Wideband Dual-Element Antenna Array for MIMO Mobile Phone Applications

A printed dual-element antenna array for LTEMIMOmobile phone applications is presented in this paper.The two array elements are symmetrically placed with the same dimensions, and each of the them consists of a novel driven strip and a wandering shorting strip. The driven strip is a whole loop, which improves the impedance matching for the upper band. Therefore, the bandwidth coverage is expanded and the antenna size is minimized at the same time. In addition, thanks to the protruded ground on the ground plane, the antenna isolation between the two array elements is significantly enhanced. The proposed planar antenna array successfully covers the seven operating bands of GSM850/900/1800/1900/UMTS2100/LTE2300/2500, and the isolation ismore than 10 dB. The prototype was fabricated and tested, with S parameters, efficiency, radiation patterns, envelop correlation coefficient (ECC), and ergodic capacity presented. From the measured results, it is indicated that the antenna array has excellent and reliable performances when it is applied in MIMO applications.


Introduction
Antenna array is recognized as an important technology for MIMO systems to achieve high downlink data transmission rate and reliable link in LTE wireless communications [1][2][3][4].For MIMO mobile phone applications, the antenna arrays have to be compacted in a quite limited space; then the antenna elements will be closely spaced.In addition, the LTE mobile phones also need to be compatible with the previous communication standards, such as GSM and WCDMA.Therefore, the designed antenna array for mobile phone applications should be not only of small size but also capable of multiband operating.What is more, owing to the ever shrinking clearance area left on the ground plane, together with the strong electromagnetic couplings brought by metal components, it is filled with challenges to design a compact antenna array with good isolation for LTE mobile phone applications, especially for wideband references.
In the previous studies, several valid methods have been reported to achieve good isolation, such as protruded ground [5][6][7], decoupling networks [8,9], polarization decoupling [10], and parasitic elements [11].Nevertheless, when the structures of the antenna arrays become complex, especially for closely spaced cases, the mutual couplings will be much more complicated.For compact MIMO mobile phone applications, the decoupling networks discussed in [8,9] and polarization method referred to in [10] are not so applicable, which are mainly due to the limited bandwidth coverage and confined space.In [11], a parasitic element is used to realize enhanced isolation, but the sizes of the parasitic elements are usually too large.Accordingly, it is not practical for compact mobile phone applications, especially for the lower band.Under such circumstances, the optimization process of the decoupling schemes becomes hard and the workload for antenna designers will be greatly increased.Therefore, the implementation of small-size antenna arrays, with simple structures and good isolation, is more desired in practical MIMO mobile phone applications.
In this paper, a planar antenna array with simple structure and good isolation is presented and studied.The antenna array consists of two symmetrically located antenna elements, which separately comprises a driven strip and a shorting strip.The protruded ground, which is also applied in [5][6][7], is situated between the two antenna elements and helps to reduce the mutual coupling between the two share-ground antenna elements.Compared with the previous designs with protruded ground [5][6][7], the proposed antenna array has a wider bandwidth yet with a smaller size; thus it is more valuable in practical MIMO mobile phone applications.The paper is organized in four sections.In Section 2, the antenna array topology and the relevant design considerations are presented, while the measured results are discussed in Section 3. Finally, in Section 4, some concluding remarks are reported.

Proposed Antenna Array Design
Figure 1(a) shows the geometry of the proposed printed antenna array for seven-band MIMO mobile phone applications.The array consists of two identical antenna elements and is symmetrically situated on the bottom of the system board.The system circuit board is served as a 0.8 mm FR4 substrate, with relative permittivity 4.4 and loss tangent 0.02.On the back of the referred FR4 substrate, the system ground plane is divided into two parts, namely, the main ground plane of 70 × 108 mm 2 and the protruded ground plane of 6 × 12 mm 2 .Two symmetrical no-ground regions are left to accommodate the proposed antenna array at the bottom of the circuit board.Figure 1(b) depicts the detailed dimensions and structure of the antenna array.To simulate the real surroundings of the practical mobile phones, a 1 mm thick plastic housing is employed, keeping a fixed distance of 0.5 mm to the edges of the FR4 substrate.
The shorting strip has a total length of about 86 mm, which is capable of generating a 0.25-wavelength resonant mode at about 880 MHz.Together with the effects of the loop driven strip, the operating bands of GSM850/900 are covered.For the upper band terms, the shorting strip is able to contribute a higher-order resonant mode at about 1800 MHz.With the similar principle, the driven strip introduces additional capacitive coupling and therefore shifts the existing resonant mode to higher frequency of about 2000 MHz, covering the GSM1800/1900/UMTS2100/LTE2300/2500 operation.To reduce the mutual coupling between the two antenna elements, the protruded ground is employed, which significantly improves the isolation between the two array elements to be more than 10 dB.Finally, the proposed antenna array is able to cover the GSM850/900/1800/1900/UMTS2100/ LTE2300/2500 operation, with desired isolation of more than 10 dB.
To investigate the working principles of the protruded ground, simulated surface current distributions at the frequencies of 925 and 2500 MHz are plotted in Figures 2(a) and 2(b), respectively.The simulation is carried out under the condition that ANT1 is excited and ANT2 is terminated to a 50 Ω matched load.For 925 MHz, as shown in Figure 2(a), the comparison of the surface current distributions with and without the protruded ground is quite significant.With the addition of the protruded ground, the current distributions on the ground plane are changed and the coupled current on the driven strip of ANT2 is visibly reduced, demonstrating that enhanced port isolation is achieved.For 2500 MHz, as shown in Figure 2(b), the addition of the protruded ground transforms the distributions of the current on the ground plane.Also, the coupled current on the port of ANT2 from ANT1 is reduced.Accordingly, the mutual coupling between the array elements is eliminated.This point is just in coincidence with the foregoing discussion.The mutual coupling for the whole desired band is below −10 dB, which is regarded as a design specification of the antenna arrays for MIMO mobile phone applications [5,6].To better understand the effects of the protruded ground, simulated  parameters of the antenna array with and without the protruded ground are shown in Figure 3. From Figure 3, it is seen that the addition of the protruded ground improves the impedance matching for the upper band.This is mainly because that the protruded ground brings new current paths on the ground plane, as illustrated above.For the lower band, the resonant mode is shifted to lower frequency, which is due to the additional inductive couplings between the shorting strip and the protruded ground.Through analyzing the changing trend of  21 , it is apparent that the protruded ground reduces the mutual coupling between the two antenna elements, both for the upper band and the lower band.Typically, at 925 and 2500 MHz, the mutual coupling has been reduced from −8.1 dB and −8 dB to −12 dB and −20 dB with the effects of the protruded ground, respectively.Therefore, the protruded ground plays an important role in the performances of the antenna array, and its simple structure is also desired in practical antenna array design for mobile phone applications.

Results and Discussions
The planar antenna array for mobile phone applications, as shown in Figure 4, was fabricated and tested.The simulations have been conducted by means of a commercial software based on the FEM technique (HFSS Version 13), while the measurements have been performed using an Agilent Vector Analyzer E8357A and a SATIMO Chamber.During the test, the plastic housing is also applied to simulate the real mobile phone circumstances.The experimental results and their corresponding discussions will be presented in separate subsections.It is seen that the curves of the measured results show the same trend with the simulated ones, while some variations are mainly due to the manufacture tolerance, especially for the upper band.Specially, based on the design specification of 3 : 1 VSWR, the frequency band of the proposed antenna array is 824∼960 MHz and 1650∼2690 MHz, covering the seven operative bands of GSM850/900/1800/1900/ UMTS2100/LTE2300/2500 for WWAN/LTE mobile phone applications.The isolation between the antenna elements is above 10 dB over the whole band, and this can meet the requirements of MIMO mobile phones.

Radiation Patterns.
The far-field measurements were carried out in a SATIMO Chamber and the obtained 2D radiation patterns are depicted in Figure 6.As the two array elements have identical dimensions and are symmetrically placed, their radiation pattern is almost the same.Therefore, to show clearly, the radiation pattern of only one antenna element is drawn at one picture.Figures 6(a) and 6(b) show the radiation patterns for , , and  planes at 900 MHz for ANT1 and 2500 MHz for ANT2, respectively.At 900 MHz for ANT1, smooth variations are observed in the  plane, which means that the antenna elements are much dipole-like and are able to provide reliable coverage over the operative bands of GSM850/900.By contrast, in the  plane at 2500 MHz for ANT2, the radiation pattern is not omnidirectional.Nevertheless, due to the almost equivalent power of the vertical and horizontal polarization from the base station, the  and  planes can compensate for this deficiency.

Efficiency and Peak Gain.
To evaluate the radiation characteristics of the array elements, the efficiencies and peak gains are tested, as shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively.
It is observed that the antenna efficiencies of the two array elements are larger than 45%, while the peak gains are in the range from 0.47 dBi to 1.06 dBi for the lower band.For the upper band, the measured antenna efficiencies and peak gains of the two array elements are both much larger, which are over 54.3% and 1.05 dBi, respectively.Specially, by comparing the two curves in Figures 7 and 8, it is noted that the efficiencies and peak gains of the two antenna elements agree well with each other.Accordingly, the obtained efficiencies and peak gains demonstrate that the proposed antenna array has good radiation characteristics and can meet the design requirements.

ECC and MEG.
In order to evaluate the diversity performances of the antenna array, the envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) [12] and mean effective gain (MEG) [13], which are regarded as critical performance parameters to estimate the MIMO system, are calculated from the measured far-field data.From Table 1, it is found that the calculated ECCs are less than 0.37, meaning that the mutual coupling between the two antenna elements is acceptable [14].At the same time, the MEGs can meet the requirements of |MEG1 − MEG2| < 3dB over the whole band, demonstrating that the antenna array has good power balance.Therefore, the proposed antenna array has excellent diversity performances and is suitable for MIMO systems.
3.5.Capacity.The channel capacity is another important parameter to estimate the MIMO system.In this paper, the number of transmitting and receiving antenna elements both is two, and the designed antenna array is assigned on the receive side, while the correlation on the transmit side is zero.Assuming that the channel is Rayleigh fading channel, then the ergodic capacity can be achieved by means of the measured efficiency and ECCs [15].Figure 9 shows the calculated channel capacity, and it is obvious that, obtaining a certain channel capacity, the differences in SNR are mainly determined by the antenna efficiency because the correlation between the antenna elements is very low.

Conclusion
A printed antenna array for seven-band MIMO mobile phone applications has been presented and studied.Each of the array elements is composed by a driven strip and a wandering shorting strip.With the effects of the protruded ground, the antenna array is able to cover the frequency bands of 824∼ 960 MHz and 1650∼2690 MHz, with good isolation of more than 10 dB.The experimental and calculated results infer that the proposed antenna array has good radiation characteristics and diversity performances over the whole operative bands.
In addition, due to the planar and simple antenna structure, the proposed antenna array is quite suitable for practical MIMO mobile phone applications.

2 InternationalFigure 1 :
Figure 1: Proposed antenna array configuration.(a) Geometry of the proposed antenna array for mobile phone applications.(b) Detailed dimensions of the proposed antenna array.All dimensions are in millimeters.

InternationalFigure 2 : 1 Figure 3 :
Figure 2: Simulated surface current distributions on the antenna elements and the system ground plane: (a) 925 MHz with (right) and without (left) the protruded ground.(b) 2500 MHz with (right) and without (left) the protruded ground.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Manufactured planar antenna array for mobile phone applications.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Simulated and measured  parameters of the proposed antenna array.

3. 1 .
Parameters.The simulated and experimental  parameters of the proposed antenna array are shown in Figure 5.

Table 1 :
Diversity performances of the proposed antenna array.