International Journal of Hypertension
Volume 2020 (2020), Article ID 2860143, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2860143

Research Article

Knowledge and Practices towards Prevention and Early Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated Factors among Hypertensive Patients in Gondar Town, North West Ethiopia

Daniel Asmelash,¹ Elias Chane,² Getahun Desalegn,² Sewmalet Assefa,² Getie lake Aynalem,³ and Alebachew Fasil¹

¹Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
²Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
³School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Correspondence should be addressed to Daniel Asmelash; daniel.asmelash111@gmail.com

Received 5 February 2020; Revised 24 June 2020; Accepted 24 July 2020; Published 7 August 2020

Academic Editor: Tomohiro Katsuya

Copyright © 2020 Daniel Asmelash et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Background. Chronic kidney disease is a global health problem with serious adverse effects, including kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. Improving awareness and practice on the impact, prevention, and early detection of chronic kidney disease will reduce the significant economic and public health burden. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine knowledge and practice towards prevention and early detection of chronic kidney disease and its associated factors among hypertensive patients in Gondar town in 2019. The study included hypertensive patients visiting health institutions from February to March 2019. Data was collected using a semistructured questionnaire and individuals who fulfilled our inclusion criteria were selected using a systemic random sampling technique. Epi Info software version 7 was used for data entry, and SPSS version 20 was used for descriptive and logistic regression analysis. Result. Out of a total of 442 participants, 434 completed the questionnaire, with a response rate of 98.1%. Of the total, 298 (68.7%) had good knowledge of chronic kidney disease with a mean knowledge score of 8.78 ± 2.80 and 210 (48.4%) had good practice with mean practice score of 6.58 ± 1.61. Educational status, residence, and duration of hypertension were significantly associated with the knowledge and practice scores of the participants in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Conclusion. More than half of the participants had good knowledge about chronic kidney disease and its risk factors. However, the level of preventive practice among participants was low. The educational status, residence, and duration of hypertension were significantly associated variables with knowledge and practice scores in multivariate logistic regression.

1. Introduction

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem with an increasing incidence rate, poor outcomes, and high treatment and management cost [1]. CKD is increasing worldwide at an annual growth rate of 8%. There are regional differences in the disease epidemiology; the prevalence of CKD in developing countries is higher than in the developed world [2]. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD), 2015, study estimated that 1.2 million deaths from cardiovascular diseases were directly attributable to reduced glomerular filtration rates (GFR) [3].

CKD can be categorized into five stages, ranging from mild stage-1 disease to severe end-stage renal disease (ESRD), stage 5 [4]. The majority of individuals with CKD are living in low- and middle-income countries. In addition, findings also indicate that women have a higher prevalence of CKD and the prevalence has steadily increased with age in high-income and low-income countries [5].

There are factors that directly cause kidney damage, increase susceptibility to CKD, worsen kidney damage, and result in a faster decline in kidney function. These factors include older age, family history, diabetes mellitus (DM), higher blood pressure, poor glycemic control in diabetes, and smoking [6]. Moreover, the prevalence of CKD increases with increasing age and exceeds 20% in individuals over 60 years of age and 35% in individuals over 70 years of age [6]. Recent data showed that hypertension and DM are the two major causes of kidney disease worldwide, including both developing and developed countries [7].

Hypertension is the second major cause of ESRD besides DM. Nearly, one billion people worldwide have high blood pressure and that number is expected to increase to 1.56 billion people by 2025. The prevalence of hypertension is predicted to increase by 24% and 80% in developed and developing countries, respectively [8]. Hypertensive patients had a far greater prevalence of CKD (26%) compared to those without the disease (8%) [9, 10].

The outcomes of CKD are not only limited to kidney failure (KF) or ESRD but also complications of decreased kidney function or low GFR rate and cardiovascular disease. Recent evidence indicates that early detection and treatment can prevent or delay some of these adverse outcomes [1]. No national studies have been conducted on the prevalence of hypertension in Ethiopia, yet the reported rate of hypertension in some studies varied from 20% to 30% [11].

Increasing awareness among individuals at risk of developing CKD, including those hypertensive patients, about the impact of CKD and its effective management could reduce the significant economic and public health burdens. Knowledge of CKD and risk factors enhances the perception of high risk and increases health-seeking behavior [12]. The implementation of acquired knowledge for prevention and control of CKD, supported by a combination of modern technology and healthcare support for those who are at risk of CKD, will result in good practice [13].

Despite the fact that CKD causes numerous public health problems, there are only a few studies in knowledge and practices towards CKD among high risk individuals, such as hypertensive patients. Thus, there is a need to assess the awareness and preventive practice towards CKD to make an effective intervention plan and to propose an effective policy related for high risk individuals. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge and preventive practice of hypertensive patients towards CKD and to determine the clinical and sociodemographic factors which may affect the knowledge and practice towards CKD.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Setting and Design

The study was conducted at Maraki Health Center, Azezo Health Center, and University of Gondar Referral Hospital Chronic Disease Clinic in Gondar town. The institutions are located in the Amhara regional state, which is about 741 kilometers northwest of Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia. Cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge and practice towards CKD and its associated factors among hypertensive patients from February 1 to March 30, 2019.

2.2. Population Characteristics

All hypertensive patients followed up at University of Gondar Hospital and Maraki and Azezo Health Center at the time of data collection, who were willing to participate in the study, voluntary provide their sociodemographic information, and were willing to answer questions about knowledge and practice related to CKD were included. Hypertensive patients with present CKD, patients with mental health problems, hearing impairments, or any other critical health problems, and those who are unable to provide the appropriate information were excluded.

2.3. Sample Size and Sampling Technique

The sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula. The proportion was taken at 50%, with 95% of confidence intervals (CI) and 5% of margin error; n = z²p (1 − p)/w2, where n = sample size, p = proportion,  = margin error, z = 1.96 confidence level, and n = 1.96²(0.5(1–0.5))/(0.05) (0.05) = 384. By considering the 15% nonresponse rate, the sample size was 442, and a simple random sampling technique was used to select study participants.

Three health facilities, Azezo Health Center, Maraki Health Center, and University of Gondar Specialized Hospital Chronic Clinic, were selected from a total of 11 health institutions identified in Gondar Town using random sampling techniques. Probability proportional to sample size was used to select participants in the health institutions, and every 3rd participant of the study was involved in the study using systematic random sampling techniques from the selected institutions.

2.4. Study Instrument

The study instrument was an adaptation of the measures developed in a study done in Palestine and the relevant CKD related scientific literature was reviewed, and, finally, 25 questions were generated to assess knowledge and practice towards CKD [14].

The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by conducting a pilot study. The prepared questions were pretested to ensure they are eligible and to avoid any confusion regarding the understanding of the questionnaire and the questionnaire was modified based on feedback from the pilot study. A previously developed questionnaire was modified to suit the study setting, the questionnaire was reevaluated after the first pilot study on 11 hypertensive patients, and a further pilot study was performed in another 11 hypertensive patients.

Face validity was performed in hypertensive patients to evaluate the comprehension of the layperson towards understanding of the questionnaire and to assess how important it was to target study participants. Participants were asked to analyze each item of the questionnaire following the open-ended discussion and their diverse responses and interpretation of the different issues; how it was presented and the lack of ambiguity were evaluated. A revised version of the questionnaire was developed on the basis of the face-validation results, which helped to differentiate knowledge and practice items to CKD that were relevant to the study participants. The final draft questionnaire included 3 parts and 34 items (9 items on sociodemographic characteristics, 14 items on knowledge, and 11 items on practice).

Participants who responded correctly to 50% or more of knowledge and practice questions were considered as having adequate knowledge about CKD, whereas those who scored <50% were considered as having poor knowledge and practice towards CKD. Each response was scored as “1” for correct response/practices and “0” for incorrect responses/practices. The knowledge and practice scores of individuals were calculated and summed up to give the total knowledge and practice score.

Data were collected by trained and experienced clinical nurse data collectors through face-to-face interviews using the constructed questionnaires. The questionnaire was first prepared in English and then translated into the local Amharic language with the assistance of a language expert. The questionnaire consisted of three portions: the first portion deals with sociodemographic characteristics; the remaining two portions contain questions on the assessment of participants’ knowledge and preventive practice. Data were collected from the selected hypertensive patients by a trained data collector through systematic random sampling and every 3rd participant who fulfilled the inclusion criteria was asked to participate after the aim of the study was briefly explained. The collected data was checked daily for consistency, accuracy, and preventing any bias.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

The data were entered by Epi Info software and analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 software. Categorical variables were summarized in frequency, percentage, and chi-square. The data were interpreted by using percentage and chi-square; the result was presented by using tables and graphs. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for all variables related to the study. Binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with knowledge and preventive practice towards CKD. Crude odds ratio (COR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) were used to measure the strength of association between dependent and independent variables. In addition, Pearson’s correlation between knowledge and practice score was assessed. A value of less than 0.05 was used to classify statistically significant associated variables with the dependent variables.

3. Results

3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Study Participants

A total of 442 hypertensive patients were asked to participate in the study and 434 completed the questionnaire and included in the study with a response rate of 98.1%. Out of a total of 434 participants, 220 (50.7%) were male. Majority of the participants, 201 (46.3%), were in the age group >55 years, 117 (27%) were unable to read and write, 156 (35.6%) had DM comorbidity, 290 (66.8%) were married, 359 (82.7%) were living in urban areas, and 287 (66.1%) had < 5-year follow-up (Table 1).

Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants at Gondar town in 2019.

Variable
Categories
Frequency (n)
Percentage (%)

Age (years)
<35
40
9.2

36–45
101
23.3

46–55
92
21.2

>55
201
46.3

Sex
Male
220
50.7

Female
214
49.3

Marital status
Single
63
14.5

Divorced
54
12.4

Married
290
66.8

Widowed
27
6.2

Educational status
Unable to read and write
117
27.0

Able to read and write without formal education
169
38.9

Primary school
23
5.3

Secondary school
41
9.4

College/university and above
84
19.4

Religion
Orthodox
353
81.3

Protestant
20
4.6

Muslim
60
13.6

Others
1
0.2

Residence
Urban
359
82.7

Rural
75
17.3

Occupation
Private business
74
17.1

Government employee
89
20.5

Private employee
88
20.3

Daily laborer
53
12.2

Student
24
5.5

Unemployed
86
19.8

Others
20
4.6

Duration of hypertension (years)
Less than 5
287
66.1

5 to 15
122
28.1

Above 15
25
5.7

Disease comorbidities
Diabetes mellitus
156
35.9

Stroke
48
11.1

Asthma
25
5.8

HIV/AIDS
3
0.7

Hypercholesterolemia
4
0.9

Malaria
23
5.3

Tuberculosis
12
2.8

Other
17
3.9

None
153
35.2

3.2. Knowledge of Study Participants

Out of a total of 434 participants, 298 (68.7%) had good knowledge of CKD with the knowledge mean score of 8.78 ± 2.80. Majority of the participants, 267 (61.5%), responded that they heard of CKD at least once before, 279 (64.3%) identified the risk factor of CKD, and 415 (95.6%) knew CKD can be diagnosed and treated. In addition, 372 (85.7%) were aware of the importance of regular checkups for CKD prevention and early detection, but only 155 (35.7%) were aware of the effect of drug overdose and/or traditional medicine on CKD (Table 2).

Table 2: Knowledge assessment towards CKD among hypertensive patients at Gondar town in 2019.

Knowledge assessment
Correct response n (%)
Incorrect response n (%)

Ever heard of CKD
267 (61.5)
167 (38.5)

Risk factors of CKD
279 (64.3)
155 (35.7)

Effect of prolonged use of medications on CKD
191 (44.0)
243 (56.0)

Effect of uncontrolled hypertension on CKD
244 (56.2)
190 (43.8)

Effect of poor glycemic control on CKD
173 (39.9)
261 (60.1)

Effect of early detection of CKD
168 (38.7)
266 (61.3)

Effect of unprescribed traditional drugs on CKD
155 (35.7)
279 (64.3)

CKD can be diagnosed and treated
415 (95.6)
19 (4.4)

Mentioned at least one sign and symptom of CKD
275 (63.4)
159 (36.6)

Effect of CKD on other diseases
326 (75.1)
108 (24.9)

Effect of regular exercise on CKD
246 (56.7)
188 (43.3)

Effect of smoking on CKD
323 (74.4)
111 (25.6)

Effect of regular blood pressure follow-up and control on CKD
372 (85.7)
62 (14.3)

Effect of excessive alcohol drinking on CKD
378 (87.1)
56 (12.9)

CKD : chronic kidney disease.

3.3. Preventive Practices of Study Participants

Of the total study participants, 210 (48.4%) had good practice towards CKD with a mean practice score of 6.58 ± 1.61. The majority of the study participants, 379 (87.3%), did not eat well-balanced meals, 402 (92.6%) did not exercise regularly, and 360 (82.9%) did not visit health institutions for diagnosis of other disease comorbidities. However, 418 (96.3%) participants were nonsmokers, 413 (95.2%) correctly followed the medications, and 408 (94.0%) were correctly following food restrictions from physicians (Table 3).

Table 3: Practice assessment towards CKD among hypertensive patients at Gondar town in 2019.

Practice assessment
Good n (%)
Poor n (%)

Balanced diet
55 (12.7)
379 (87.3)

Regular exercise
32 (7.4)
402 (92.6)

Smoke cigarette
16 (3.7)
418 (96.3)

Drink alcohol
319 (73.5)
115 (26.5)

Normal body mass index
217 (50.0)
217 (50.0)

Regular blood pressure checkup
389 (89.6)
45 (10.4)

Take traditional medicine without physician recommendation
214 (49.3)
220 (50.7)

Follow hypertension medications regimen/treatment adherence
413 (95.2)
21 (4.8)

Follow food restrictions by the physicians
408 (94.0)
26 (6.0)

Personal hygiene
315 (72.6)
119 (27.4)

Regular visit to health institutions for diagnosis of CKD
74 (17.1)
360 (82.9)

CKD : chronic kidney disease.

3.4. Factors Associated with Knowledge of Study Participants

In multivariate logistic regression, educational status, residence, and duration of hypertension were significantly associated with knowledge towards CKD. Accordingly, urban resident study participants were 2.21 times (AOR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.09, 4.5) knowledgeable compared to rural resident participants. In addition, the study participants who attended primary and secondary schools were 18.34 times (AOR = 18.34; 95% CI: 2.1, 16.7) and 8.6 times (AOR = 8.6; 95% CI: 2.11, 34.99) knowledgeable than those who could not read and write, respectively. In addition, the study participants with a duration of 5 to 10 years of hypertension were 2.14 times knowledgeable (AOR = 2.14; 95% CI: 1.22, 3.75) compared to participants with fewer than 5 years of hypertension duration (Table 4).

Table 4: Bivariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with knowledge towards CKD.

Variables
Category
Knowledge
COR 95% CI
AOR 95% CI
value

Good n (%)
Poor n (%)

Sex
Male
166 (38.2%)
54 (12.4%)
1.00
1.00

Female
132 (30.4)
82 (18.8%)
0.524 (0.35,0.79)
0.61 (0.36,1.01)
0.055

Educational status
Unable to read and write
60 (13.8%)
57 (13.1%)
1.00
1.00

Able to read and write without formal education
113 (26.0)
56 (12.9%)
1.917 (1.18,3.11)
1.29 (0.68,2.45)
0.223

Primary school
22 (5.0%)
1.0 (0.23%)
20.9(2.73,160.20)
18.34(2.1,16.70)
0.008

Secondary school
38 (8.7%)
3.0 (0.69%)
12.03 (3.52,41.17)
8.6 (2.11,34.99)
0.003

University/college and above
65 (14.9%)
19 (4.3%)
3.25 (1.74,6.08)
1.86 (0.77,4.50)
0.168

Residence
Rural
40 (9.2%)
35 (8.0%)
1.00
1.00

Urban
258 (59.4%)
101 (23%)
2.235 (1.34,3.72)
2.21 (1.09,4.50)
0.028

Hypertension duration (years)
<5
186 (42.8%)
101 (23%)
1.00
1.00

5–15
92 (21.1%)
30 (6.9%)
1.66 (1.03,2.69)
2.14 (1.22,3.75)
0.008

>15
20 (4.6%)
5.0 (1.1%)
2.17 (0.79,5.96)
3.02 (0.97,9.40)
0.056

Age group (years)
<35
24 (5.5%)
16 (3.6%)
1.00
1.00

35–45
71 (16.3%)
31 (7.1%)
1.53 (0.71,3.27)
1.21(0.5,2.90)
0.666

45–55
64 (14.7%)
28 (6.4%)
1.524 (0.7,3.30)
1.42 (0.58,3.48)
0.442

>55
139 (32%)
61 (14%)
1.53 (0.75,3.06)
1.55 (0.68,3.50)
0.291

AOR = adjusted odds ratio, COR = crude odds ratio, CI = confidence interval,  =  significant association.

3.5. Factors Associated with Preventive Practice of the Study Participants

In multivariate logistic regression, educational status, residence, and duration of hypertension were significantly associated with level of practice towards CKD. Therefore, urban residents and college and above educational status were 2.27 times (AOR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.06, 4.83) and 6.26 times (AOR = 6.26; 95% CI: 3.35, 20.37) higher preventive practices compared to rural residents and unable to read and write participants, respectively. In addition, the study participants with a duration of fewer than five years of hypertension have an 81% higher preventive practice than participants with a duration of more than 15 years of hypertension (Table 5).

Table 5: Bivariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with preventive practice towards CKD.

Variables
Category
Practice
COR 95% CI
AOR 95% CI
value

Good n (%)
Poor n (%)

Sex
Male
91 (20.9%)
129 (29.7%)
1.00
1.00

Female
119 (27.4%)
95 (21.8%)
1.78 (1.21,2.60)
1.65 (0.99,2.71)
0.05

Age
<35 years
19 (4.3%)
21 (4.8%)
1.00
1.00

35–45 years
48 (11.0%)
54 (12.4%)
0.98 (0.47,2.04)
0.79 (0.325,1.93)
0.609

45–55 years
41 (9.4%)
51 (11.7%)
0.89 (0.42,1.87)
0.68 (0.27,1.69)
0.408

>55 years
102 (23.5%)
98 (22.5%)
1.15 (0.58,2.27)
0.89 (0.39,2.05)
0.784

Educational status
Illiterates
49 (11.2%)
68 (15.6%)
1.00
1.00

Able read and write
72 (16.5%)
97 (22.3%)
1.03 (0.64,1.66)
1.51 (0.77,2.96)
0.230

Primary school
8 (1.8%)
15 (3.4%)
0.74 (0.29,1.88)
1.46 (0.46,4.61)
0.523

Secondary school
18 (4.1%)
23 (5.2%)
1.086(0.53,2.23)
2.47 (0.91,6.76)
0.077

University/college and above
63 (14.5%)
21 (4.8%)
4.16 (2.25,7.70)
8.26(3.35,20.37)
<0.001∗

Marital status
Married
145 (33.4)
145 (33.4%)
1.00
1.00

Divorced
32 (7.3%)
22 (5.0%)
1.45 (0.81,2.62)
1.47 (0.675,3.20)
0.332

Widowed
9 (2.0%)
18 (4.1%)
0.50 (0.22,1.15)
0.30 (0.104,1.01)
0.058

Single
24 (5.5%)
39 (8.9%)
0.61 (0.35,1.07)
0.55 (0.26,1.16)
0.118

Residence
Rural
18 (4.1%)
57 (13.1%)
1.00
1.00

Urban
192 (44.2%)
167 (38.4%)
3.64 (2.06,6.43)
2.27 (1.06,4.83)
0.034

Hypertension duration (years)
<5 years
132 (30.4%)
155 (35.5%)
1.00
1.00

5–15 years
70 (16.1%)
52 (11.9%)
1.58 (1.03,2.42)
1.41 (0.84,2.38)
0.197

>15 years
8 (1.8%)
17 (3.9%)
0.55(0.21,1.32)
0.19 (0.065,0.58)
0.003∗

AOR = adjusted odds ratio, COR = crude odds ratio, CI = confidence interval  =  significant association.

4. Discussion

Of the 434 participants, 298 (68.7%) had good knowledge of CKD. This finding was higher than the study done in Nigeria (27.1%) [12], Malaysia (26.3%) [15] and (30.1%) [16], and Palestine (61.8%). The difference may be because the study participants were institution-based and had a better access to health education than the general community. However, this finding was lower compared to the study done in Jordan, where 80.24% were knowledgeable towards CKD [17]. This might be due to the difference in sample size and source population of the study.

More than half of the participants 267 (61.5%) heard of CKD at least once before. This finding was slightly lower than the study done in Malaysia (69.5%) [15]. The difference may be due to difference in access to health education of the participant. In the current study, 275 (63.4%) correctly answered the signs and symptoms of CKD; this finding was higher than the Jordan study in which about half of the participants 370 (50%) had incorrect information about CKD signs and symptoms [17]. The possible reason for the variation might be attributed to the differences in sociodemographic and access to CKD learning opportunities.

In the current study, 244 (56.2%) of the participants were aware of the effect of uncontrolled hypertension on CKD, which was higher than the study in Tanzania, where only 17% were aware that high blood pressure could cause CKD [18]. This may be due to differences in access to health education. In addition, the study found that 244 (56.2%) were aware of uncontrolled hypertension on CKD, which was higher than the study conducted in Iran that only 14.4% of the respondents were aware of the uncontrolled hypertension as very likely to result in CKD [19]. In addition, 279 (64.3%) of participants responded correctly to the risk factors of CKD and this was higher in the Jordan study, with more than 50% of the participants identifying the risk factors of CKD [17]. This may be due to differences in the study population since because our study participants were on medical follow-up and had a health education program, Iran and Jordan’s studies were community based.

Of the study participants, 48.4% had good practice towards CKD. This finding was lower compared to the studies conducted in a tertiary teaching hospital, Malaysia, which found good practice scores in more than 88.3% of participants [16]. This may be due to difference in educational status, economic status, and health education practice about CKD. Out of a total of participants, 12.7% take well-balanced diet, which was lower than the Jordan study, 60.6% [17]. This may be due to differences in the economic status of study participants. However, 95.2% of the participants adhered to medication, which was higher than the Jordan study of 62.7% [17]. This may be due to the fact that the current study’s participants have been included from the health institution and that there are regular follow-up and health education opportunities for the patients.

In the multivariate logistic analysis, knowledge score was significantly associated with the educational status of our study participants; this was similar to the study in Tanzania [18] and Jordan [17]. This was because participants who had higher educational status had more knowledge about hypertension, its risk, and ways to prevent its adverse effect. In addition, our study showed that there was no significant association between age and knowledge score, which varied from the study done in Brazil [20]. This may be due to disparity in sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants.

In multivariate logistic regression, educational status and duration of hypertension were statistically significantly associated with a higher practice score in multivariate logistic regression. This finding was consistent with the study done in Palestine [14]. This may be due to the fact that participants with higher education levels have access to information from different journals and information sources. However, we found that there was no significant association between age and practice. This finding was different from the study conducted in Jordan, which showed that being of older age is associated with a better practice score [17]. This may be due to differences in sample size and sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants.

4.1. Limitation

The response of the participants may be affected by the interviewer’s bias and the findings of this study cannot be generalized to the other city populations of the country due to the difference in sociodemographic characteristics.

5. Conclusion

More than half of the participants had good knowledge of CKD. However, fewer than half of the participants had a good preventive practice score towards the CKD. In multivariate logistic regression, educational status, residence, and duration of hypertension were significantly associated with knowledge and practice score of participants towards CKD. Therefore, additional effort should be made by responsible organizations to increase the community's awareness and preventive practice towards CKD.

Abbreviations

AOR: | Adjusted odds ratio
BP: | Blood pressure
CI: | Confidence interval
CKD: | Chronic kidney disease
COR: | Crude odds ratio
DM: | Diabetes mellitus
ESRD: | End-stage renal disease
GBD: | Global Burden of Disease
GFR: | Glomerular filtration rate
SPSS: | Statistical Package for Social Science.

Data Availability

Most of the data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article, and additional files will be available from the corresponding author upon request.

Ethical Approval

The study was approved by the ethical clearance committee of Biomedical and Laboratory Science of the University of Gondar.

Consent

Each participant was informed in detail and his/her written consent was obtained before the data collection.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Daniel Asmelash conceptualized and designed the study. Alebachew Fasil, Daniel Asmelash, Elias Chane, Getahun Desalegn, Getie lake aynalem, and Sewmalet Assefa supervised, collected data, analyzed, interpreted, and the drafted the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the study participants for their voluntary participation in the study.

Supplementary Materials

English version questionnaires. Part 1: sociodemographic information of participants. Part 2: knowledge assessment questionnaires. Part 3: questionnaires to assess practice. (Supplementary Materials)

References

A. S. Levey, J. Coresh, E. Balk et al., “National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 137–147, 2003.

R. A. Hamer and A. M. E. Nahas, “The burden of chronic kidney disease,” Bmj, vol. 332, no. 7541, pp. 563-564, 2006.

C. O. Alebiosu and O. E. Ayodele, “The global burden of chronic kidney disease and the way forward,” Ethnicity &amp; Disease, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 418–23, 2005.

R. J. Cherono, “The prevalence and risk factors for chronic kidney diseases in kericho county, Kenya,” International Journal of Nursing, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 16, 2017.

K. T. Mills, Y. Xu, W. Zhang et al., “A systematic analysis of worldwide population-based data on the global burden of chronic kidney disease in 2010,” Kidney International, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 950–957, 2015.

G. Abraham, K. N. Arun, N. Gopalakrishnan et al., “Management of hypertension in chronic kidney disease: consensus statement by an expert panel of Indian nephrologists,” Journal of The Association of Physicians of India, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 6–21, 2017.

Q.-L. Zhang and D. Rothenbacher, “Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in population-based studies: systematic review,” BMC Public Health, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 117, 2008.

N. Alencar de Pinho, R. de Cássia Burgos de Oliveira, and A. M. G. Pierin, “Hypertensive patients with and without kidney disease: assessment of risk factors,” Journal of Nursing, vol. 49, no. esp, p. 8, 2015.

G. L. Bakris and E. Ritz, The Message for World Kidney Day 2009: Hypertension and Kidney Disease: A Marriage that Should Be Prevented, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2009.

V. Jha, G. Garcia-Garcia, K. Iseki et al., “Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives,” The Lancet, vol. 382, no. 9888, pp. 260–272, 2013.

M. Molla, “Systematic reviews of prevalence and associated factors of hypertension in Ethiopia: finding the evidence,” Science Journal of Public Health, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 514–519, 2015.

R. Oluyombo, O. Ayodele, P. Akinwusi et al., “Awareness, knowledge and perception of chronic kidney disease in a rural community of South-West Nigeria,” Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 161–169, 2016.

D. M. Yusoff, J. Yusof, and Y. C. Kueh, “Knowledge, attitude and practices of the risk for chronic kidney disease among patients in a tertiary teaching hospital,” The Malaysian Journal of Nursing, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 3–11, 2016.

H. H. Sa'adeh, R. N. Darwazeh, A. A. Khalil, and S. H. Zyoud, “Knowledge, attitudes and practices of hypertensive patients towards prevention and early detection of chronic kidney disease: a cross sectional study from Palestine,” Clinical Hypertension, vol. 24, p. 6, 2018.

Y. Chiun, S. Zhong, and K. S. Goh, “Cross-sectional study on knowledge of chronic kidney disease among medical outpatient clinic patients,” Medical Journal of Malaysia, vol. 71, no. 3, p. 6, 2016.

D. M. Yusoff and Y. C. Kueh, “Knowledge, attitude and practice of the risk for CKD among patients in a tertiary teaching hospital the malaysian,” Journal of Nursing, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 9, 2016.

A. Khalil and M. Abdalrahim, “Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards prevention and early detection of chronic kidney disease,” International Nursing Review, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 237–245, 2014.

J. W. Stanifer, E. L. Turner, J. R. Egger et al., “Knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with chronic kidney disease in northern Tanzania: a community-based study,” PloS One, vol. 11, no. 6, Article ID e0156336, 2016.

P. Roomizadeh, D. Taheri, A. Abedini et al., “Limited knowledge of chronic kidney disease and its main risk factors among Iranian community: an appeal for promoting national public health education programs,” International Journal of Health Policy and Management, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 161–166, 2014.

N. Alencar de Pinho, G. Vieira da Silva, and A. M. G. Pierin, “Prevalence and factors associated with chronic kidney disease in patients seen at a university hospital,” Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia: 'orgao oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia, vol. 37, no. 1, p. 7, 2015.