Inhibition Behaviour of Some Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazides on the Corrosion of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution

New corrosion inhibitors, namely, isonicotinic acid (1H-indol-3-yl-methylene)hydrazide (INIMH) and isonicotinic acid (1Hpyrrol-2-yl-methylene)hydrazide (INPMH), have been synthesized, and their inhibitive characteristics for the corrosion of mild steel in 0.5MHClwere investigated bymass loss and electrochemical techniques.The structures of the synthesized compoundswere confirmed using spectral studies. Potentiodynamic polarization studies revealed that the investigated inhibitors are of mixed type. Various thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. Langmuir adsorption isotherm was found to be the best description for both inhibitors. FTIR spectra, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to characterize the passive film on the metal surface.


Introduction
Mild steel is the most important engineering material particularly for structural, instrumental, industrial, and automobile applications.Corrosion problem occurs in these industries and can cause disastrous damage to metal and alloy structures causing economic consequences in terms of repair, replacement, and product losses.Pickling is a treatment on metallic surfaces in order to remove tightly adherent oxide films, stains, rust, or scale resulting from hot forming, heat treating, welding, and other high temperature operations [1].The two acids commonly used in pickling are hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid or it may be a combination of acids and may also contain nitric or hydrofluoric acids.Once the acid is rinsed out, the freshly cleaned steel will be very prone to oxidation (corrode) unless we apply a corrosion inhibitor of some type [2].Therefore, a wide variety of corrosion inhibitors ranging from rare earth elements [3,4] to organic compounds [5][6][7][8] have been used.The use of inhibitors is one of the practical methods for preventing corrosion of mild steel especially in acid media [9].Inhibitors protect the metal by adsorbing on the surface and retard metal corrosion in aggressive environment.Selection of an appropriate inhibitor for specific environment and metal is of great importance.
Generally, the heterocyclic organic compounds having higher basicity and electron density on the heteroatoms like oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur have a tendency to resist corrosion [10,11].It has been known that efficient inhibitors should possess plentiful pi-electrons and unshared electron pairs on either nitrogen atoms or sulfur atoms of the inhibitors to the d-orbital of iron.The adsorption characteristics of organic molecules are also affected by sizes, electron density at the donor atoms, and orbital character of donating electrons [12][13][14][15][16]. Organic compounds containing functional electronegative groups, pi-electron in triple or conjugated double bonds, and presence of aromatic rings in their structure are the major adsorption centers and are usually good inhibitors [17].Several nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur containing heterocyclic compounds such as benzoxazole derivatives [18], thiazole derivatives [19], benzothiazole derivatives [20], thiourea derivatives [21], imidazole derivatives [22],triazines [23], pyrazole derivatives [24], thiophene derivatives [25], and quinoxaline derivatives [26] have been reported as anticorrosion substances.The review of the literature revealed that the use of isonicotinic acid derivatives as corrosion inhibitors is scanty.In view of the above, the present work is aimed to study the corrosion inhibition efficiencies of the newly synthesized isonicotinic acid (1H-indol-3-yl-methylene)hydrazide (INIMH) and isonicotinic acid (1H-pyrrol-2-yl-methylene)hydrazide (INPMH) on mild steel (MS) in 0.5 M HCl using mass loss and electrochemical techniques.The experimental findings were discussed with various activation and adsorption thermodynamic parameters.Further, the protective film formed on the metal surface was characterized by FTIR, EDX, and SEM.

Experimental
2.1.Materials.MS specimens used in the present study have the following chemical compositions (in wt %): C 0.051; Mn 0.179; Si 0.006; Cr 0.051; Ni 0.05; Mo 0.013; Ti 0.004; Al 0.103; Cu 0.050; Sn 0.004; B 0.00105; Co 0.017; Nb 0.012; Pb 0.001; and the remainder iron.For all experiments, square type mild steel specimens of dimension 2 cm × 2 cm × 0.1 cm were used.The specimens were mechanically polished with different grades SiC (200-600) emery papers, degreased with benzene, washed with doubly distilled water, and finally dried.All the solvents and chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade and used as such.Doubly distilled water was used in the preparation of the various concentrations of test solutions.

Synthesis of Inhibitors.
INIMH was synthesized by dissolving 2.07 g (15 mmol) of isoniazide (C 6 H 7 N 3 O) in 15 mL of ethanol in a round bottom flask.To this 2.17 g (15 mmol) of indole-3-carboxaldehyde (C 9 H 7 NO) in 15 mL ethanol was mixed and refluxed for 6 hrs at room temperature in presence of glacial acetic acid and then the solution was concentrated using rotor vaporizer and kept for dry in vacuum.INPMH was synthesized by dissolving 1.37 g (10 mmol) of isoniazide in 15 mL of ethanol in a round bottom flask.To this a 0.95 g (10 mmol) of the pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde (C 5 H 5 NO) dissolved in 15 mL of ethanol was added and refluxed for 6 hrs with stirring at room temperature in presence of glacial acetic acid.Then the solution was concentrated using rotor vaporizer and kept for dry in vacuum, and the product obtained was collected.The synthetic scheme of INIMH and INPMH is shown in Figure 1.
The chemical structures of the compounds are characterized by FTIR and where Δ is the weight loss,  is the surface area of the specimen and  is immersion time.
where (CR)  and (CR)  are the corrosion rates in the absence, and presence of inhibitor, respectively.

Potentiodynamic Polarization
Measurements.The potentiodynamic polarization studies were carried out with MS specimen with an exposed area of 1 cm 2 .A conventional three-electrode cell consisting of MS as working electrode, platinum foil as counter electrode, and saturated Ag-AgCl electrode as reference electrode was used.Potentiodynamic polarization studies were carried out using CH-instrument (modelCHI660D).The IE (%) was calculated from corrosion currents determined from the Tafel extrapolation plot method using the following relation: where ( corr )  and ( corr )  are the corrosion current density (A cm −2 ) in the absence and presence of the inhibitor, respectively.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy.
Electrochemical impedance measurements were carried out using the same CH-instrument.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data were taken in the frequency range 10 kHz to 100 mHz.The double layer capacitance (  ) and the polarization resistance (  ) were determined from Nyquist plots [27].The IE (%) was calculated from   values using the following expression: where (  )  and (  )  are polarization resistances in the absence and presence of inhibitor, respectively.

FTIR, EDX, and SEM Studies.
The MS specimens were immersed in 0.5 M HCl in the presence of inhibitors (500 ppm) for a period of 5 hrs.Then the specimens were taken out and dried.The surface adhered film was scratched carefully, and its IR spectra were recorded using a Jasco FTIR 4100 double beam spectrometer.The surface feature of the MS specimens in the absence and presence of inhibitors was studied by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscope (model JSM-5800).1.The mass loss was found to be decreased, and the IE (%) increased with increase in concentration of isonicotinic acid hydrazides.Beyond 500 ppm, there is no significant increase in percentage IE (%).There is no appreciable increase in the IE (%) after 1 hr of immersion time; this is due to desorption of the inhibitor molecule from metal surface with increasing immersion time and instability of inhibitor film on the metal surface [28,29].It was found that INIMH showed slightly higher IE (%) when compared with that of INPMH.

Effect of Temperature.
The effect of temperature on CR and IE (%) was studied in 0.5 M HCl in the temperature range of 30-60 ∘ C in the absence and presence of different concentrations of inhibitors (Table 1).It was found that the IE (%) decreased with increasing temperature from 30-60 ∘ C.This proves that the inhibition occurs through the adsorption of the inhibitors on the metal surface, and description is aided by an increase in temperature.The activation parameters for the corrosion process were calculated from the Arrhenius type plot according to the following equation: where   is the activation energy,  is the frequency factor,  is the absolute temperature, and  is the universal gas constant.The values of   for MS in 0.5 M HCl without and with various concentrations of inhibitors are obtained from the slope of the plot of log CR versus 1/ (Figure 2) and are shown in Table 2.It was found that   values for inhibited systems are higher than for the uninhibited system (Table 2).This increase in the activation energy decreases the dissolution of metal [30].With increase in temperature there was an appreciable decrease in the adsorption of the inhibitors on the metal surface, and a corresponding rise in the corrosion rate occurred [31].
Alternative Arrhenius plots of log CR/ versus 1/ (Figure 3) for MS dissolution in 0.5 M HCl medium in the absence and presence of different concentrations of INIMH and INPMH were used to calculate the values of activation thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy of activation (Δ  ) and entropy of activation (Δ  ) using the following relation:    where  is the universal gas constant,  is the absolute temperature,  is the Avogadro's number, and ℎ is Planks constant.The values of Δ  and Δ  were obtained from the slope and intercept of the previous plot.The obtained Δ  values are in good agreement with the calculated Δ  from the equation The positive values of enthalpy of activation in the absence and presence of inhibitors indicate an endothermic nature of MS dissolution process [32], and the negative entropy of activation values represents association rather than dissociation of inhibitor indicating decrease in the system disorder due to the adsorption of inhibitor molecule on the MS surface [33][34][35].

Adsorption Isotherm.
The adsorption of inhibitor molecules from aqueous solution is a quasisubstitution process and was found to be highly pH dependent [36].The surface protection of MS depends upon how the inhibitor molecule will be adsorbed on the metal surface and also ionization and polarization of molecule [37].The degree of surface coverage () as function of concentration () of the inhibitor was studied graphically by fitting it to various adsorption isotherms to find the best adsorption isotherm.HCl medium.According to this adsorption isotherm,  is related to the inhibitor concentration, , and adsorption equilibrium constant,  ads , through the following expression: The plot of / versus  gave straight lines (Figure 4) with regression close to unity confirming that the adsorption of INIMH and INPMH on MS surface in 0.5 M HCl medium obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.The free energy of adsorption was calculated using the following relations: where  is the universal gas constant,  is the absolute temperature,  ads is the equilibrium constant for adsorption process, and 55.5 is the molar concentration of water in solution (mol L −1 ).The other adsorption thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy of adsorption (Δ ∘ ads ) and entropy of adsorption (Δ ∘ ads ) were obtained from the slope and intercept of the plot of log  ads versus 1/ (Figure 5   It is obvious from the polarization curves that both anodic as well as cathodic curves shift towards lower current density with the increasing concentration of the inhibitors.The lower the corrosion current density, the lesser will be the electron transfer in redox process; therefore the rate of corrosion reaction becomes slower.It was further noticed that both anodic and cathodic polarization profiles are influenced simultaneously almost to the same extent, suggesting the mixed action of the inhibitors.Usually a low current density and long anodization time present very good protection against corrosion due to the diminution of the porosity of the anodic films formed in the environmental condition.phenomenon such as roughness, heterogeneities, impurities, grain boundaries, and distribution of the surface active sites [46].The electrochemical impedance parameters derived from the Nyquist plots and the IE (%) are listed in Table 5.

Electrochemical Impedance
From the plots it is clear that the impedance response of MS in uninhibited acid solution has significantly changed after the addition of inhibitors to the corrosive solution.This indicates that the impedance of the inhibited substrate has increased with increasing concentration of inhibitors.
The measured impedance data are based on the equivalent circuit given in Figure 11, consisting of constant double layer capacitance (      ) in parallel with polarization resistance (  ) which is in series with solution resistance (  ).It was clear that   values in the absence of the inhibitors are always lower than those in the presence of the inhibitors.The double layer capacitance (  ) values were decreased due to a decrease in local dielectric constant and/or an increase in the thickness of the electrical double layer, suggesting that the inhibitor molecules adsorb at the metalsolution interface [48,49].The decrease in the surface area [50] and imperfections of the metal surface may also be the   [51].  values were found to be smaller in the presence of the inhibitors than in their absence, which results in the formation of a protective inhibitor adsorption layer on MS surface.

Mechanism of Inhibition.
The inhibition effect of isoniazide derivatives towards the corrosion of mild steel in 0.5 M HCl solution may be attributed to the adsorption of these compounds at the metal-solution interface.The principal types of interaction between an organic inhibitor and metal surface are physisorption, chemisorption, or both.The adsorption of inhibitor is influenced by the nature of the metal, chemical structure of inhibitors, type of aggressive electrolyte, temperature, and the morphology of MS surface [52,53].The values of inhibition efficiency depend essentially on the electron density at the active centre of the inhibitor molecule.The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of these inhibitors on the MS surface in 0.5 M HCl solution is both chemisorption and physisorption.Chemisorption of these inhibitors arises from the donoracceptor interactions between the free electron pairs of heteroatoms and pi-electrons of multiple bonds as well as phenyl group and vacant d-orbital's of iron [54].
In the case of INIMH, the inhibition effect was due to the interaction of pi-electrons of phenyl, pyrrole, and pyridine rings as well as the presence of electron donor atoms/groups (N, O, and C=N) through which it forms bonds with mild steel.In similar way, the inhibition effect in INPMH is due to pi-electrons of pyrrole and pyridine ring and, presence of N, O, and C=N, through which the inhibitors adsorb on the MS surface forming insoluble, stable, and uniform thin film.The highest inhibition efficiency of INIMH is due to the presence of additional pi-electrons in the phenyl group.The order of IE (%) of these two inhibitors from mass loss, potentiodynamic polarization techniques, and EIS studies was found to be INIMH> INPMH.
3.8.EDX Analysis.EDX spectra were used to determine the elements present on MS surface before and after exposure to the inhibitor solution.The results are displayed in Figure 12. Figure 12(a) is the EDX spectrum of polished MS sample, and it is notable that the peak of oxygen is absent which confirms the absence of air-formed oxide film.However, for inhibited solutions, Figures 12(b) and 12(c) showed additional line characteristics for the existence of N and O (due to the N and O atoms of the INIMH and INPMH) in the EDX spectra.These data showed that the N and O atom of inhibitors has covered the MS electrode surface.These results confirm those obtained from IR and SEM measurements.
3.9.SEM Analysis.The inhibitive behaviour on MS due to corrosion process was confirmed by the SEM images of the polished and corroded MS surface in the absence and presence of inhibitors (Figures 13(a)-13(d)).SEM image of polished MS surface was given in Figure 13(a).Clear examination of SEM images reflects that the surface of the MS in the absence of the inhibitors was found to be corroded more, and the corrosion damages were observed in the form of large pits (Figure 13(b)).The MS specimens immersed in the inhibited solution were in much better condition with a smooth surface (Figures 13(c) and 13(d)).This shows that the inhibitor molecules hinder the dissolution of MS by forming surface adsorbed layer and thereby reducing the corrosion rate.It also confirms that the inhibitors effectively control the corrosion phenomenon by blocking the active corrosion causing sites on the MS surface.

Conclusion
The synthesized isonicotinic acid hydrazides were characterized by FTIR, 1 H-NMR, and mass spectral studies.It was found that the synthesized isonicotinic acid hydrazides are effective corrosion inhibitors.The results obtained from the mass loss measurements were in good agreement with those obtained from the potentiodynamic polarization and EIS methods.The data revealed that the inhibition action of the tested compounds was through both physisorption and chemisorption.The process obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and the thermodynamic data indicated the spontaneous adsorption of inhibitors.IR spectral data revealed the interaction between inhibitor and MS surface.The corrosion protection action can be attributed to the presence of azomethine group (HC=N) in the inhibitor molecules.The results showed that the isonicotinic acid hydrazides are found to be good corrosion inhibitors for MS in 0.5 M HCl solution.The difference in the inhibitory property of the two inhibitors  is related to the difference in the availability of electrons in the inhibitor molecules and also presence of the extra phenyl group in INIMH.The SEM and EDX images showed the existence of protective film of inhibitors on MS surface.

10 3 / 1 K − 1 )Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Alternative Arrhenius plots for MS dissolution in 0.5 M HCl medium in the absence and presence of INIMH and INPMH.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Langmuir's adsorption isotherm plots for the adsorption of INIMH and INPMH in 0.5 M HCl on the MS surface at different temperatures.

Figure 9 :Figure 10 :
Figure 9: Polarization curves of MS in 0.5 M HCl in the presence of different concentrations of (a) INIMH and (b) INPMH.

Figure 11 :
Figure 11: Equivalent circuit used to fit the impedance spectra.
1 H-NMR spectral studies.INIMH (C 15 H 12 N 4 O, Mol. The CR and IE (%) in the absence and presence of various concentrations of INIMH and INPMH in 0.5 M HCl solution and at different temperatures are presented in Table 3.1.Mass Loss Studies.

Table 1 :
CR and IE (%) obtained from mass loss measurements of MS in 0.5 M HCl solution containing various concentrations of INIMH and INPMH at different temperatures.

Table 3 :
[45]44]ynamic parameters for adsorption of INIMH and INPMH on MS in 0.5 M HCl at different temperatures.Polarization curves for MS in 0.5 M HCl in the absence and presence of different concentrations of INIMH and INPMH at 30 ∘ C are shown in Figures 9(a) and 9(b).It has been reported[43,44]that a compound can be classified as an anodic or a cathodic type inhibitor when the difference in  corr is greater than 85 mV with reference to blank, otherwise inhibitor is treated as mixed type.In the present study, maximum displacement in  corr values is 71 mV and 52 mV for INIMH and INPMH, respectively, indicating that they are of mixed type[45].In both cases, the addition of inhibitors reduces both anodic and cathodic currents.Various corrosion parameters such as corrosion current density ( corr ), corrosion potential ( corr ), corrosion rate, and IE (%) are given in Table4.It is evident that IE (%) increases with inhibitor concentration.The protection action of INIMH and INPMH can be attributed to the electron density of the azomethine (-C=N-) group, and this electron density varies with the substituent's in the −1and 1603 cm −1 , and amide carbonyl stretching frequency was observed at 1654 and 1648 cm −1 , respectively.In the IR spectra of scrapped samples (Figure8), the stretching frequencies of the azomethine group and amide carbonyl group were found to be disappearing in the case of INPMH, but slightly at lower frequency in the case of INIMH.These observations clearly indicate that the azomethine group and amide carbonyl group of INIMH and INPMH are involved in the complex formation with the metal.The -NH stretching frequencies of amide group were observed at 3182 cm −1 and 3200 cm −1 for INIMH and INPMH, respectively.The -CH stretching frequencies were observed at 2917 cm −1 and 2924 cm −1 .The -NH stretching for indole ring in INIMH was observed at 1463 cm −1 and -NH stretching frequency for pyrrole ring in INPMH observed at 1457 cm −1 .3.5.Potentiodynamic Polarization Studies.

Table 4 :
Polarization parameters and corresponding inhibition efficiency (IE) for the corrosion of the MS in 0.5 M HCl without and with addition of various concentrations of INIMH and INPMH at 30 ∘ C.

Table 5 :
Impedance parameters for corrosion of MS in 0.5 M HCl in the absence and presence of different concentrations of INIMH and INPMH at 30 ∘ C.