International Journal of Chemical Engineering
Volume 2020 (2020), Article ID 8827995, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8827995

Research Article

Enhancing the Activity and Stability of CuO/OMS-2 Catalyst for CO Oxidation at Low Temperature by Modification with Metal Oxides

Nhat Huy Nguyen,1,2 Bich Thao Nguyen Thi,1,2 Thao Giang Nguyen Le,1,2 Quynh Anh Nguyen Thi,2,3 Phuoc Toan Phan,2,4 Long Giang Bach,⁵ and Trung Thanh Nguyen2,3

¹Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet St., Dist. 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
²Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
³Laboratory of Nanomaterial, An Giang University, 18 Ung Van Khiem St, Dong Xuyen Ward, Long Xuyen City, An Giang Province, Vietnam
⁴Faculty of Engineering-Technology-Environment, An Giang University, 18 Ung Van Khiem St, Dong Xuyen Dist., Long Xuyen City, An Giang Province, Vietnam
⁵NTT Institute of High Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298–300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Correspondence should be addressed to Trung Thanh Nguyen; ntthanh@agu.edu.vn

Received 12 March 2020; Accepted 19 July 2020; Published 3 August 2020

Academic Editor: João Claudio Thomeo

Copyright © 2020 Nhat Huy Nguyen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

In this study, mixed oxides of Mn-Cu and Fe-Cu on OMS-2 support having an octahedral structure were synthesized by the refluxing and impregnation methods. The characteristics of the materials were analyzed by XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and H₂-TPR. In the CO oxidation test, CuFeOx/OMS-2 had slightly higher catalytic activity but is significantly more stable than CuMnOx/OMS-2 and CuO/OMS-2. Due to its lower reduction temperature in H₂-TPR analysis, the Mars-Van-Krevelen mechanism for CuFeOx/OMS-2 (Cu²⁺–O–Fe³⁺ ↔ Cu⁺–□–Fe²⁺) could take place more energetically than CuO/OMS-2 and CuMnOx/OMS-2 (Cu²⁺–O²⁻–Mn⁴⁺ ↔ Cu⁺–□–Mn³⁺). In addition, the interaction between Fe and Cu in the catalyst could improve the durability of the surface oxides structure in comparison with that between Mn and Cu. With the high specific rate and TOF of 28.6 mmol/h.g and 0.508, respectively, CuFeOx/OMS-2 has a great potential as an effective catalyst for low-temperature oxidation application in CO and possible VOCs removal.

1. Introduction

Air pollution by CO has recently been considered to be one of the serious problems in the developing countries due to the increasing consumption of fuels and especially biomass with low combustion efficiency [1]. There are many ways for CO treatment, in which catalytic CO oxidation is considered as one of the most effective and energy-saving techniques [2–4]. In general, precious metal catalysts based on Pt-group have high efficiency in CO oxidation at low temperature, but they are expensive and precious metals [2, 5–7]. To reduce the cost, several studies have been done to look for oxides of transition metals (e.g., Mn, Co, Ce, Cu, Mo, and Fe). Among them, copper oxide and its combination with other metals have been of special interest and hopcalite (CuMnOx) is one of the most popular catalysts for low-temperature oxidation of CO [8, 9].

Octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2), a cryptomelane type of manganese oxides, is a promising catalyst for applications in oxidation reactions due to its high activity, high selectivity, and good catalytic durability [10]. Liu et al. [11] combined CuO and OMS-2 for CO oxidation at low temperature and reported that the good dispersion and the interaction between copper oxide and manganese oxide in CuO/OMS-2 catalyst produce active sites for the oxidation of CO, which can be explained by Mars-Van-Krevelen mechanism, whereby the redox pair Cu²⁺–O²⁻–Mn⁴⁺ ↔ Cu⁺–□–Mn³⁺ (□ – oxygen vacancy) took place. After that, the CuMnOx/OMS-2 catalyst was prepared for increasing the interaction between copper oxide and manganese oxide on the surface of OMS-2 support and, therefore, improving the catalytic activity in CO oxidation at low temperature [12]. However, the role of redox pairs in the transition metal oxide catalyst structure and the effect of adding metal oxides on the stability of CuO catalysts on OMS-2 support have not been well understood yet.

On the other hand, the combination of Cu and Fe oxides for CO oxidation at low temperatures was also reported in several studies [13]. Cao et al. [14] reported that mesoporous CuO-Fe₂O₃ composite produced by the surfactant-assisted method with wormhole-like mesostructure gave high catalytic activity and stability for the oxidation of CO. Amini et al. [15] synthesized mesoporous CuFe₂O₄ nanopowders via the sol-gel method and declared that the addition of Cu into iron oxide affected its properties and yielded high catalytic stability for CO oxidation. Yeste et al. [16] used Cu-Fe mixed oxides (CuFe₂O₄) fabricated by the coprecipitation method at low temperature as an effective catalyst for CO oxidation with high stability. Rezaei et al. [17] prepared mesoporous nanopowders of iron and copper mixed oxides by the simple one-pot solid-state method, and the results showed that the spinel structure gave the best CO oxidation ability without obvious deactivation. Hence, there is a great potential for the combination of CuFeOx catalysts with OMS-2 support not only to enhance the oxidation ability at a lower temperature, but also to improve the stability of the catalyst. However, to the best of our knowledge, the application of such CuFeOx/OMS-2 material synthesized by a facile impregnation method has not been reported yet.

In this study, CuFeOx/OMS-2 catalyst was synthesized by adding Fe³⁺ into the structure of CuO catalyst to compare the efficiency of its redox pair (Cu²⁺–O²⁻–Fe³⁺ ↔ Cu⁺–□–Fe²⁺) to that of CuMnOx/OMS-2 (Cu²⁺–O²⁻–Mn⁴⁺ ↔ Cu⁺–□–Mn³⁺) in CO oxidation at low temperature. Furthermore, this study was also conducted to demonstrate a multidimensional view of the Mars-Van-Krevelen mechanism to find out potential catalysts for efficient oxidation of CO at low temperatures.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Preparation for Catalysts

Analytical-grade chemicals such as Cu (NO₃)₃, Fe (NO₃)₃, Mn (NO₃)₂, and standard solutions of iron, and copper and manganese used in this study were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and Merck and used directly without further purification.

OMS-2 support was synthesized by the refluxing method according to DeGuzman et al. [10]. The synthesis process can be described basically as follows. At first, 11.33 g of MnSO₄.H₂O (analytical-grade, Xilong, China) was dissolved in 120 mL of deionized (DI) water (solution A), while 7.57 g of KMnO₄ (analytical-grade, Xilong, China) was dissolved in 38 mL of DI water (solution B). The two solutions were then mixed thoroughly and added with 4 mL of concentrated HNO₃, which was followed by refluxing at 100°C for 24 h. The brown solid product was subsequently separated by filtration and washed several times with DI water until the pH of about 7 was reached. The OMS-2 product was finally obtained after drying at 120°C overnight and calcined at 400°C for 4 h.

The catalysts, including CuMnOx/OMS-2 and CuFeOx/OMS-2 with 15 wt.% of CuMnOx and CuFeOx, were then prepared by impregnation method using the prepared OMS-2 support [11, 12]. The OMS-2 support was impregnated in a solution containing 250 mL of DI water and appropriate amounts of Cu(NO₃)₂ and Mn(NO₃)₂ or Fe(NO₃)₃ salts. Afterward, the mixture was heated at 80°C while being stirred to remove water and followed by drying at 100°C and annealing at 400°C for 4 h.

2.2. Material Characterization

Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, which were collected by an XRD 300W diffractometer (D2 Phaser, Bruker) with a CuKα radiation wavelength of 1.5406 Å having a step size of 0.05° and a step time of 30 s, were used to analyze the material crystalline structure. The morphology and particle size of CuMnOx/OMS-2 and CuFeOx/OMS-2 were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (JSM-IT200, JEOL) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on a Philips Tecnai G² F20 TEM microscope operated at 40 kV. The samples were prepared by ultrasonically suspending the materials in ethanol, and the suspension was then applied to a copper grid and dried in an oven. Another method of determining specific surface area and pore size of the materials was the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The analysis was conducted at 77 K using a BET-202A system (Porous Materials Inc.), in which nitrogen was used as an adsorbate for probing the surface of the materials. It should be noted that BET analysis was carried out after the materials were degassed at 150°C for 4 hours to remove the water from the oxide meso-/micropores thoroughly. An inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES, iCAP 6500, Thermo Scientific) was utilized to measure the amount of CuMnOx and CuFeOx adhering to the OMS-2 support by determining the Cu, Fe, and Mn contaminations in Mn(NO₃)₂, Fe(NO₃)₃, and Cu(NO₃)₂ solutions.

2.3. Measurement of Catalytic Activity

A quartz tubular fixed bed reactor with an internal diameter of 10 mm, which was employed for CO oxidation under atmospheric pressure, was loaded up with 200 mg of the catalysts. During the oxidation, the reaction temperature was monitored continuously by a thermocouple placed in the middle of the catalyst bed. A mixture of 1 vol.% CO and 1 vol.% O₂, as the reactants with a total gas flow rate of 30 mL.min⁻¹ (space velocity of 12,000 mL.g⁻¹.h⁻¹), balanced in nitrogen, was passed through the reactor. The CO and CO₂ were analyzed by a gas chromatograph (GC, Trace-GC 1310, Thermo Scientific) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a TR-WaxMS GC column. The carbon-containing gaseous products were conducted to a methanation converter filled with Raney-Ni catalyst before going to the detector to ensure obtaining signals with high intensity [11].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Material Synthesis and Characterization

The morphology is one of the important properties of the catalysts, which could show the shape, size, and even crystalline property of the catalyst particles. Figure 1 shows the TEM image of CuFeOx/OMS-2 catalyst at low and high resolutions. It was apparent that the CuFeOx/OMS-2 has nanorod-shaped morphology, with a diameter of approximately 13 nm and length from 300 to 500 nm. This result is consistent with that in the study of Zhang et al. [18] reported on related OMS-2 materials.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: TEM images of CuFeOx/OMS-2 material at low and high resolutions.

In addition, CuMnOx/OMS-2 and CuFeOx/OMS-2 catalysts were also analyzed with the SEM-EDS, and the results are shown in Figures 2 and 3. For CuMnOx/OMS-2 sample (Figure 2), the Cu and Mn components were evenly distributed on the surface of OMS-2 support. It was discovered that the results were similar to those of CuFeOx/OMS-2 sample (Figure 3). There was an agreement in the calculation and the analysis results of CuMnOx and CuFeOx contents adhering to OMS-2 support, which were determined by ICP-AES. The atomic percentage of elements on the surface of the catalysts is summarized in Table 1.

Figure 2: SEM-mapping and EDS images of CuMnOx/OMS-2 catalyst.

Figure 3: SEM-mapping and EDS images of CuFeOx/OMS-2 catalyst.

Table 1: Elemental composition in the atomic percentage of the catalysts by EDS.

Catalyst
O
K
Mn
Cu
Fe

CuMnOx/OMS-2
65.85
2.98
29.61
1.56
—

CuFeOx/OMS-2
66.68
3.09
26.48
1.52
2.22

The XRD patterns of the catalysts are displayed in Figure 4. It has been observed that the diffraction peaks at of 12.6°, 17.9°, 28.7°, 37.5°, 41.9°, 49.9°, and 60.1° directly contributed to the crystalline phase of cryptomelane (KMn₈O₁₆), proving that the nanorod OMS-2 material had a cryptomelane-type structure [19], corresponding to the XRD patterns of OMS-2 material in some works [18, 19]. Although appearing at relatively low intensity, the diffraction peaks at of 32.6°, 35.5°, and 38.8° in XRD patterns of Cu-containing catalysts could be attributed to its low crystalline phase of copper oxide [11]. Meanwhile, peaks at 23° and 25.5° in the XRD pattern of CuFeOx/OMS-2 catalyst are indexed to the crystalline phase of ferric oxide.

Figure 4: XRD patterns of OMS-2, CuO/OMS-2, CuMnOx/OMS-2, and CuFeOx/OMS-2 samples (: cryptomelane, o copper oxide, and x ferric oxide).

Figure 5 illustrates the FTIR patterns of catalysts including OMS-2, CuO/OMS-2, CuMnOx/OMS-2, and CuFeOx/OMS-2. In CuMnOx/OMS-2 catalyst, the FTIR patterns, to a large extent, were characterized by the vibration peaks of Cu-O-Cu at 410, 420, and 430 cm⁻¹ and of Cu-O at 440 cm⁻¹ [20]. Similarly, the FTIR pattern in CuFeOx/OMS-2 catalyst was also characterized by the vibrations of the same peaks above. Nevertheless, differences between the vibrations below 500 cm⁻¹ were observed, which determined that these vibrations were of Fe-O. Moreover, these results were also found to be consistent with the XRD patterns of both materials.

(a)

(b)

Figure 5: FTIR patterns of OMS-2, CuO/OMS-2, CuMnOx/OMS-2, and CuFeOx/OMS-2 samples in the range of (a) 500–4000 cm⁻¹ and (b) 400–500 cm⁻¹.

The redox characteristics of the catalysts are often determined by H₂-TPR. Figure 6 compares H₂-TPR profiles of CuO/OMS-2, CuMnOx/OMS-2, and CuFeOx/OMS-2 catalysts at different temperature ranges. In all catalysts, and peaks present the two reduction steps of manganese oxide, where peak is for the first reduction step of MnO₂/Mn₂O₃ to Mn₃O₄ and peak is for the second reduction step of Mn₃O₄ to MnO [11]. There were shifts of and peaks to lower reduction temperature in CuMnOx/OMS-2 and CuFeOx/OMS-2 as compared to CuO/OMS-2 catalyst, and the peaks of CuFeOx/OMS-2 were the lowest ones (Table 2). It can be stated that the presence of Cu and Fe encouraged the reducibility of manganese oxide via an H-spillover effect [21]. Furthermore, the peak resulted in the reduction of the CuOx species having strong interaction with manganese and ferric oxides, while the peak was responsible for the reduction of highly dispersed CuOx species on the catalyst surface, which had a weak interaction with the surface manganese and ferric oxides [22]. In general, the and peaks of CuMnOx/OMS-2 and CuFeOx/OMS-2 were at lower temperatures than those of CuO/OMS-2, particularly for CuFeOx/OMS-2 at the lowest temperatures (Table 2), which is due to the strong interaction of oxides in the catalyst structure. The peak is also assigned to the reduction of large CuO particles as well as the reduction of MnO₂ to Mn₃O₄ [11, 23]. There was another peak observed at 200°C for CuFeOx/OMS-2 catalyst, which is ascribed to the reduction of Fe₂O₃ to Fe₃O₄ [21]. Besides, when applying mesoporous CuO-Fe₂O₃ for CO oxidation, Cao et al. [14] found that this reduction peak is at a lower temperature than that of iron oxide, possibly due to the strong interaction of iron oxide and copper oxide in the structure of CuO-Fe₂O₃ composite.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 6: TPR patterns of catalysts with different temperature ranges: (1) CuO/OMS-2, (2) CuMnOx/OMS-2, and (3) CuFeOx/OMS-2.

Table 2: The reduction temperature of peaks in H₂-TPR profile of catalysts.

Catalyst
(°C)
(°C)
(°C)
(°C)
(°C)
Note

CuO/OMS-2
180
—
275
350
400
[11]

CuMnOx/OMS-2
170
—
245
310
330
This study

CuFeOx/OMS-2
160
200
230
290
320
This study

3.2. CO Oxidation Test

Table 3 lists CO oxidation performances of catalysts, composed of OMS-2, CuO/OMS-2, CuMnOx/OMS-2, and CuFeOx/OMS-2, in several studies. It is important to notice that the obtained catalysts were made into pellets and sieved to enhance the stability under the effect of a high gas flow rate in the reactor. From the results in Table 3, it is obvious that all CuO-supported OMS-2 catalysts showed very high activities for CO oxidation at a room temperature of roughly 35°C, while OMS-2 had no activity. The specific reaction rate of CO oxidation of CuFeOx/OMS-2 catalyst was 28.6 mmol CO.h⁻¹.gCu⁻¹, which is slightly higher than those of CuMnOx/OMS-2 (27.8 mmol.h⁻¹.g⁻¹) and CuO/OMS-2 (27.2 mmol.h⁻¹.g⁻¹) catalysts. The TOF of the catalysts is in the order of CuFeOx/OMS-2 (0.508) > CuMnOx/OMS-2 (0.495) > CuO/OMS-2 (0.484), indicating that the presence of Fe and Mn components in the CuO structure could enhance the catalytic activity of CuO/OMS-2 catalyst. It could be explained by the existence of two redox pairs Cu²⁺–O²⁻–Fe³⁺ ↔ Cu⁺–□–Fe²⁺ + O₂ and Cu₂⁺–O²⁻–Mn⁴⁺ ↔ Cu⁺–□–Mn³⁺ + O₂ in structures of CuFeOx/OMS-2 and CuMnOx/OMS-2 catalysts, respectively. On the other hand, a higher catalytic activity of CuFeOx/OMS-2 catalyst as against CuMnOx/OMS-2 catalyst could be due to the lower redox potential of Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ compared to that of Mn⁴⁺/Mn³⁺. Consequently, the reduction process of CuFeOx took place more smoothly than that of CuMnOx, and thus it is more active and easily activated for CO oxidation at low temperatures.

Table 3: Performance of catalysts for CO oxidation.

Catalyst
Surface area (m²/g)
Reaction temperature (°C)
Specific rate (mmol CO.h⁻¹.gCu⁻¹)
TOF
Note/reference

OMS-2
48.5
∼35
0
—
This study

CuO/OMS-2
—
20
24.5
0.436
[11]

CuO/OMS-2
41.4
∼35
27.2
0.484
[12]

CuMnOx/OMS-2
52.76
∼35
27.8
0.495
This study

CuFeOx/OMS-2
52.40
∼35
28.6
0.508
This study

Durability, which is an important aspect, is often of great interest when studying the catalyst for chemical reactions. Here, the catalytic durability was evaluated via the specific rate of catalyst in CO oxidation at room temperature after 48 h of operation (Figure 7). The stability of the CuO/OMS-2 increased significantly after adding manganese oxide and especially iron oxide into the structure of CuO. After 48 h of reaction, the activity of CuFeOx/OMS-2 only reduced by 16.8%, which was much lower than those of 55.4% and 82.4% in CuMnOx/OMS-2 and CuO/OMS-2 catalysts, respectively. Although they are similar at the beginning, the specific CO oxidation rate by CuFeOx/OMS-2 was 2 times higher than that by CuMnOx/OMS-2 and 5 times higher than that by CuO/OMS-2 after 48 h of reaction. The addition of CuO into the lattice of FexOy reduces the temperature for complete CO oxidation [15]. Besides, FexOy plays two roles of (i) catalyst under excess oxygen condition and (ii) oxidant (by lattice oxygen) under low oxygen condition [14]. The improvement in the stability of the CuO catalyst by adding Fe is consistent with those reported in the literature for mixed oxides of Cu and Fe [14–17]. Since iron is cheaper than the others, CuFeOx/OMS-2 is more applicable as a commercial catalyst. It is also noticed that the stability of the catalysts is a very important factor affecting its ability in practical application.

Figure 7: Specific rate of catalysts at room temperature at the beginning and after 48 h of CO oxidation.

4. Conclusions

The catalysts of CuFeOx and CuMnOx were impregnated on OMS-2 support and applied for the oxidation of CO at a low temperature of ∼35°C. The addition of Mn and Fe into CuO was proven as an effective way to enhance the activity of CuO/OMS-2 catalyst for CO oxidation, where the specific reaction rate increases from 27.2 to 27.8–28.6 mmol CO.h⁻¹.gCu⁻¹. The stability of the material was improved by adding Mn and greatly enhanced by adding Fe. The catalytic activity decreased after 48 h of the reaction was recorded to be 82.4% and 55.4% for CuO/OMS-2 and CuO/OMS-2, respectively, but only 16.8% for CuFeOx/OMS-2 catalyst in terms of specific rates. The high catalytic activity and stability of CuFeOx/OMS-2 make it very promising as a stable and effective catalyst for CO oxidation at low temperature in practical applications.

Data Availability

The experimental data used to support the findings of this study are included in the manuscript. The other data are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) and An Giang University, VNU-HCM, for the time and providing facilities for this study.

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