space realization if and only if it is factorizable; that is, there exist functions (⋅) and (⋅) such that for all  and , one has It is readily seen from the expression of the IR (; ) of the indoor wireless channels in (1) that in general it is not factorizable in the form (3) since   (, ) and   (, ) are arbitrary functions of  and .However, one will show that in general (; ) can be approximated as close as desired by a factorizable IR function.
Theorem 2. In general, the IR (; ) of the indoor wireless channel in (1) can be approximated as close as desired by a factorizable function.
Proof.The IR (; ) of the indoor wireless channel has finite energy; that is, where Likewise define  2 ([0, ∞)) as the standard Hilbert space of square integrable complex valued functions defined on [0, ∞) under the norm The space  2 ([0, ∞)) contains all finite energy signals defined on [0, ∞).The IR (; ) of the channel has a finite energy and belongs to  2 ([0, ∞) × [0, ∞)); that is, Since the transmitted and received signals are finite energy signals, the IR can be viewed as an integral operator mapping transmitted signals in The tensor space , where  denotes vector or matrix transpose.
The optimal approximation of (; ) by functions in (10) can be written as For arbitrary , expression ( 11) is nothing but the shortest distance between the impulse function (; ) and the space This problem has been solved in [22] for arbitrary positive .However, for fixed positive , the problem becomes the shortest distance, denoted by    := dist((; ), ), from (; ) to the set Note that  is not a subspace and is not a convex set since it is not closed under addition.Therefore, the argument presented in [22] does not hold anymore since the orthogonal projection onto the set  is not linear.Following [22], the impulse response is viewed as an integral operator  mapping transmitted signals from Since the impulse response is finite energy, the operator  is a Hilbert-Schmidt or a trace class 2 operator [22,23].
Let us denote the class of Hilbert-Schmidt operators acting from  2 ([0, ∞)) into  2 ([0, ∞)) by  2 and the Hilbert-Schmidt norm ‖ ⋅ ‖ HS is defined by The operator  admits a spectral factorization of the form [22,23] where ⊗ is the tensor product,   > 0 with   ≥  +1 ,  = 1, 2, . . ., and both {]  } ∞ 1 and {  } ∞ =1 are orthonormal sequences in  2 ([0, ∞)) and are given by The sum (15) has either a finite or countably infinite number of terms.The above representation is unique.The Hilbert-Schmidt norm of  is also given by The spectral factorization (15) yields the following representation for the impulse response (; ) [23]: It follows that the minimum in ( 11) is given by taking.
and therefore the minimum in ( 11) is given by (19).The optimal approximation follows as and That is, by increasing , the RHS of ( 22) can be made arbitrarily small.In other words, for large enough , the following approximation is optimal in a mean-square sense: and is factorizable.

Stochastic State-Space Models for UWB Indoor Wireless Channels
In narrowband systems, the equivalent indoor complex baseband representation consists of Rayleigh-distributed amplitude and uniformly distributed phase [20].Thus, the where where V() is the measurement noise which is assumed to be Gaussian with zero-mean and unit variance and the tap weight process   (, ) = √ (   ()  ()) 2 + (   ()  ()) 2 and the phase process   (, ) = arctan(   ()  ()/   ()  ()) are independent Rayleigh-and uniform-distributed random processes, respectively.In this case, the tap weight process   (, ) has the following statistics [25]: where Γ() is the gamma function.
In UWB systems, as mentioned earlier, the most common amplitude distribution of the received signal is Nakagami distribution [6][7][8].Its probability density function is given by [26] where  ≥ 0.5 is the shape parameter, Γ() is the Gamma function, and Ω controls the spread of distribution.The parameter is often modeled as a random variable [6].For integer value of , the distribution describes  orthogonal independent Rayleigh-distributed random variables.That is, for  Rayleigh-distributed random variables   , the probability density function of random variable , defined as  = √ ∑  =1  2  , is given by a Nakagami distribution with parameter  =  [27].
Since multiple orthogonal independent Rayleigh-distributed random variables can generate Nakagami distribution, the stochastic UWB indoor state-space channel model can be represented by where where  is the total number of clusters,   is the total number of resolvable delay bins (paths), and   is the number of nonresolvable delay bins within the resolvable delay bin  in cluster .In this case, the tap weight process   (, ) has the following statistics [25]: It can be noticed in (30) that the received signal measurement, (), is a nonlinear function of the state variables of the model.The UWB channel parameters are estimated using the EM algorithm, and the inphase and quadrature components are estimated directly from received signal measurements using the EKF.A filter-based EM algorithm together with the EKF is employed to estimate the channel model parameters and states in (30).These filters use only the first-and second-order statistics and are also recursive and therefore can be implemented online.These algorithms have been recently utilized in [11][12][13] to estimate the channel parameters and states in narrowband environments, and therefore the formulations of these algorithms are not presented in this paper.Experimental results demonstrating the applicability of these algorithms in UWB indoor environments are discussed in the next section.

Experimental Setup and Numerical Results
A simple Gaussian pulse with clean pulse shape and narrow pulse width is chosen as UWB source signal.The experimental setup is similar to the one in [28].It comprises a 300picosecond Gaussian pulse (see Figure 1) that modulates a carrier signal centered at 8 GHz and is transmitted through an omnidirectional UWB antenna.Multiple directional Vivaldi subarray receiving antennas are located at distinct locations in an indoor environment to receive the modulated pulse signal.Each received modulated Gaussian pulse is amplified through a low noise amplifier (LNA) and then stored in a multichannel Tektronix TDS8200 sampling oscilloscope.
The transmitter is located next to a metal wall.The receiving antenna is placed 10 cm away from the transmitter and then moved along the same direction away from the transmitter for 20 cm, 50 cm, 1 m, and 2 m.This scenario is demonstrated in Figure 2. In this environment, the transmitted signal suffers from reflection from the metal wall, ceiling, or floor or is scattered by the corner of the metal table, and then it reaches the receiver.Figure 3 shows the measured received signal which consists of three clusters.The measurement data are amplified by 30 dB and it can be seen in Figure 4 that the dominant path in each cluster is best fit to Nakagami distribution with different parameters.For example, the dominant path in the first cluster is best fit to Nakagami distribution with parameters  = 3 and Ω = 0.28.This indicates that there are three nonresolvable delay bins within this path (i.e.,  11 = 3).Figure 5 shows the measured and estimated received signals using the EM algorithm together with the EKF for the three clusters using a 4th-order model.It can be noticed that the UWB received signal has been estimated with very high accuracy and it takes little iteration for the estimation algorithm to converge.At a certain time instant, the system parameters for the dominant path in the 1st cluster, which consists of three nonresolvable delay bins, are estimated as follows: Notice that the EM algorithm estimates B2 and D2 instead of B and D. Also note that the parameters ,   ,   ,   , and   are assumed known through the estimation process.In fact, the parameters ,   , and   can be estimated by various estimation algorithms such as minimum description length [29], multiple hypothesis testing [30], exponential fitting test [31], and linear piecewise variation [32].And a sounding device is usually dedicated to estimate the time delay of each discrete path (i.e.,   and   ) such as the rake receiver [33].

Conclusion
This paper describes a general scheme for extracting mathematical UWB indoor channel models from noisy received signal measurements.The UWB channel models are represented in stochastic state-space form, in which its system output produces Nakagami-distributed received signal strength and it is shown to approximate the general TV IR of the channel as close as desired.Experimental results indicate that the measured data can be regenerated with high accuracy.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: The indoor environment considered in our experiment.

Figure 4 :Figure 5 :
Figure 4: Histogram of measurement data for the dominant paths within the three clusters that are best fit to Nakagami distributions.