The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different specimens dimensions on the mechanical properties of a commercial microfilled resin composite by using a modified ISO 4049 standard protocol, that generally provides specimen dimensions of 25 mm length
Dental resin-based composites are widely used in restorative dentistry since they have been introduced for the first time in the middle of 1960 [
One of the laboratorial tests widely used to evaluate the mechanical behavior of resin composites is flexural strength test according to the International Standard ISO 4049. Modifications of test parameters are commonly reported in the literature due to the possibility to increase their reproducibility and clinical relevance in oral environment. However, the results obtained from the comparison between different methodologies were shown to be inconsistent, especially when different specimen dimensions are considered [
For this reason an accurate experimental parameters selection is required in order to analyze the effect on strength related properties which is commonly considered a reliable clinical performance indicator for dental composites.
By analyzing the parameters that affect physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of filled composites we should focus on some important concepts.
The flexural properties, like flexural strength and modulus, of composites are strongly influenced by the
In addition, adequate polymerization of composite restorative materials is fundamental for obtaining optimal ideal clinical performances. Low conversion rates, in fact, affect several important parameters such as flexural strength, fatigue, solubility, discoloration, and biocompatibility, thus limiting the lifespan of the composites [
The large bar-shaped specimens, as stipulated in ISO 4049, are difficult to prepare without flaws especially with compule packaging. Furthermore, several overlapping irradiations [240
Specimen dimensions, curing time, and layering procedure are fundamental parameters that influence the resin catalysis and consequently the mechanical properties of the final product [
A commercial light-curing resin (Quadrant Universal LC, supplied by Cavex Holland BV) was chosen for the tests. It was a Bis-GMA resin loaded with well-dispersed fillers (Ba-Al-F-silicate glass, size 0.02–2.00
A customized stainless steel mold was filled with the uncured composite paste, shade A2; hence, the two sides of the mold were placed between two glass slides with a polyester film interposed between the glass and the mold. With a 13 mm diameter light cure tip the polymerization for 12 × 2 × 1 specimens group can be achieved with a nonoverlapping light-curing procedure (20
Therefore, the specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h before the testing.
Preliminary physical parameters, obtained according to ASTM D 3171, are reported in Table
Physical properties of the composite sample.
Filler vol % | 56.7 |
Filler wt % | 68.0 |
Density [g/cm3] | 2.075 |
Voids [%] | 2.42 |
The percentage of voids confirms that the sample preparation was performed correctly.
Three-point bending test was performed using ISO 4049 flexural test (IFT) and a miniflexural test (MFT). The test was performed at room temperature using a universal testing machine (Tenso Test TT2, 5-GU, Lonos Test, Monza, Italy) with a 10 N and 2 kN load-cell with 0.001 N sensitivity. The cross-head speed was 0.75 mm/min. The test was replicated 10 times to better identify statically the mechanical performances. The flexural properties were measured using rectangular bar-shaped samples (length
The strength and stiffness were determined, respectively, by using the following equations:
Furthermore the three-point bending test was used, according to ASTM D198, to determine the shear modulus of the restorative composite.
During the three-point bending test, a certain extent of displacement measured was dependent on the shear resistance that characterizes the material investigated. This correlation was related to the ratio between the distance of the supports (
The true modulus of elasticity differs from the apparent modulus of elasticity because it neglects deflection due to shear. In order to determine the true moduli of elasticity, a linear interpolation of the apparent moduli of elasticity and the aspect ratios at which they were measured is requested. The resulting intercept is the inverse of the true modulus of elasticity. The inverse slope of the interpolating straight line, modified by a shape factor, is the shear modulus. The equation used to relate these parameters is the following:
Afterward microhardness tests were carried out along the cross section of each sample. Microhardness tests were performed by using a Future-Tech Microhardness Tester FM-300 (Vickers indenter and compressive load 100 g). 100 replicas of test were carried out. The degree of conversion is defined as the percentage of reacted C=C double bonds [
With the purpose to better clarify the effect of 1 mm layering buildup technique, with a practical 20 s curing time, on the mechanical performances of a microfilled composite, the flexural tests were performed at varying span length, in the range between 18.5 mm (IFT) and 10.5 mm (MFT). In particular, a miniflexural test was employed to simulate a clinically realistic specimen dimensions whereas the mesiodistal diameter of molars is about 11 mm and the cervicoincisal length of central incisors is around 13 mm.
Under flexural condition, when the load is applied, the bar specimen bends. The principal stresses on the top surfaces are compressive, whereas those on the lower surfaces are tensile. While the tensile and compressive moduli are generally the same for metals, they may differ significantly for polymeric composites. The advantage of flexural modulus for polymeric composites is that it describes the combined effects of compressive and tensile deformation [
Figure
Stress-strain curves of samples at different layering for 18.5 mm span length.
The analysis of stress-strain pattern evidenced that the mechanical properties of the composite resin increase at each layering step. In particular the monolayer sample was able to carry low stresses with high strains due to its significant plastic behavior. In fact, it could reach high deformation (the maximum deflection for some samples was quite double of the thickness) without the insurgence of critical failure conditions, even if the maximum stresses were relatively low.
The neutral axis of a beam curve, which was bent upwards in the device, was moved slightly from the centroid towards the center of curvature, giving a nonlinear distribution of the stresses through the thickness of the beam. For small values of thickness, the beam displacement of the neutral axis was very small and the disturbance to distribution ratio of linear stress was assumed to be negligible [
If the maximum deflection was not small compared to the beam depth, linear beam theory cannot be employed without an error. West [
The monolayer sample showed a nonlinear curve with a first elastic region at low deformation. Afterward, at increasing deflections, the stress-strain curve exhibits a progressive deviation from linear trend. At about strain 1.5%, a transition between elastic to plastic regime could be discriminated. This behavior could be justified considering that the photoactivable resin was not full cured. The unreacted compounds, characterized by a high mobility, influence significantly the plastic deformation inducing low strength and stiffness on the sample. Instead for high layering steps, the stress-strain curve became quite linear. These samples maintained an elastic regime also at high strain, evidencing an elastic-brittle behavior typical for well cross-linked composite resin [
The degree of conversion has a substantial effect on final mechanical properties. In fact, during polymerization, dental resin composites transform from plastic viscous through a rubbery viscoelastic into an elastic glassy stage. During and after the vitrification stage, the major rate of shrinkage stress occurs, due to residual stresses within regions of incomplete polymerization, specially under overlapping irradiations. In fact, to compensate for the polymerization of the central region of the 25 × 1 × 2 rectangular specimen, the associated postgel shrinkage stresses were accommodated by deformation of the adjacent, partially irradiated regions. As the adjacent regions of the bar-shaped specimen were irradiated, the polymerization shrinkage stress of the overlapping areas of resin composite placed the cured central portion under tensile stresses [
During the flexural test, the stresses change direction within the specimen between the top and bottom surfaces, with both stress and strain being zero at the region of change (neutral axis) [
Averages of flexural strength and modulus values of the two experimental groups are reported in Figure
Comparison of flexural strengths and modulus (Mpa) with IFT and MFT.
The bending strength and modulus increase with the steps of layering both in IFT compared to those in MFT. The difference was statistically significant for flexural strength and Young’s modulus values in monolayer samples of IFT group in comparison with the monolayers in MFT group (
For bilayers as well as trilayers higher flexural strength and Young’s modulus values were observed in IFT (
When the distance between supports is smaller (i.e., MFT), flexural properties observed express the combined effects of compressive, tensile, and shear deformation that could induce a premature fracture of the sample. Nevertheless, higher specimen dimensions (e.g., IFT samples) could evidence cross-linking heterogeneity due to overlapping curing procedure. This leads to residual stresses within region of incomplete polymerization that influence the mechanical performances of the composite paste. On the contrary smaller specimens are more subject to a homogeneous curing distribution than to less defects content [
With the purpose to minimize this effect, the sample’s irradiation steps were carried out taking into account the distribution of the overlapping areas. Furthermore, as described in the following paragraph, we proposed 1 mm layering procedure to obtain a homogenous polymerization between top and bottom surfaces of the sample [
This may explain the generally significant increase of the elastic modulus and flexural strength observed with IFT compared with MFT.
In particular, it was confirmed that, by increasing the span length from
Trends comparison of 1/
The trilayer samples evidenced the highest apparent elastic modulus,
Elastic and shear modulus of multilayer resin composite samples.
|
|
|
---|---|---|
Monolayer | 4416.1 | 497.7 |
Bilayer | 5346.3 | 813.4 |
Trilayer | 7591.8 | 1166.0 |
Increasing the number of layers, during the restoration phase, can lead to an enhancement of both elastic and shear stiffness. An elastic modulus of about 4400 Mpa for 1 mm monolayer was obtained. Instead we observe an elastic modulus for trilayer samples about 70% higher than monolayer one. These considerations are confirmed by analyzing the shear modulus results. The shear modulus observed for trilayer samples is two times higher than the monolayer one. The mechanical performances of monolayer and bilayer were slightly similar (anyway a significant difference of
This behaviour plays a main role on the interlaminar stresses, favoring a better interfacial mechanical stability on samples with more high and stable performances. Consequently samples obtained with a 1 mm multilayering procedure could be able to provide a better adhesion and interlaminar shear performances.
The combined knowledge of the longitudinal and shear elastic properties of resin composites is essential for their correct use in restorative dentistry. In fact, in the oral environment, the dimensions are compatible with the MFT, which showed values of stiffness and strength lower than the IFT ones. Consequently an incorrect evaluation of these parameters can lead to marginal breakdown or fracture of the bulk of the restorations which are subjected to considerable stress-bearing (Classes I, II, and IV restorations) where a high flexural strength is required to withstand biting forces without fracture and also a high modulus or stiffness is necessary during the restoration to maintain its shape under load.
A combined IFT-MFT testing approach can be able to overcome these deficiencies by providing useful information for the prediction of the mechanical behavior of resin composites under realistic conditions of application.
With the purpose to evaluate the influence of layering steps on the hardness properties microhardness measurements were carried out along the cross section of the composite samples. The microhardness value can be considered an affordable parameter to relate with the level of curing of the composite paste [
Microhardness HV along the thickness of a trilayer reference sample.
The figure shows how the gap between the layers with a time of cure of 20 sec and 40 sec is more marked (23%) than the gap between the layers cured in 40–60 sec (11%). Due the multistep layering procedure, the sample exhibits an asymmetrical structure, with a very hard thick region with high microhardness values and a soft superficial region. The latter region, characterized by only 20 s of curing time, has a microhardness value about 40% lower than the hardest layer, characterized by a 60 sec of curing time. This intrinsic anisotropy influences the stress distribution and could increase the interlaminar stresses, favoring debonding or delamination [
This information may be useful in order to provide a correct procedure of deposition and resin composite curing during dental reconstruction. From the dental point of view, the mechanical behavior of the reconstructed tooth is the result of the combination of the performance of several layers, characterized by different hardness and stiffness. In this sense, a more detailed research will be developed to verify the stress distribution for a dental multilayer system in order to be able to predict the final performance of a real reconstructed tooth.
The experimental results evidenced that the ISO 4049 flexural test in comparison with miniflexural test limits the physical properties extrapolation of resin composites. In order to provide realistic clinical conditions, our results show how separate the flexural properties are from the shear stress, by carrying out several three-point bending tests, which differ in the ratio of
Furthermore, the layering procedure, necessary to realize a dental reconstruction, played a key role in the mechanical performances of resin composite. Best mechanical performances were observed for trilayer samples.
These last trilayer samples evidenced elastic and shear modulus, respectively, two and four times higher than monolayer ones. Anyway this configuration evidenced an anisotropic mechanical behavior with a thick hard layer (the first and second depositions have quite similar mechanical performances) and a soft external layer (last deposited layer evidenced very low performances compared with other ones). This last is characterized by a hardness value about 40% lower than the hardest one. To reduce this discrepancy a postcuring step after the multilayering procedure was proposed.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.