An Experimental Analysis of Lean Binary Mixture Segregation in a Continuous Liquid Fluidized Bed

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Introduction
Te mineral processing industries employ various techniques for separation, including vibration-based separation (jigging), mechanical separation using screens (screening), gravity separation, and magnetic separation.Gravity separation is employed in various industrial processes as it is inherently simple, efective, and economical [1,2].A range of devices is available for the purpose of particle separation.Te selection of equipment is infuenced by various factors, including the physical properties of solid materials, the economics of the process, and the desired purity and recovery of valuable products.In contrast to alternative classifers, fuidized bed classifers exhibit a consistent and precise separation capability.Te process of fuidization results in the segregation of solid particles of diverse size ranges and densities.Particles that ascend are commonly referred to as "fotsam," whereas particles that descend are commonly referred to as "jetsam."Te literature employs batch or semibatch techniques for liquid fuidized beds (LFBs) [3][4][5].Tere is presently a dearth of published literature concerning the elimination of fne and coarse particles in LFB systems.Te hydrodynamic model proposed by Chen et al. [3] ofers an elucidation for the voidage and particle dispersion phenomena observed in a continuous LFB classifer.Tis specifc model is distinguished by the inclusion of a single parameter, which is ftted during the analysis process.Tis parameter is known as the axial dispersion coefcient.Te current model lacks calculations for fractional recovery and purity of both products.Te study conducted by Gavin et al. [4] investigated the practical application of teetered bed separators in the context of thick media separation.Te authors have also furnished an elucidation on semibatch LFBs.
Te LFB separator is capable of efectively separating microscopic particles from larger particles while maintaining the suspension of the bed.In the mineral industry, LFBs are employed for the purpose of sorting solid particles.Te determination of the terminal settling velocity or transit velocity of an individual particle is crucial for the process of solid materials segregation in LFBs [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Heavy minerals, also known as metals and metal oxides, are infrequently found in natural occurrences.It is common to engage in the process of extracting a small amount of high-value material from a large quantity of low-value material.Tis process necessitates a signifcant quantity of feed material to be continuously supplied to LFBs, where the inherent characteristics of solid components facilitate the separation of minerals.Tis approach has demonstrated efcacy in the benefciation of gold, copper, and coal [6].
Limited research has been conducted on the topic of continuous gas fuidization employing lean-phase mixtures.Te present study employed binary feed mixtures comprising signifcant levels of impurities to successfully separate mixtures of low-density minuscule particles within a continuous LFB system.Te aim of this study was to examine the infuence of operational conditions on the purity and yield of the products.Te critical operational factors in this specifc scenario encompass the rate of solid feed introduction and the velocity of the liquid surface.Tis study conducted an evaluation of the phenomena of entrainment, discharge rate, product purity, and pressure drop.Empirical correlations have been established to demonstrate the relationship between entrainment rate and product purity in binary mixtures containing impurities.Tis study introduces a novel methodology for the continuous separation of solid materials in LFBs and lean-phase mixtures.

Experimental Setup
Te experimental setup is a continuous LFB employed in this study which followed the methodology outlined in previous investigations conducted by the author [5,6].Te setup is a cylindrical perspex column with 72 mm internal diameter and 3 m height.Te experimental setup comprised of two collecting tanks positioned at the top and bottom extremities of the primary column.Te tanks were employed to facilitate the continuous extraction of solid materials, while preserving the undisturbed state of the bed conditions within the column.Te feeding technique employed in this investigation involves the utilization of a cylindrical hopper to introduce a binary combination of materials into the column.Te transfer of solid materials from the hopper to the primary column is facilitated through precalibrated scales.Te fow rate of fuid media i.e., water was measured by rotameters.Te feed input position is determined by the upper region.Tis study seeks to determine the best feed intake pipe placement near the top discharge parts.One pressure tap was carefully placed above the distributor plate and the other near the top discharge section.Te diferential manometer measured the column's collective pressure reduction using the taps.Te higher and lower discharge parts were used to evaluate solid entrainment and discharge rate.Table 1 shows the physical properties of the solid materials used in this study.Te particle size measurement was conducted using sieve analysis by employing Jayant standard test sieves on a singular sample.Te current study examined two separate groups of particles with varying sizes, distinguished by size ratios of 2 and 3.35, respectively.Tis investigation was conducted within the framework of a continuous LFB.In this specifc context, the feed exhibits a considerable fotsam, primarily comprising small particles.Te feed also displays a signifcant amount of jetsam, characterized by a higher proportion of larger particles.Te operating parameters utilized in the current study are presented in Table 2.
Te column underwent controlled water infow at a predetermined rate after determining the composition of a solid mixture.Te solid materials that were already present in the hopper were transferred into the column using a preexisting scale.Tis scale had been calibrated to ensure a consistent fow rate of solid materials.Te column was permitted to reach a state of equilibrium, as evidenced by the observed consistent decrease in pressure on the manometer.Te validation of the steady state condition was accomplished by employing mass balancing principles.Tis required careful investigation of top and bottom solid materials fow rates and input rates.Once a state of equilibrium was achieved, the rates of solid fow were measured at both the upper and lower sections.In addition, samples were collected from each stream in order to assess their respective purities.Table 2 displays the range of operational parameters that were employed in the current study.

Results and Discussion
Tis study evaluated solid materials segregation in a continuous LFB employing lean mixes, binary feed combinations of solid materials with diferent sizes and densities, including fotsam-rich and jetsam-rich mixtures.Solids segregation depends on surface liquid velocity, solid feed rate, and feed composition.Entrainment, discharge, purity, and recovery of top and bottom products depend on these parameters [7,8].Te ratio of fne particles in the overfow to total particles in the top fow determines the top product's purity.However, recovery is the weight of tiny particles in the overfow divided by the input fow weight [9].Te "top product" is small particles while the "bottom product" is bigger particles.

Flotsam-Rich Binary Mixtures
3.1.1.Infuence of Liquid Velocity.Figures 1-14 depict the fuidization characteristics of fotsam-rich binary mixtures (size ratio of 2 and 3.35).Tese fgures pertain to a specifc feed entry location and assume identical densities for the solid materials in question.Figures 1 and 8 illustrate that the pressure drop initially reaches a peak before gradually diminishing and declining.Te binary mixture with a high concentration of fotsam is characterized by a feed that primarily consists of fne particles, with a minor proportion of coarser particles.In low-liquid velocity conditions, fne particles exhibit an upward tendency, whereas a fraction of fne particles and a small quantity of coarser particles undergo sedimentation towards the bottom.Te pressure drop experiences an increase at this particular location.As the velocity of the liquid increases, a limited quantity of fne particles becomes trapped, while other particles within the 2 International Journal of Chemical Engineering column undergo fuidization.By ensuring a slightly higher liquid velocity than the transport velocity of fne particles, the acting drag forces are enhanced, leading to the entrainment of a signifcant portion of the fne particles.As a result, the rate of pressure drop reduction is gradual.As the velocity of the liquid increases, it results in the entrainment of all fne particles and a continuous decrease in pressure drop.At increased liquid velocity, the larger particles are entrained with the smaller particles and expelled from the column.Te bed seems to be functioning as a pneumatic transport system in its current condition.When the liquid velocity reaches a critical level and with enhanced solid feed rate, the pressure drop reaches its maximum value for the selected particle size ratios [10,11].Figures 2 and 9 show how liquid velocity afects the entrainment rate for a certain feed site, considering solid materials rate and particle size ratios.At any solid feed rate, entrainment reaches its maximum and then steadies as liquid velocity rises.A few tiny particles can be entrained at low liquid velocity, while others settle to the bottom with coarser particles.Te entrainment rate is modest.Increased liquid velocity increases fne particle escape from the column, increasing the entrainment rate [6].At the critical liquid velocity, entrainment is highest.Entrainment stabilizes above this velocity.Similar results were seen for 2 and 3.36 size ratios.At the critical liquid velocity, increasing the solid materials feed rate maximizes entrainment for both size ratios.Discharge rate and liquid velocity are shown in Figures 3 and 10 for various solid input rates and size ratios.Te observed entrainment rate trends were the reverse.
Figures 4 and 11 show how liquid velocity afects the highest product purity at diferent solid feed rates.Te experimental results showed that increasing liquid velocities decreased top product purity regardless of the solid feed rate.At low liquid velocity, small particles may be swept away, resulting in the purest top product.When liquid velocity exceeds fne particle transport velocity by a tiny margin, a considerable amount of fne particles become entrained and a small number of coarser particles are carried to the top section with the fne particles.Te fnished product loses purity.At higher liquid velocities, coarser particles are entrained with tiny particles.Tus, product quality sufers.Te top product is purest at two size ratios, higher solid feed rates, and key liquid velocities.Te top product is purest at a low solid materials feed rate, crucial liquid velocity, and size ratio of 3.36.
Figures 5 and 12 show how liquid velocity afects bottom product purity at diferent solid feed rates and size ratios.Te experimental profles show that increasing liquid velocity improves bottom product purity regardless of solid feed rate or particle size ratio.Te settling of tiny particles with coarser particles reduces bottom product purity at low liquid velocity for any solid input rate.As liquid velocity rose, tiny particles International Journal of Chemical Engineering were entrained out of the column, leaving only coarser particles.Under these conditions, the lesser product improves.Increased liquid velocity can carry bigger particles out of the column.As a consequence, bottom product purity peaks and stabilizes.Both size ratios followed similar trends.At the critical liquid velocity, increasing the solid feed rate optimizes bottom product purity for both size ratios.Figures 6 and 13 show top product recovery changes at a single feed site due to solid feed rates and particle size ratios.As liquid velocity rises for every solid input rate, top product recovery increases.However, it peaks before falling.Low liquid velocity limits particle entrainment, resulting in a low entrainment rate.Tus, this low entrainment rate suggests limited top product recovery.As liquid velocity rises, particle entrainment increases, increasing top product recovery.Entrainment and top product recovery peak at the crucial liquid velocity.At velocities over this threshold, entrainment and top product purity decrease, reducing recovery efciency.Comparable size ratio trends were found.Te particle size ratio determines the best top product recovery conditions.Higher solid feed rates and critical

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International Journal of Chemical Engineering liquid velocities maximize top product recovery for a particle size ratio of 2. At lower solid feed rates and the same critical liquid velocity, top product recovery is best at a particle size ratio of 3.36.Figures 7 and 14 show how liquid velocity afects bottom product retrieval at diferent solid feed rates and size ratios.As liquid velocity and solid feed rate rise, bottom product recovery decreases to lower liquid velocities, many particles sink to the bottom.Tus, the discharge rate increases, maximising bottom product recovery.Larger particles are entrained with smaller particles at higher liquid velocities, reducing the discharge rate.Retrieving the lesser product has little utility.Both size ratios showed similar trends.Increased solid feed rates boost bottom product recovery at crucial liquid velocity.Both size ratios follow this pattern.International Journal of Chemical Engineering feed rate results in higher top product purity at a given liquid velocity, when the particle size ratio is 2.An increase in the solid materials feed rate leads to a decrease in the purity of the top product when the particle size ratio is 3.36.Optimal conditions for attaining maximum product purity are typically associated with low liquid velocity and solid input rate.Tis is because certain tiny particles entrain immediately.When liquid velocity is low, increasing solid feed rate increases column particle holdup.Tis context prioritizes fne particle concentration above coarse particle concentration.Te top product is purest with greater solid feed rates and low liquid velocities for a particle size ratio of 2. At low liquid velocities and solid feed rates, the top product is purest at a 3.35 particle size ratio.

Infuence of
Figures 16 and 20 show that bottom product purity changes with solid feed rates, liquid velocities, and size ratios.Tese observations concern a feed input point.According to the results, the bottom product purity rises with solid feed rate, regardless of liquid velocity and size ratios.Te bottom product is less pure at low liquid velocities and solid feed rates.Low liquid velocities cause a lot of small particles to settle to the bottom.Te column has more particles when the solid feed rate is raised and the bed

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International Journal of Chemical Engineering is operated at low liquid velocity.Tis causes particleparticle interactions, which make particles autonomous and resist settling.Since there is no vertical movement in the column, the bottom product progressively becomes purer.Increased liquid velocity and solid input rate entrain a large fraction of particles, resulting in the purest bottom product.Tis is true for both size ratios as increased solid feed rate and liquid velocity maximize bottom product purity.
Figures 17 and 21 show how solid feed rate afects top product recovery.Tese statistics show liquid velocities and size ratios for a single feed point.For both size ratios, unusual behavior was seen.At a particle size ratio of 2 and low liquid velocities, increasing the solid feed rate increases top product recovery.Te entrainment rate decreases with solid feed rate, reducing top product recovery.Under high solid feed rate and liquid velocity, many particles become entrained and displaced from the column.Terefore, the leading product has the largest recovery value.Te particle size ratio of 3.36 shows an inverse trend.
Figures 18 and 22 show how solid feed rate afects bottom product recovery.Tese fgures focus on a single feed entrance site and liquid velocities and size ratios.According to the fgures, increasing the solid feed rate at any liquid velocity increases bottom product recovery for both particle size ratios.Low liquid velocity and solid input rate cause most column particles to be fne.A small fraction of tiny particles become entrained at this velocity, while the rest settle to the bottom.Te discharge rate rises.Due to the impact, bottom-up product recovery has risen.When liquid velocities are low and solid input rates are high, column solid materials accumulate.In this setting, solid materials recirculation in the column and particle interactions is more International Journal of Chemical Engineering important.Tus, particles move even at low liquid velocity to ascend and circulate in the column without settling.As a result of this, even with low liquid velocities, a larger solid feed rate optimizes bottom product recovery.Tis is true for both size ratios.Figures 23 and 30 show how liquid velocity afects pressure drop at diferent solid feed rates and particle size ratios.

Jetsam-Rich
Figure 23 suggests that this study's phenomena are similar to those in binary feed combinations with a lot of fotsam.With a particle size ratio of 3.36, a rise in liquid velocity causes the pressure to decrease to peak, then decline, and then peak again before stabilizing.As liquid velocity rises, pressure drop increases.Terefore, maintaining liquid velocity above fne particle transport velocity is recommended as a large amount of fne particles will be entrained and transported away.Tus, the pressure drop will decrease, reducing coarser particle transport to the column's outer portion.As liquid velocity rose, bigger particles tried to detach from the column.However, the lack of liquid drag caused these particles to fall, causing large column internal recirculations.A progressive rise in pressure decreases results.Te entrainment of coarser particles increases when the velocity matches the transit velocity of bigger particles.As a result, pressure drops signifcantly.Similar to pneumatic transport, coarser and fner particles are entrained from the column and bed at higher liquid velocity.Figures 24, 25, 31, and 32 demonstrate how the entrainment rate afects the discharge rate at a feed entry site with varying solid feed rates and particle size ratios.Figure 1 illustrates that entrainment peaks and stabilizes at 2 particle size ratio as liquid velocity rises.However, the discharge rate peaks at low liquid velocity and subsequently drops.Entrainment and discharge rates rise and decrease with a particle size ratio of 3.36.Entrainment and discharge rates peak at critical liquid velocity and rising solid feed rate with a particle size ratio of 2. Higher solid feed rates increase entrainment and discharge regardless of liquid velocity while maintaining a 3.36 particle size ratio.
Figures 26 and 33 show how solid feed rates and particle size ratios afect upper product purity.Te data show that liquid velocity increases, reducing top product purity.Similar trends are seen in binary feed combinations with high fotsam concentrations.No matter the size ratio or liquid velocity, a low solid feed rate maximizes top product purity.Figures 27 and 34 show bottom product purity changes for a single feed entrance position over solid feed rates and particle size ratios.Regardless of particle size ratio and solid feed rate, liquid velocity increases bottom product purity.Te purity of bottom product reaches maximum at a specifed liquid velocity for both size ratios.Te behavior is similar to binary mixes rich in fotsam.Increased solid feed rate maximizes bottom product purity regardless of liquid velocity.
Figures 28, 35, and 36 show how liquid velocity afects top and bottom product retrieval at diferent solid feed rates and size ratios.According to the fgures, liquid velocity afects top product recovery.Specifcally, when liquid velocity increases, top product recovery frst rises but then falls.As liquid velocity rises, bottom product recovery decreases.Entrainment, discharge rate, and product purity afect top and bottom product recovery.Lower liquid velocities have less solid materials entrainment and greater solid materials discharge.Top-tier items have a low retrieval rate, whereas bottom-tier ones have a high rate.Te entrainment rate increases top product recovery because liquid velocity increases the entrainment rate.Conversely, the discharge rate decreases, reducing bottom product recovery.Due to low purity, top product recovery decreases after a certain liquid velocity.At high liquid velocity, top and bottom product recovery is inefective.Te top product recovers more when the solid feed rate is low for a particle size ratio of 2. Regardless of liquid velocity, increasing solid feed rate increases bottom product recovery.Te particle size ratio of 3.36 shows that increasing the solid feed rate increases top and bottom products' recovery independent of liquid velocity.Top and bottom product recovery followed similar size ratio tendencies.International Journal of Chemical Engineering input rate, reduce top product purity for both size ratios.Low liquid velocity and solid materials feed rate deliver little fnes and courses into the column.Due to the top product's purity, even small particles may be entrained at low liquid velocity.Increased liquid velocity and solid input rate fll the column with larger particles.At this velocity, most larger particles cluster at the column top and high-end things sufer.Te purest product is at low liquid and solid feed rates.It applies to both size ratios.

Infuence of
Figures 38 and 42 show how solid feed rate afects bottom product purity at diferent particle size ratios and liquid velocities.Low liquid velocity and solid feed rate reduce bottom product purity.Tis happens because most particles settle at the bottom.When solid feed is fed at a high rate and the bed is operated with a low liquid fow velocity, the bottom product's purity improves.When liquid velocity and solid feed rate are increased, many bigger particles entering the column are transported with the fow.Tus, the 10 International Journal of Chemical Engineering bottom product's purity is ideal for both size ratios.At a size ratio of 2, a greater liquid velocity and medium solid feed rate provide the purest bottom product.Conversely, increased liquid velocity and solid input rate provide a pure bottom product.show how feed composition afects top product purity at diferent liquid velocities.Te feed content, especially tiny particles, improves product purity.Tis applies to both size ratios.Suboptimal feed composition and liquid velocity reduce top product purity and increase the feed mix to purify the top product.Even at low liquid velocities, adding tiny particles to the column increases entrained particle concentration or magnitude.When liquid velocities are high and feed compositions are low, fnes entrained bigger particles damage to top product purity.However, higher International Journal of Chemical Engineering feed compositions get more fne particles into the column than coarser particles.High liquid velocities provide the top product with the most purity and increase the feed composition and reduce liquid velocity while maintaining the solid feed rate and size ratio for maximum product quality.

Infuence of
Figure 46 shows how feed mix afects bottom product purity.Te plots show liquid velocities and particle size ratios at the feed entrance.Figure 49 shows that liquid velocity does not afect bottom product purity.Under low liquid velocities and feed compositions, the bottom product is pure due to the absence of tiny particles and the presence of coarser particles entering the column.At the required velocity, some tiny particles are entrained and others are fuidized in the column.Terefore, product purity must be prioritized.Increased liquid velocity and feed mixture enhance column fne particle concentration.At greater liquid velocities, most tiny particles are eliminated, causing bigger particles to accumulate.Te vertical fow of tiny particles expelled bigger particles in the column, purifying the bottom product.According to the study, lowering feed composition and boosting liquid velocity improve bottom product purity.Figures 47 and 48 show that feed composition decrease reduces top product recovery independent of liquid velocity.Under low liquid velocity and feed composition, tiny particles become entrained and entrain faster.Under these settings, product retrieval optimization improves.Interestingly, the size ratio of 2 increases top product recovery under low liquid velocity and feed composition.When the size ratio is 3.34, liquid velocities rise and feed compositions drop, improving top product purity.Figure 48 shows how feed mix afects bottom product recovery at diferent liquid velocities and particle size ratios.Te fgure data showed a substantial link between feed mix and bottom product recovery, regardless of size ratio.Lower liquid velocities and bigger feed compositions boost bottom product recovery regardless of size ratios.

Empirical Correlations.
Te study reveals a positive correlation between the phenomenon of solid materials entrainment and both liquid velocity and solid materials feed rate in the systems characterized by a presence of fotsam and jetsam.Te correlation for the entrainment rate of solid materials, as determined from the experimental data International Journal of Chemical Engineering 13 obtained in this study, is established for size ratios of 1.68 and 2, as outlined in the following equation: As demonstrated in equation ( 2), the discharge rate of solid materials may be computed by subtracting the feed rate from the entrainment rate as follows: ( Te current study shows that the purity of the top product is negatively connected with liquid velocity and solid feed rate and positively correlated with feed particle composition across all combinations as shown in the following equation: All the correlations ft the experimental data with a deviation of less than 15%.International Journal of Chemical Engineering

Conclusions
Te study centered on binary solid materials segregation including a signifcant amount of fotsam and jetsam.Te binary combination characterized by a signifcant amount of miscellaneous and insignifcant elements exhibited similar patterns, despite variations in size ratios.Segregation in continuous LFBs is infuenced by several factors, including the rate at which solid material is introduced, the velocity of the liquid phase, the content of the feed, and the ratio of particle sizes.Te removal rate of material and the quality of the resulting bottom product exhibit enhancement as the liquid velocity and solid input rate increase.However, this reduces material discharge and improves product quality.Feed composition changes increase top product purity and decrease bottom product purity.Tis study estimated top and bottom product entrainment, discharge rate, and purity using empirical correlations.Te relationships were assessed using experimental data.16

Nomenclature
International Journal of Chemical Engineering

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Te infuence of discharge rate on entrainment rate at various solid feed rates for fotsam-rich binary mixtures with d c / d f � 2.

Figure 4 :Z=Figure 5 :F=Figure 6 :
Figure 4: Te infuence of liquid velocity on the purity of top products at various solid feed rates for fotsam-rich binary mixtures with d c /d f � 2.

Figure 7 :Figure 8 :Figure 9 :Figure 10 :
Figure 7: Efect of liquid velocity on recovery of bottom product at diferent solid feed rates for fotsam-rich binary mixtures with d c / d f � 2.

Figure 11 :Figure 12 :Figure 13 :Figure 14 :
Figure 11: Efect of liquid velocity on purity of top product at diferent solid feed rates for fotsam-rich binary mixtures with d c / d f � 3.36.

Figure 15 :Figure 16 :Figure 17 :Figure 18 :
Figure 15: Te infuence of solid feed rate on the purity of top product at various liquid velocities for a binary mixture containing a signifcant quantity of fotsam with d c /d f � 2.

Figure 19 :Figure 20 :Figure 21 :Figure 22 :
Figure 19: Te infuence of solid feed rate on the purity of top product at various liquid velocities containing a signifcant quantity of fotsam with d c /d f � 3.36.

Figure 25 :Figure 26 :Figure 27 :Figure 28 :
Figure 25: Te infuence of liquid velocity on discharge rate at several solid feed rates for jetsam-rich binary feed mixture with d c / d f � 2.
Particle Size Ratio.Figures 45-48 show how feed composition afects fotsam and jetsam purity and recovery in binary feed combinations.Figures 45 and 46

Figure 30 :Figure 32 :
Figure 29: Efect of liquid velocity on recovery of bottom product at diferent solid feed rates for jetsam-rich binary feed mixture with d c /d f � 2.

Figure 34 :Figure 36 :
Figure 33: Te infuence of liquid velocity on the purity of top product at several solid feed rates for a jetsam-rich binary feed mixture with d c /d f � 3.36.

Figure 38 :Figure 40 :
Figure 37: Te infuence of solid feed rate on purity of top product at several liquid velocities for a binary feed mixture with jetsam with d c /d f � 2.

Figure 42 :Figure 44 :
Figure 41: Te infuence of solid feed rate on purity of top product at several liquid velocities for a binary feed mixture with jetsam with d c /d f � 3.36.

Figure 46 :Figure 47 :Figure 48 :
Figure 45: Te infuence of feed composition on the purity of top product at several liquid velocities.
d p : Average diameter of the particles (m) d c : Diameter of coarser particles (m) d f : Diameter of fne particles (m) F: Flow rate of feeding particles (kg/h) E: Entrainment rate of solid materials (kg/h) D: Discharge rate of solid materials (kg/h) ρ p : Density of the particles (kg/m 3 ) ρ L : Density of liquid (kg/m 3 ) U L : Liquid superfcial velocity (m/s) U mf : Minimum fuidization velocity (m/s) U t : Terminal settling or transport velocity of particles (m/s) U t,f : Terminal settling or transport velocity of fne particles (m/s) U t,c : Terminal settling or transport velocity of coarser particles (m/s) x f : Fraction of fner components in the feed mixture x c : Fraction of coarser components in the feed mixture Z: Feed pipe location length (m) Z o : Length of the active column (m) X c : Te purity of coarser particles in the bottom product X f : Te purity of fne particles in the top product Y c : Te purity of coarser particles in top product Y f : Te purity of fne particles in the top product.

Table 1 :
Te physical characteristics of solid materials employed.

Table 2 :
Te operating variables and their ranges used.
Solid Feed Rate.Figures 15-22 depict the infuence of solid feed rate on the fuidization process of a binary mixture containing a signifcant quantity of fotsam.Figures 15 and 19 illustrate that increasing the solid materials Solid Feed Rate.In Figures37-44, solid feed rate impacts purity and recovery in a binary feed mixture with jetsam at varying liquid velocities and particle size ratios.Tese values show one feed entry.Figures37 and 41indicate that greater liquid velocities, regardless of solid Figure 23: Te infuence of liquid velocity on pressure drop at various solid feed rates for a jetsam-rich binary feed mixture with d c /d f � 2.