International Journal of Differential Equations
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 3627896, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3627896

Research Article

A Comparison Principle for the Mean Curvature Flow Equation with Discontinuous Coefficients

Cecilia De Zan and Pierpaolo Soravia

Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Padova, Via Trieste 63, 35121 Padova, Italy

Received 29 April 2016; Accepted 14 July 2016

Academic Editor: Yoshikazu Giga

Copyright © 2016 Cecilia De Zan and Pierpaolo Soravia. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We study the level set equation in a bounded domain when the velocity of the interface is given by the mean curvature plus a discontinuous velocity. We prove a comparison principle for the initial-boundary value problem whose consequence is uniqueness of continuous solutions and well- posedness of the level set method.

1. Introduction

We consider the Dirichlet initial-boundary value problem for a mean curvature flow equation

where is open and bounded, is the standard mean curvature operator

denotes the space of the symmetric matrices, and the function is piecewise Lipschitz continuous across Lipschitz hypersurfaces. Since (1) is nonlinear, it has a singularity at and discontinuous coefficients; then the appropriate notion of solution is that of viscosity solution as in Crandall et al. [1]. We will address uniqueness of solutions of (1) by proving a comparison principle. The consequence will be uniqueness of continuous solutions of (1). At the present time we do not have existence results for continuous solutions although the coercivity of the norm and the regularizing effect of the mean curvature operator appearing in the equation lead to conjecture that this should be the case.

Equation (1) appears in the study of the weak front evolution of hypersurfaces with a given normal velocity. It appears, for instance, in the study of the refraction phenomenon in anisotropic media with a discontinuous refraction index or in the study of phase transitions occurring in singular perturbation problems for nonlinear parabolic equations. The main novelty of the paper is that we address the problem when the coefficient may be discontinuous while in the literature is always assumed to be continuous.

One can easily observe that if solves the pde in (1) and is smooth and increasing, then, at least formally, also solves the same pde. Hence the equation is called geometric. As a consequence, if and are two initial conditions such that

is a closed hypersurface and comparison principle holds, then if , are the corresponding solutions of (1), one shows that

We can define the family as the geometric flow of the hypersurface with discontinuous normal velocity in the unisotropic medium, being the mean curvature of the front and its normal vector. This is the key observation of the level set method for weak front propagation introduced by Osher and Sethian [2].

The theory of viscosity solutions for Hamilton-Jacobi equations with discontinuous coefficients has now a rather long history. The problem was first studied by Ishii [3] who defined viscosity solutions for Hamiltonians discontinuous in the variables . In the case that discontinuities of the coefficients concern the state variable , the problem is quite interesting and more delicate. In order to have well-posed problems, one needs some strong structure of the equation either (i) to strengthen the classical notion of viscosity solution or (ii) to strongly limit the class of allowed discontinuities. Within the first group of papers we recall the work on uniformly elliptic/parabolic pdes by Jensen [4] and by Caffarelli et al. [5]; see also the references therein. For first-order, convex, and coercive Hamiltonians (i.e., as ) uniqueness results have been obtained by Camilli and Siconolfi [6]. Other studies on more general classes of equations, in particular degenerate and noncoercive Hamiltonians, using the standard notion of viscosity solution, are limited to piecewise continuous coefficients. Our problem fits into this category. We recall previous work of one of the authors on the characterization of uniqueness of viscosity solutions [7], existence and uniqueness results for the stationary eikonal equation [8], and general uniqueness results for degenerate elliptic equations [9]; see however also the references therein for additional work on the subject. For more recent works, in the case of time dependent first order problems also including equations of evolving interfaces, we recall the paper of the authors [10] on the evolution equation for the eikonal equation as well as Chen and Hu [11], Deckelnick and Elliott [12], Barles et al. [13, 14], Bressan and Hong [15], and Coclite and Risebro [16].

2. The Level Set Approach

In this section we briefly recall the main ideas of the weak evolution of interfaces named the level set approach. Let be a generic interface at time ; we suppose that is the topological boundary of an open set , that is, . Assume moreover that, for any point , the exterior normal vector at is well defined and smooth and that moves with normal velocity

A classical problem is the following: given open, study the evolution of the interfaces moving with normal velocity and starting at time from . One of the main difficulties in interface dynamics with normal velocity as in (5) is that they develop singularities in finite time, independently of the smoothness of the initial surface . To interpret the evolution past the singularities it is appropriate to use the theory of viscosity solutions for partial differential equations. The so-called level set approach, based on viscosity solutions, was first developed for the mean curvature flow equation independently by Evans and Spruck in [17] and by Chen et al. in [18] for more general geometric equations. These works were later extended by Ishii and Souganidis in [19] and by Goto in [20] for more general motions and more general initial surfaces. For a detailed analysis of this approach we refer the reader to the book by Giga [21], Souganidis [22], and the references therein. We now briefly discuss the main ideas.

Problem (5) can be reformulated in an equivalent way. Suppose that there exists a smooth function such that

it can be easily seen that

and so (5) becomes

with defined as

This means that is as smooth as with possible singularity at and that is geometric; that is, it satisfies, for any , and ,

The so-called level set approach wants to solve the interface evolution equation (5) starting at a given looking at the (viscosity) solutions of (8). To do this we take an auxiliary function , at least continuous and such that

Once function is chosen one solves (8) with initial data and defines for any and such a solution

In order to consider the collection of pairs as a generalized solution of our evolution problem with initial data it is crucial to prove that, under suitable hypothesis, depends only on and not on the particular chosen function . Key properties on to this end are ellipticity of , that is,

the fact that is geometric as described above, the technical fact that , for all , and a comparison principle for pde (8). Recall here that if is a generic locally bounded function we define the upper semicontinuous envelope of as ,

and the lower semicontinuous envelope of as

Indeed one can prove that (8) is invariant by nondecreasing changes of variable and the weak evolution is well defined. Case (1) that we consider in the present paper is a notable example of the theory in that it contains the mean curvature operator and adds a discontinuous coefficient in the space variable which is a novelty in the theory.

We end this section by recalling the definition of viscosity solution for our equation, due to Ishii.

Definition 1. Let be an open set.
(i) An upper semicontinuous function is a viscosity subsolution of the differential equation in (1) if for every and for every local maximum point of , we have

One calls a test function at for the subsolution . Similarly, one has the following.
(ii) A lower semicontinuous function is a viscosity supersolution of the differential equation in (1) if and only if for every and for every local minimum point of , we have

(iii) A locally bounded function is a viscosity solution of the differential equation in (1) if and only if is a viscosity subsolution and is a viscosity subsolution.

3. The Comparison Principle

As we mentioned in the Introduction, we will consider only special discontinuities in the coefficient and we now make this precise. The function will be piecewise Lipschitz continuous across a Lipschitz hypersurface according to the following definition.

Definition 2. One says that is a piecewise Lipschitz continuous function across a Lipschitz hypersurface if the discontinuity set of satisfies the following properties. One can partition like

where are nonempty, open, and connected (the two sides of ). Moreover, is locally Lipschitz continuous in ; has a Lipschitz continuous extension in (i.e., ) and in (i.e., ):

For all we have .

Technically crucial although straightforward in what follows is the next remark.

Remark 3. Suppose that is piecewise continuous as in Definition 2 and let be the Lipschitz continuous hypersurface of its discontinuities. Then it is not hard to show that we can always find unit vectors inward , respectively, at every . This means that for some we have that for all , and for all and that for all , and for all . We may also suppose that . For this straightforward computation see, for instance, [23].
If moreover we suppose that is globally the graph of a Lipschitz continuous function of variables with as a Lipschitz constant then the vectors may be chosen independent of the point .

We will indicate below convenience , and the parabolic boundary . We are studying the equation

where is the mean curvature operator (see (2)).

We now state and prove our comparison result for (20) in , when is open and bounded. The techniques used in this proof are a combination of the classical ideas of Chen et al. [18] (see also the book by Giga [21]) to treat the singularity of the mean curvature term at and the techniques developed by one of the authors [9] to prove uniqueness of viscosity solutions of degenerate second-order Hamilton-Jacobi equations with discontinuous coefficients.

Theorem 4. Let be open and bounded. Assume that is a piecewise continuous function across a Lipschitz graph . Let be, respectively, an upper semicontinuous subsolution and a continuous supersolution of (20) in . If on , then on .

Before going to the proof we just observe that in the statement the roles of can be interchanged; that is, can be a continuous subsolution and a lower semicontinuous supersolution of (20) in .

Proof. Since (20) is invariant by an increasing change of the dependent variable, it is not restrictive to assume that and are bounded by taking instead of .
Assume by contradiction that there exists a point such that . Fix any , and let be a maximum point of

Clearly the maximum of exists since is bounded, is upper semicontinuous, , on , and for large since are bounded. Notice that and ; therefore every maximum point of cannot be on .
We now define

where is as in Remark 3, and consider such that

As above the maximum of exists and it is positive since

Moreover from and the boundedness of we obtain that

are uniformly bounded in since we have assumed that and are bounded, and we get that if . Therefore , stay in a bounded region uniformly in and

Using the upper semicontinuity of and the continuity of we compute

From here we obtain that is a maximum point for , so and moreover

Expanding again

By the continuity of and (28) we improve previous estimates as

Hence for sufficiently small

where appears in Remark 3. In particular (31) shows that if and , then by Remark 3 which is something that we keep in mind for later. Up to now we never used the equation. Now consider two different cases.
Case  1. Suppose that there exists a sequence such that for all . We omit from now on the subindex . Since for any we get

where

Similarly we see that

with

Since we have assumed that we have and . And so, using the fact that is a viscosity subsolution and a supersolution of (20) we obtain by computing derivatives

since here . This contradicts .
Case  2. We now suppose that for small enough. We set , , and

We now use classical matter. Observe that since takes its maximum over at , we see that

the superjet of the indicated function, where

Now we apply the theorem on sums (see [1]) to find that for every there exist two matrices such that

the closed parabolic super- and subjets, and

where

Using again the fact that and are, respectively, sub- and supersolution of (20) and that , we have by the equation of

and by the equation of

Adding these two inequalities we obtain

Since

multiplying the second matrix inequality in (41) twice by vectors of the form implies . Therefore since is elliptic,

and the inequality in (45) simply becomes

Now we analyze the right hand side of (48) as . If and then (31) implies that also , for all sufficiently small as we already observed. Inequality (48) and Lipschitz continuity of in the region therefore yield

where is a Lipschitz constant for in . Notice that the same estimate holds true if as is Lipschitz continuous in a neighborhood of . Finally, letting and using (30) we get a contradiction in these cases since the right hand side of (49) tends to as .
We are left with the case and along a subsequence. We have two further subcases: either for small and we proceed similarly as above by the Lipschitz continuity of in the region or for on a subsequence. In the latter situation we observe that

and again we obtain a contradiction in (48) for small ending the proof.

An immediate consequence of the previous result is the uniqueness of solutions of (1).

Corollary 5. Assume that is a piecewise continuous function across a Lipschitz graph. Let be a continuous viscosity solution of (1). Then is the unique solution of (1) within the class of possibly discontinuous viscosity solutions which are continuous at the points of the parabolic boundary.

Proof. Just apply the theorem to and first and then to and . Therefore in ; hence is continuous as well and .

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

M. G. Crandall, H. Ishii, and P.-L. Lions, “User's guide to viscosity solutions of second order partial differential equations,” Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1–67, 1992.

S. Osher and J. A. Sethian, “Fronts propagating with curvature-dependent speed: algorithms based on Hamilton-Jacobi formulations,” Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 12–49, 1988.

H. Ishii, “Hamilton-Jacobi equations with discontinuous Hamiltonians on arbitrary open sets,” Bulletin of the Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, vol. 28, pp. 33–77, 1985.

R. R. Jensen, “Uniformly elliptic PDEs with bounded, measurable coefficients,” The Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 237–259, 1996.

L. A. Caffarelli, M. G. Crandall, M. J. Kocan, and A. J. Święch, “On viscosity solutions of fully nonlinear equations with measurable ingredients,” Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 365–397, 1996.

F. Camilli and A. Siconolfi, “Hamilton-Jacobi equations with measurable dependence on the state variable,” Advances in Differential Equations, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 733–768, 2003.

P. Soravia, “Boundary value problems for Hamilton-Jacobi equations with discontinuous Lagrangian,” Indiana University Mathematics Journal, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 451–477, 2002.

P. Soravia, “Degenerate eikonal equations with discontinuous refraction index,” ESAIM. Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 216–230, 2006.

P. Soravia, “Uniqueness results for fully nonlinear degenerate elliptic equations with discontinuous coefficients,” Communications on Pure and Applied Analysis, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 213–240, 2006.

C. De Zan and P. Soravia, “Cauchy problems for noncoercive Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs equations with discontinuous coefficients,” Interfaces and Free Boundaries, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 347–368, 2010.

X. Chen and B. Hu, “Viscosity solutions of discontinuous Hamilton-Jacobi equations,” Interfaces and Free Boundaries, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 339–359, 2008.

K. Deckelnick and C. M. Elliott, “Uniqueness and error analysis for Hamilton-Jacobi equations with discontinuities,” Interfaces and Free Boundaries, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 329–349, 2004.

G. Barles, A. Briani, and E. Chasseigne, “A Bellman approach for two-domains optimal control problems in ,” ESAIM: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 710–739, 2013.

G. Barles, A. Briani, and E. Chasseigne, “A Bellman approach for regional optimal control problems in ,” SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 1712–1744, 2014.

A. Bressan and Y. Hong, “Optimal control problems on stratified domains,” Networks and Heterogeneous Media, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 313–331, 2007.

G. M. Coclite and N. H. Risebro, “Viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations with discontinuous coefficients,” Journal of Hyperbolic Differential Equations, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 771–795, 2007.

L. C. Evans and J. Spruck, “Motion of level sets by mean curvature I,” Journal of Differential Geometry, vol. 33, pp. 635–681, 1991.

Y.-G. Chen, Y. Giga, and S. Goto, “Uniqueness and existence of viscosity solutions of generalized mean curvature flow equations,” Journal of Differential Geometry, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 749–786, 1991.

H. Ishii and P. E. Souganidis, “Generalized motion of noncompact hypersurfaces with velocity having arbitrary growth on the curvature tensor,” The Tohoku Mathematical Journal, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 227–250, 1995.

S. Goto, “Generalized motion of hypersurfaces whose growth speed depends superlinearly on the curvature tensor,” Differential and Integral Equations, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 323–343, 1994.

Y. Giga, Surface Evolution Equations. A Level Set Approach, vol. 99 of Monographs in Mathematics, Birkhäuser, Basel, Switzerland, 2006.

P. E. Souganidis, “Front propagation: theory and applications,” in Viscosity Solutions and Applications, M. Bardi, M. G. Crandall, L. C. Evans, H. M. Soner, and P. E. Souganidis, Eds., vol. 1660 of Lecture Notes in Mathematics, pp. 186–242, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1997.

M. Bardi and P. Soravia, “A comparison result for Hamilton-Jacobi equations and applications to some differential games lacking controllability,” Funkcialaj Ekvacioj, vol. 37, pp. 19–43, 1994.