A Time-Space Collocation Spectral Approximation for a Class of Time Fractional Differential Equations

A numerical scheme is presented for a class of time fractional differential equations with Dirichlet’s and Neumann’s boundary conditions. The model solution is discretized in time and space with a spectral expansion of Lagrange interpolation polynomial. Numerical results demonstrate the spectral accuracy and efficiency of the collocation spectral method. The technique not only is easy to implement but also can be easily applied to multidimensional problems.


Introduction
Fractional differential equations have attracted in recent years considerable interest because of their ability to model complex phenomena.For example, fractional derivatives have been used successfully to model frequency-dependent damping behavior of many viscoelastic materials.They are also used in modeling of many chemical processes, mathematical biology, and many other problems in engineering.Related equations of importance are fractional diffusion equations, the fractional advection-diffusion equation for anomalous diffusion with sources and sinks, and the fractional Fokker-Planck equation for anomalous diffusion in an external field, and so forth.
In this paper, we consider the following time fractional differential equation TFDE Lu x, t f x, t , a < x < b, t > 0, where Lu x, t −λ 2 u x, t − ν ∂u x, t /∂x D ∂ 2 u x, t /∂x 2 is a linear differential operator.λ, ν ≥ 0, D > 0 are given constants, 0 < μ ≤ 1, f x, t is a given continuous function, D μ t u x, t is a time fractional derivative which is defined in the Caputo sense

1.2
The use of Caputo derivative in the above equation is partly because of the convenience to specify the initial conditions 1 .
The TFDE 1.1 includes a few special cases: time fractional diffusion equation, time fractional reaction-diffusion equation, time fractional advection-diffusion equations, and their respective corresponding integer-order partial differential equations.
There are many analytical techniques for dealing with the TFDE, such as integral transformation method including Laplace's transform, Fourier's transform, and Mellin's transform 1-5 , operational calculus method 6 , Adomian decomposition method 7 , iteration method and series method 8 , and the method of separating variables 9 .
One of the key issues with numerical solution of the TFDE 1.1 is design of efficient numerical schemes for time fractional derivative.Until now, most numerical algorithms have relied on the finite difference FD methods to discretize the fractional derivatives, and the numerical accuracy always dependent on the order of the fractional derivatives.On the other hand, those FD methods have been generally limited to simple cases low dimension or small integration and are very difficult to improve the numerical accuracy 10-14 .Some numerical schemes using low-order finite elements FE have also been proposed 15-17 .
The fractional derivatives are defined using integrals, so they are nonlocal operators.This nonlocal property means that the next state of a system not only depends on its current state but also on its historical states starting from the initial time.This nonlocal property is good for modeling reality, but they require a large number of operations and a large memory storage capacity when discretized with low-order FD and FE schemes.From this point, the "global method"-the nonlocal methods, like the spectral method-is well suited to discretize the nonlocal operators like fractional-order derivatives.These methods naturally take the global behavior of the solution into account and thus do not result in an extra computational cost when moving from an integer order to a fractional-order model.For example, Hanert has proposed a pseudospectral method based on Chebyshev basis functions in space and Mittag-Leffler basis functions in time to discretize the time-space fractional diffusion equation 18, 19 .Li and Xu have proposed a Galerkin spectral method based on Lagrangian basis functions in space and Jacobi basis functions in time for time fractional diffusion equation 20 .
In this paper, we propose a time-space collocation spectral method to discretize the TFDEs 1.1 , which is easier to implement and apply to multidimensional problems than the existing Galerkin spectral.Another advantage of the present scheme is that the method can easily handle all kinds of boundary conditions.

Analytical Solution of the TFDE in a Bounded Domain
In this section, we present some analytical solutions of the TFDE which will be found helpful in the comprehension of the nature of such a problem.We consider the TFED 1.1 with initial condition  For the case that f ≡ 0 and a 0, ϕ 1 t ϕ 2 t 0, by applying the finite sine cosine and Laplace transforms to 1.1 with initial condition 2.1 , the analytical solutions for the problem can be obtained 5 as

International Journal of Differential Equations
for homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions, and for homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions.Where E α z denotes a one-parameter Mittag-Leffler function which is defined by the series expansion Obviously, if we fix the variable x x * , that is, u •, t is a function of the variable t, we can see the solution u •, t is not smooth on 0, T .According to 2.4 and 2.5 , its first derivative behaves like u •, t ∼ t μ−1 and the high-order derivative behaves like u m •, t ∼ t μ−m near t 0 .

Collocation Spectral Method
First, we give the properties of the Caputo fractional derivative 1 as International Journal of Differential Equations where J β is the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order β which is defined by 3.2 By the above properties, we can transform the initial value problem 1.1 into the following Volterra integral equation equivalently: For the singular behavior of the exact solution near t 0 which we have mentioned in the special case the exact solution 2.4 or 2.5 behaves u •, t ∼ t μ−1 near t 0 , the direct application of the spectral methods is difficult.To overcome this difficulty, we use the technique in 21 , that is, applying the transformation u x, t t 1−μ u x, t − u x, 0 , 3.4  to make the solution smooth.Then 3.3 is transformed to the equation where To apply the theory of orthogonal polynomials, we set then the singular problems 3.5 can be rewritten as where y ∈ −1, 1 , and For the collocation methods, 3.8 holds at the Gauss-Lobatto collocation points {x i } N i 0 and Jacobi collocation points {y j } N j 0 with Jacobi weight functions ω y 1−y 2 μ−1 on −1, 1 , namely, v x i , y j g x i , y j T 1 y j /2 By using the following variable change: we can rewrite 3.10 as follows:

3.12
We first use v j i , 0 ≤ i ≤ N; 0 ≤ j ≤ M to indicate the approximate value for v x i , y j , then we can use to approximate the function v x, y , where h n x is the nth Lagrange interpolation polynomial associated with the collocation points {x i } N i 0 and F m y is the mth Lagrange interpolation polynomial associated with the collocation points {y i } M i 0 .Using a M 1 -point Gauss quadrature formula relative to the Jacobi weights {ω j } M j 0 , 3.12 can be approximated by

3.14
where the set {θ k } M k 0 coincides with the collocation points {y j } M j 0 on −1, 1 .Then the collocation spectral method is to seek v M N x, y of the form 3.13 such that v j i satisfies the above collocation equations 3.14 for 1

Numerical Results with a Collocation Spectral Approximation
In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed time-space collocation spectral method, some examples are now presented with Dirichlet boundary conditions, Neumann boundary conditions, and mixed boundary conditions.
For completeness sake, the implementation is briefly described here.To simplify the computation, we rewrite the above collocation equations 3.14 into the following:

International Journal of Differential Equations 13
In our numerical tests, we use the Chebyshev Gauss-Lobatto collocation points with the associated weights in the space.The other kinds Gauss-Lobatto collocation points such as Legendre Gauss-Lobatto collocation points also can be used.The advantage of Gauss-Lobatto points is that they include the boundary points, which means we can apply boundary conditions there.For the time, the Jacobi Gauss collocation points are used for {y j } M j 0 with the associated weights {ω j } M j 0 and other kinds of the Jacobi collocation points also suit to be used.Let us set

Implementation of Dirichlet Boundary Conditions
The Dirichlet boundary conditions are directly applied in 4.1 and give numerical solutions on boundary in the following way:

4.6
We set where International Journal of Differential Equations Thus, the numerical scheme 4.1 leads to a system of equation of the form where

Implementation of Neumann Boundary Conditions
The Neumann boundary conditions 2.3 at x a and x b can be approximated as

4.10
Equation 4.10 can be written as follows:

4.11
Solving 4.11 for v m 0 and v m N , we get

4.12
International Journal of Differential Equations 15 Then the last right term of 4.1 can be written as follows: where where 4.17 Then the numerical scheme 4.1 leads to a system of equation of the form where Remark 4.1.The implementation for the mixed boundary conditions also can be derived by 4.6 and 4.12 .

Numerical Experiments
In this subsection, the proposed numerical scheme is applied to several test problems to show the efficiency and spectral accuracy.
In each example, we have calculated L 2 errors and L ∞ errors given by the following formulas: where u j i is the numerical approximation solutions of the exact solutions u x i , t j .
Example 4.2 Dirichlet Boundary Conditions .In this example, we consider the following time fractional diffusion equations: where The exact solution is given by u x, t t β sin 2πx , β > −1.

4.22
In Figure 1, we plot the exact and numerical solutions, and, in Figure 2, we represent the associated errors field.Here we set N M 22, μ 0.8, and β −0.2.The results in Figures 1 and 2 denote that the numerical solution using the proposed collocation spectral method is excellent in agreement with the exact solution at the whole domain.The efficiency of this collocation spectral method can be further confirmed by Figures 3-4, which are the comparison of the exact solution and numerical solution when the space variable x or time variable t is fixed for various μ and β; here N M 22.
The main purpose of the numerical test is to check the convergence behavior of numerical solutions with respect to the polynomial degrees M and N for several μ, especially the convergence in time because of the fractional derivative in time.In order to investigate the spatial accuracy when N increases, we take M larger enough so that the time discretization errors are negligible compared with the spatial discretization errors.Similary, for the temporal accuracy, we must keep N large enough to preclude spatial errors.L 2 errors In Figure 8, we plot L 2 errors and L ∞ errors in semilog scale.Figures 8 a and 8 b are concerned with the spatial errors with M 16 and the temporal errors with N 16, respectively.As expected, the spatial and temporal spectral convergence is achieved.Our greatest interest is to check the convergence in time because of the fractional derivative in time.So we plot the L 2 errors and L ∞ errors as functions of M for several more values μ in Figure 9, where N 16.This graph shows that the spectral convergence in time can be reached, and that the time-space collocation spectral method also works well for the classical advection-diffusion equation.

4.25
The exact solution is given by u x, t E μ −t μ sin x 2 .

4.26
In Figure 10, we plot the visual fields of the exact and numerical solutions.Comparing Figures 10 a and  d , a and b decay faster in the beginning and the trend is the opposite of c and d .This is consistent with the behavior of the function E α z .For 0 < t < 0.77, E 1/2 −t 1/2 decays faster than E 1 −t , whereas for t > 0.77, the trend is just the opposite.
We plot in Figure 11 the L 2 errors and L ∞ errors versus N with M 16 in 11 a and versus M with N 16 in 11 b .As can be seen in Figure 11, the proposed method provides spatial and temporal spectral convergence for L 2 errors and L ∞ errors.

Conclusion
This paper proposes a time-space collocation spectral method for a class of time fractional differential equations with Caputo derivatives.The proposed method also works well for the corresponding classical integer-order partial differential equations μ 1 , and it differs from and is simpler than the existing time-space spectral methods which are based on the Petrov-Galerkin or Dual-Petrov-Galerkin formulation.The main advantage of the present scheme is that it gives very accurate convergency by choosing less number of grid points and the problem can be solved up to big time, and the storage requirement due to the time memory effect can be considerably reduced.At the same time, the technique is also simpler and easier to apply to multidimensional problems than the existing Galerkin spectral method such as the methods in 19, 20 .

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: a The comparison of the exact solution and numerical solution when t 3. b The comparison of the exact solution and numerical solution when x 0.7557.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: a The comparison of the exact solution and numerical solution when t 3. b The compare of the exact solution and numerical solution when x 0.7557.

Figure 9 :
Figure 9: y-axis is log scale.Errors versus M with N 16 for several μ.

10 InternationalFigure 11 :
Figure 11: y-axis is log scale.a Error varying with the polynomial degree N. b Error varying with the polynomial degree M.
10 c , and Figures 10 b and 10 d , we see that the numerical solution is in good agreement with the exact solution; the shapes on the space variable are similar to Sine function.In addition, we can see that the solutions decay over time from the initial state.Comparing Figures 10 a and 10 b with Figures 10 c and

Table 1 :
L 2 errors and L ∞ errors varying with N, M and μ. .4591e−0044.6309e−005 3.2976e − 006 5.2297e − 006 1.2453e − 008 2.1838e − 008 and L ∞ errors in semilog scale varying with the polynomial degree N see a or M see b are shown in Figures5 and 6for μ 0.05, 0.75 with β 2.2, and Figure7for μ 1 with β 1.2.It is clear that the spectral convergence is achieved both of spatial and temporal errors.This indicates that the convergence in space and time of the time-space collocation spectral method is exponential, even though for the classical diffusion equation μ 1 .

Table 1 ,
L 2 errors and L ∞ errors varying with N, M and μ are given, and it indicates the efficiency of the present technique.