International Journal of Food Science
Volume 2021 (2021), Article ID 8871301, 10 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8871301

Research Article

Folin-Ciocalteu Reaction Alternatives for Higher Polyphenol Quantitation in Colombian Passion Fruits

Juan C. Carmona-Hernandez,1,2 Gonzalo Taborda-Ocampo,³ and Clara H. González-Correa²

¹Grupo Investigación Médica, Universidad de Manizales, Manizales 170001, Colombia
²Grupo Investigación Nutrición, Metabolismo y Seguridad Alimentaria (NUTRIMESA), Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170004, Colombia
³Grupo de Investigación en Cromatografía y Técnicas Afines (GICTA), Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170004, Colombia

Correspondence should be addressed to Juan C. Carmona-Hernandez; jucaca@umanizales.edu.co

Received 28 April 2020; Revised 22 December 2020; Accepted 26 December 2020; Published 15 January 2021

Academic Editor: Ivan Salmerón

Copyright © 2021 Juan C. Carmona-Hernandez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Passiflora edulis Flavicarpa, Passiflora edulis Sims, and Passiflora ligularis Juss are Colombian fruits (passion fruits) of important exportation value. They act efficiently as antioxidants, antifungal, and antimicrobial compounds due to their high polyphenol content. Polyphenols can be quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) reaction. Food matrices, solvent polarity, and several different reacting conditions are critical for the optimum extraction and quantification of polyphenols. Chromatographic identification and quantitation are satisfactory with access to a vast number of reference standards considering the availability of abundant phenolic compounds in crude extracts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate alternatives and specific F-C reacting conditions aiming at determining the highest total phenolic content (TPC) in three Colombian Passifloras. Among optimum reacting conditions, reduced reaction time and diluted alkali conditions yielded desirable positive results highlighting lower working time and minimum reagent waste production. For higher extraction yield, acetone 70% was the best solvent to capture more phenolics from the seedless pulp of these Colombian passion fruits.

1. Introduction

Fruits in the Passifloraceae family, mainly native to Central and South America, comprise over 450 different species [1, 2]. More than 80 edible Passifloras are cultivated throughout the world [3]. Passiflora edulis Flavicarpa, yellow passion fruit or maracuyá, is a popular and year-long harvested Colombian fruit. It is also produced, in a lower scale, in Australia, New Zealand, and Southeastern Asia [4]. This Passiflora offers several medical contributions, such as antioxidant, tranquilizer, and sedative, and it is normally consumed as fresh fruit, in juices, or as infusions [1]. Another less investigated fruit in this family is the Passiflora edulis Sims, known in Colombia as purple passion fruit or gulupa [5]. It has antioxidant, antifungal, and antimicrobial activities [6]. Colombia is one important gulupa exporter; in the year 2012, this Colombian Passiflora was the fruit with second best sales in international markets [7]. In the year 2017, the country exported more than 38,000 tons of gulupa [8].

In the same Passifloraceae genus, Passiflora ligularis Juss, commonly known as sweet granadilla (sweet passion fruit), is another nutritionally and commercially important Colombian fruit. With less annual harvesting production than gulupa and maracuyá, in 2017, granadilla production was more than 20,000 tons [8]. Different studies, in this Passiflora, are related to harvesting conditions, germination processes, and to its native and popular uses in local communities [9–11]. Still more studies in the seedless pulp of granadilla are needed in order to correlate total phenolic content (TPC) with its biological activities.

Phenolic compounds or polyphenols are plant secondary metabolites that offer medical and nutritional properties in regular diets [1, 7, 12]. Different extracting methods, such as solid-liquid, Soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, and supercritical fluid extractions, are examples of common laboratory techniques aiming for the highest amount of polyphenols [12–15]. Some of these methodological approaches are time-consuming, expensive, and damaging to polyphenols due to hydrolytic or oxidative processes. Extraction alternatives, focusing on different food matrices with their special characteristics (seeds, flowers, leaves, fresh pulp), are recommended before attempting to measure optimum TPC values. For the last five decades, multiple studies report phenolic quantification with or without modifications in the Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) method [16–19].

The Folin-Ciocalteu chemical process stresses in reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions, accomplished by electron transfer from phenolic groups to phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic acid compounds, in an alkaline medium [16, 17]. Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) is the alkali that extents an optimum pH value (of at least 10) for the proper reaction of phenolics with the F-C reagent [17]. This basic condition is essential for the ideal outcome in the F-C assay; meeting this criterion, phenolate ion groups are formed leading to the reduction of the acidic components in the F-C reagent [17, 19]. The reacting acids change from an initial light yellow to a blue color (reduced state) of different intensity based on the number of reacting phenolic groups [18, 19].

Figure 1 summarizes the F-C chemical process highlighting the redox reaction where the elements tungsten (W) and molybdenum (Mo) are reduced to an ionic form of +5, and the phenolic ring is oxidized. The presence of phenolic compounds is quantifiable, according to the degree of reduction of Mo⁶⁺ to Mo⁵⁺, yielding a blue color in the solution measured spectroscopically at 730 nm [19].

Figure 1: Chemical representation, color change, in the F-C reaction (W, tungsten; Mo, molybdenum reacting with polyphenol groups in an oxidation-reduction reaction) [16].

A high number of phytochemical compounds can undergo a redox process in the F-C assay. Reducing carbohydrates, ascorbic acid, aromatic amines, organic acids, and inorganic ions are examples of nonphenolic reacting compounds altering TPC based on the F-C method due to possible redox participation [17, 19]. The goal of this work was to evaluate lyophilization and extraction percentage yields in the seedless pulp of P. edulis Flavicarpa (Maracuyá, yellow passion fruit), P. edulis Sims (Gulupa, purple passion fruit), and P. ligularis Juss (Granadilla, sweet passion fruit) using three separately solvents, along with and without sonication aid. It is also aimed at exploring modifications in the F-C reaction looking for the highest total phenolic content in these three Colombian Passifloras.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Gathering (Geolocation) and Lyophilization of Fruit Pulp

All samples were collected from the Colombian departments of Valle del Cauca, Tolima, and Caldas. All fruit was picked at a ripeness stage of 5, optimum for human consumption [16]. Total fruit units were 50 to 70 expecting to gather at least 200 g of dehydrated pulp. Fruits were washed using water and 50 ppm sodium hypochlorite and dried with absorbent paper. The seedless pulp was collected and stored at -2°C [17].

Total seedless pulp content of each Passiflora, in portions of 40 g, was homogenized with 100 mL of distilled water in commercial blender. The homogenization product was centrifuged (Hermle Z 206 A, Wehingen, Germany) at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature. The supernatants were placed in amber glass flasks and stored at 4°C for a later lyophilization process [18]. Lyophilization and freezing of the mature pulp were carried out to generate the main storage sample. The total pulp content, from each passion fruit, was lyophilized at 250 mTorr, (Virtis Genesis 25XL, Midland, ON-Canada), at a freezing rate of 0.5°C/min for 2000 minutes and 37°C as the final drying temperature. The lyophilized products were stored at -20°C in aluminum foil vacuum bags [17].

2.2. Extraction of Phenolic Compounds

The initial extraction process included a solid-liquid phase extraction with a total extraction time of 24 h. Lyophilized pulp samples, 0.5 g, were dissolved in 25 mL of ethanol (EtOH) 80%. The solution was stirred (Dragon Lab MS-H Pro, Beijing, China) for 30 min at 36°C and let stand for 24 h at room temperature. The alternative extraction processes, besides the solid-phase extraction, comprised other solvents and sonication. Samples of 0.5 g of each lyophilized Passiflora were placed in 25 mL of methanol (MeOH) 70% and acetone 70%, separately. The solutions were stirred for 30 min at 36°C and sonicated for 30 minutes (Branson series MH, mod. 3800, St. Louis, MO, USA). This extraction process lasted 24 hours. The extracts were centrifuged for 10 min at 3500 rpm. The supernatants were recovered for TPC quantification [19].

2.3. UHPLC-MS Analysis of Passion Fruit Polyphenols

Passion fruit extracts were dissolved in methanol : water (0.2% formic acid), vortexed, and sonicated for 5 minutes. All chromatographic analysis was accomplished in a UHPLC Dionex Ultimate 3000 (Thermo Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA - USA) equipped with a binary pump (HP G3400RS) and a Hypersil GOLD Aq (ThermoScientific, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) , 1.9 μm column at 30°C. Mobile phase A consisted of aqueous ammonium formate (0.2%) and B of acetonitrile with ammonium formate (0.2%). The initial gradient was set at 100% A switching linearly to 100% B over 8 min, then held at 100% B for 4 min before returning to 100% A in 1 min. Total run time was 13 min with 3 min postruns [20]. The identification was done with full-scan acquisition and ion extraction chromatogram (EIC) mode [M+H]⁺, and a precision of using a mixed solution of external standards and comparable calibration curves (concentration range 0.05 to 5.00 μg/mL).

2.4. UHPLC Reference Standard Compounds

Available comparable reference phenolics were caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, (±)-catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, rosmarinic acid, quercetin, naringenin, luteolin, kaempferol, ursolic acid, pinocembrin, carnosic acid, apigenin, ferulic acid, cyanidin-3-rutinosede, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin, pelargonidin, quercetin 3-glucoside, and kaempferol 3-glucoside from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) [20].

2.5. Alternatives for Total Phenolic Content (TPC) Evaluation

Polyphenol content was determined colorimetrically based on the Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) (Pan Reac Appli Chem, ITW Reagents, Darmstadt, Germany) reaction following procedures from Corrales-Bernal et al. (2015) with modifications. Alternatives for this reaction aimed for the highest detectable TPC in each extract. Adaptations in the F-C evaluation included assays with milli- and microvolumes of reactants, temperature changes, reaction time (30, 90, and 200 min), sodium carbonate concentration (20%, 10%, 7.0%, 3.5%, and 1.5%), and light exposure/protection. Samples of 1 mL of each extract were mixed with 1 mL of the F-C reagent (10%), shaken manually for 15 seconds, and mixed with 2 mL of 3.5% sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃). The solutions reacted for 90 minutes [19]. All reactions were done in triplicates. A standard gallic acid curve was prepared as a comparative reference. Results are reported as mg of gallic acid equivalents per 100 g of fresh fruit (mg GAE/100 g FF). The evaluation of absorbance for TPC calculations was measured spectrophotometrically at 765 nm (UV/VIS Optizen POP®, Daejeon-South Korea).

2.6. Statistical Analysis

All results were evaluated considering the initial conditions of normality and homogeneity. Results were statistically tested for analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test. Statistical significance for all data was set according to values for [21]. The IBM SPSS Statistics software version v.20 (Armonk, NY, USA) was used for data analysis.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Geolocation and Lyophilization Percentage Gain

The fruits of the genus Passifloraceae are harvested in different countries of the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe [22]. This study reports results for Passifloras cultivated in Colombia at altitudes between 1000 and 2000 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.). Passiflora edulis Flavicarpa (maracuyá) was gathered in the municipality of Caicedonia-Valle del Cauca (1100 m.a.s.l, 4° 22 58.9 N, 75° 48 42.1 W, mean temperature 22°C), P. edulis Sims (Gulupa) in Cajamarca–Tolima (1814 m.a.s.l., 4° 26 30.5 N, 75° 25 35.7 W, mean temperature 19°C), and P. ligularis Juss (Granadilla) in Aranzazu–Caldas (1910 m.a.s.l., 5° 16 18.7 N, 75° 29 25.0 W, mean temperature 18°C). Figure 2 shows initial, fresh weight, and final lyophilized amounts of the three Passifloras. The highest percent yield of extracts was registered for P. edulis Flavicarpa and P. edulis Juss. Mean humidity, in the fresh seedless pulp, of these Colombian Passifloras was about 84%.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: (a) Comparative weights of fruit treatment. (b) Pictures of fresh Colombian Passifloras and weight percentage yield after lyophilization.

Differences in percentage yield, for other studies done with fruits of the same family, coincide with results from the present study. An investigation using the fresh pulp of P. edulis Flavicarpa showed that its water content percentage was around 87% [23]. Other studies with comparable methodologies and fruits of the Passiflora species report similar differences with respect to percentage yield and total polyphenol content in P. subpeltata from India and P. alata Curtis from Brazil [2, 24].

3.2. UHPLC Peak Identification and Mass Spectra

Sixteen phenolic compounds were identified, via UHPLC/MS, in the Passiflora extracts including several other unidentified peaks. Table 1 registers the presence/absence and mass spectrum response of identified phenolics based on the availability of 27 different reference standard compounds.

Table 1: Standard reference compounds analyzed by UHPLC/MS and calculated polyphenol concentration in the three Passiflora acetone (70%) extracts. Compound found in extracts. LOQ, limit of quantitation 0.05 μg/mL. LOD, limit of detection, concentrations below 0.02 μg/mL.

Reference standards
Retention time (min)
[M+H]⁺
(m/z)
P. edulis Flavicarpa (Maracuyá)
P. edulis Sims (Gulupa)
P. ligularis Juss (Granadilla)

Theobromine
3.63
181.07109
0.09
<LOQ
<LOQ

Theophylline
3.78
181.07291
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD

Epigallocatechin
3.80
307.07966
<LOQ
<LOQ
0.09

Cyanidin 3-rutinoside
3.90
595.16072
0.60
<LOQ
<LOQ

(+)-catechin
3.97
291.08484
0.29
0.28
<LOQ

Pelargonidin 3-glucoside
4.06
433.11133
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD

Caffeine
4.09
195.08672
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ

Caffeic acid
4.10
181.04859
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD

(-)-Epicatechin
4.13
291.08776
0.18
0.22
0.05

Epigallocatechin gallate
4.15
459.08990
<LOQ
<LOQ
0.07

Vanillic acid
4.16
169.04865
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD

Quercetin 3-glucoside
4.45
465.09987
0.09
<LOQ
<LOQ

Epicatechin gallate
4.49
443.09508
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD

Cyanidin
4.55
287.05416
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ

Kaempferol 3-glucoside
4.59
449.10558
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD

p-Coumaric acid
4.63
165.05377
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ

Quercetin
4.63
303.04838
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD

Ferulic acid
4.71
195.06422
0.45
<LOQ
0.54

Rosmarinic acid
4.78
361.08999
<LOQ
0.13
<LOQ

Pelargonidin
4.82
271.05928
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ

Luteolin
5.24
287.05356
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ

Naringenin
5.49
273.07433
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD

Apigenin
5.53
271.05874
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ

Kaempferol
5.57
287.05644
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD

Pinocembrin
6.16
257.07951
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD

Carnosic acid
7.94
333.20433
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD

Ursolic acid
9.46
457.36631
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ

Calculated concentration

1.70 μg/mL
0.63 μg/mL
0.75 μg/mL

UHPLC results in Table 1, according to the available reference standard compounds, yield the lowest concentration of phenolic compounds in P. edulis Sims (gulupa) 0.63 μg/mL and the highest in P. edulis Flavicarpa (maracuyá) 1.70 μg/mL. A very assertive chromatographic identification and quantitation relies on the disposition of a wide range of reference standards and on a recompilation of similar HPLC studies. This process is more time demanding and requires more investment. Alternative quantification processes for total phenolics can be evaluated based on spectrophotometric approaches, without the need for multiple standard reference compounds, and can be compared latter in this study as expressed in Figure 3 looking for a comparative quantification approach.

Figure 3: Comparative total phenolic content (TPC) in Colombian Passifloras extracted with different solvents and utilizing alternative extraction conditions. Different lower-case letters represent statistical differences, for based (), according to ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test ().

Other chromatographic studies coincide with several of the phenolic compounds found in this work; several researchers report the presence of other peaks representing phenolics found in passion fruits [25, 26]. These studies also show some unknown compounds and the presence of orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, and isovitexin as major polyphenols in several Passifloras; these four reference standards were not available for the present work. Figures 4(a) and 4(b) are graphical results highlighting the presence of unidentified comparable compounds detected in the Passiflora acetone extracts.

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: (a) Chromatograms for Passiflora acetone extracts with epigallocatechin reference standard. (b) Colombian Passiflora extracts with ferulic acid standard and several unidentified peaks in both graphs.

Results in this work show several unidentified compounds registering retention times between 1 and 3 minutes prior to the detection of the reference standard epigallocatechin found in the three Colombian Passifloras. A comparable study, using a more suitable number of reference standards, with similar chromatographic approaches reports the presence of the phenolics orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, and isovitexin [26]. These compounds registered later retention times as compared to the reference standard ferulic acid shown in Figure 4 coinciding with results in the present work where a major unidentified compound is registered at an approximate retention time of 6.5 minutes. These results suggest that some of the unidentified compounds might coincide with the ones already detected in other fruits of the same Passiflora family. The lack of a wider range of reference standards demands alternative and simpler quantitation processes such as the total polyphenol content (TPC) detected with the Folin-Ciocalteu method via spectrophotometric techniques. This colorimetric test tube assessment looks for the quantitation of a wider range of phenolics found in the passion fruit extracts. The Folin-Ciocalteu reaction detects all reacting phenolic groups undergoing oxidation-reduction processes leading to a more general quantification of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds.

3.3. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)

The evaluation of reagent volume, time of reaction, light exposure, alkali concentration, and temperature were considered for the modifications to the F-C method. Table 2 shows reaction conditions aiming for the best phenolic quantitation in the Passiflora extracts in EtOH 80%. F-C reaction adjustments were focused on evaluating higher TPC values based on stoichiometry conditions, the avoidance of phenolate ion formation, and light interference that could affect the oxidation-reduction process or the interaction between reagents. The optimum reaction conditions were decided based on the statistical analysis (ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test) supporting the best treatment for each compared assessment.

Table 2: Alternative F-C reacting conditions for TPC in Passifloras ( conditions representing significant differences and the best treatment based on ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s HSD test considering ).

Reaction conditions
Compared variables
Observations

F-C (volume)
100 μL, 1.0 mL
Using microvolumes (100 and 200 μL led to higher variability in absorbance results and higher standard deviations).

Na₂CO₃ (volume)
200 μL, 2.0 mL

Na₂CO₃ (%)
1.5, 3.5, 7.0, 10, 20
Sodium carbonate concentration was determinant for the elimination of turbidity. The 3.5% assay avoided phenolate formation.

Time (min)
30, 90, 200
Reaction times at 30 and 200 minutes yielded no significant differences, and TPC values were higher at 90 minutes.

Light exposure
Yes/no
Exposure to light affected, at a higher level, reactions run in the micromilliliter level yielding higher variability.

Temperature (°C)
17, 36
Room temperature showed improved reaction results and higher TPC values.

The best TPC was decided after the evaluation and comparison of all alternative reacting assays according to several proposed reaction conditions. With respect to the amount of reactants, stoichiometry, or the relative quantities of F-C reagent and sodium carbonate, results were more considerable in the millivolume scale; a proportion of 1 : 2 yielded the best TPC outcome at a 90-minute reaction time. Doing the same reaction in the microvolume scale affected negatively the possibility of phenolic compounds to undergo a higher oxidation-reduction capability probably due to a more diluted medium taking into consideration the light interference for this reaction process.

A concentration of 3.5% sodium carbonate was the most appropriate proportion of alkali to react with the F-C reagent. Lower alkali concentration yielded lower TPC values, and higher concentrations of the alkali provided a more suitable medium for the formation of phenolate ions generating turbidity and affecting the spectrophotometric readings. Light and temperature for best TPC was considered due to the incidence of these variables in inducing higher oxidative stress in the reactions of phenolic compounds undergoing oxidation-reduction processes [27]. Keeping reactants protected for light exposure and working at a laboratory temperature of 17°C yielded optimum TPC values allowing reactants to interact more freely with the F-C components in an alkaline medium. The previous reacting conditions were necessary to establish the most appropriate assessment to extract the highest content of phenolic compounds from the pulp of the Colombian passion fruits.

Solid-liquid extractions of polyphenols from these Passifloras were achieved in two separate processes involving no sonication in the first set of assays and using EtOH 80% as the solvent. Sonication, along with solvents MeOH 70% and acetone 70%, was tested in the second assay. Initial TPC for P. edulis Flavicarpa (maracuyá), P. edulis Sims (gulupa), and P. ligularis Juss (granadilla) were, respectively, 40.50, 47.12, and 46.84 mg GAE/100 g FF. Table 3 registers all TPC results considering different solvents used to capture the highest amount of available phenolic and polyphenolic compounds in the fruit extracts.

Table 3: TPC in Passifloras extracted with three different solvents (best outcome and significant differences according to ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s HSD test, ).

TPC in extracts (mg GAE/100 g FF)
P. edulis Flavicarpa (maracuyá)
P. edulis Sims (gulupa)
P. ligularis Juss (granadilla)

EtOH 80%
40.50
47.12
46.84

MeOH 70%
41.29
52.81
54.22

Acetone 70%
48.97
67.89
79.21

Due to the affinity of solvents for a wide range of phenolic groups based on their chemical composition (being both part of the polar and nonpolar compounds), acetone captured more phenolic compounds based on its amphiphilic condition [28]. Higher TPC was obtained, in the second process. The use of MeOH 70% and acetone 70% supported better solvent affinity for polyphenols in these extracts. Sonication aided in higher phenolic capture due to cell separation caused by ultrasound exposure and cell membrane rupture leading to the release of inner components [29]. Figure 3 displays comparative results for the extraction processes with applied modifications.

TPC improved using different solvents and a complementary sonication process. The solvent with the lowest effectiveness in the extraction of phenolic compounds was ethanol 80%. Methanol and acetone yielded better results; this outcome coincides with similar studies focusing on solvent-related phenolic extractions [30, 31]. Total phenolics in the fresh pulp of Colombian Passifloras maracuyá, gulupa, and granadilla, extracted with acetone 70%, were statistically different (yielding, respectively, values of 0.017, 0.014, and 0.001) in comparison to phenolic compounds extracted with methanol 70%.

A study for the evaluation of TPC in P. alata Curtis showed that better results are solvent-related [24]. The classical Soxhlet extraction with ethanol and hexane yielded lower TPC, using ethanol [31]. Results in this previously reported investigation agree with the nonsonicated assays in the present work. Another research group, in a study with P. subpeltata, reported findings coinciding with our results. The use of methanol and acetone, for the extraction of polyphenols from the three Passifloras, yielded better results than ethanol [2].

Multiple studies (Table 4) report differences in the F-C method to measure polyphenols in plants. The volume of reactants and the concentration of Na₂CO₃ were significant factors for the optimum reaction outcome. The use of F-C : Na₂CO₃ (3.5%) in a proportion of 1 : 2 resulted in the best TPC values. This F-C approach also led to lower production of waste-reactants and pollution from the end-point of every reaction. Environmental aspects were considered since the F-C reagent produces hazardous decomposition compounds formed under fire conditions, along with sulphur, sodium, lithium, tungsten, molybdenum, and phosphorus oxides, hydrogen chloride gas, disodium wolframate dehydrate, phosphoric and hydrochloric acids, and lithium sulphate [32].

Table 4: F-C reaction parameters (reactants, concentrations, and reactant proportion) applied to different plant matrices (F-CR, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent).

Food matrix
F-CR
(mL)
Na₂CO₃
(mL)
Reactant proportion
Reference

Fruit juice
2.5 (10%)
2.0 (7.5%)
2.5 : 2
[33]

Fresh fruit
6.0 (20%)
1.0 (7%)
6 : 1
[34]

Fresh fruit
2.5 (10%)
2.0 (7.5%)
2.5 : 2
[35]

Dehydrated fruit pulp
2.2 (10%)
1.0 (20%)
2.2 : 1
[36]

Lyophilized fruits and vegetables
10.0 (10%)
10.0 (7.0%)
1 : 1
[37]

Lyophilized leaves
2.0 (20%)
10.0 (10%)
2 : 1
[38]

Lyophilized whole plant
0.2 (20%)
0.2 (10%)
1 : 1
[39]

The extraction process modifications and the alternative F-C reaction conditions yield higher phenolic quantification in contrast with results in Table 1 for the calculated concentration of phenolics via UHPLC. Chromatographic results for the quantitation of phenolics in maracuyá were the highest. In this Passiflora, 6 major peaks were detected based on the comparison with the 27 available reference standards. For granadilla and gulupa, only 5 and 4, respectively, major peaks were found and quantified. These results suggest that for a general quantification of total polyphenol content in pulp of passion fruits, spectrophotometric approaches are a cheaper and a faster alternative.

4. Conclusions

In the case of these three similar Colombian fruits of the Passiflora species, P. edulis Flavicarpa (Passion fruit), P. edulis Sims (Gulupa), and P. ligularis Juss (Granadilla), the total quantification of polyphenols in lyophilized seedless pulp depends not only on the solvent type but also on the different reactive approaches regarding the optimum conditions in the F-C method. These considerations are relevant and applicable for cases where a throughout UHPLC analysis is not available for a lack of sufficient reference standards.

The best TPC resulted with acetone 70%, low proportions and volumes of F-C and Na₂CO₃ content (3.5%), no light exposure, room temperature, and a 90-minute reaction time. These results could be a model for future comparative studies, following the traditional F-C method with modifications, in which different biological actions of polyphenols are to be tested in fruits with similar characteristics.Additionally, alternate benefits were highlighted, such as the use of simpler and less expensive equipment (in comparison to microwave and supercritical fluid extraction instrumentation), low energy consumption, and minor production of reagent by-products and compounds with high polluting potential. Results in this work could contribute to environment-friendly chemical methods. It also supports less expensive and faster quantification reactions for polyphenols in high water content fruit pulp.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank all funding provided by COLCIENCIAS (Bogotá, Colombia) (Grant # 647 for National Doctoral Studies) and Universidad de Manizales (Manizales, Colombia) (Grant # 2014/I Internal Research Funding), and Universidad de Caldas (Manizales, Colombia) for providing all laboratory facilities.

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