International Journal of Photoenergy

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 759268, 7 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/759268

Research Article

Solar Photo-Fenton Degradation of Electro-Optical Industry Wastewater by a Pilot-Scale Fresnel Lens Assisted IPCC Reactor

Wen-Shiuh Kuo, Dong-Yun Liu, and Chin-Fang Juang

Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miao-Li 360, Taiwan

Received 10 August 2013; Revised 23 October 2013; Accepted 14 November 2013

Academic Editor: M. Swaminathan

Copyright © 2013 Wen-Shiuh Kuo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

In this study, a pilot-scale Fresnel lens mounted inclined plate curvature channel (IPCC) solar photo-Fenton reactor was well designed, established, and evaluated for the treatment of the electro-optical industry wastewater. Under an initial pH of 3.0, a [H₂O₂]₀/COD₀ ratio of 2, and a [H₂O₂]₀/[Fe²⁺]₀ ratio of 7.5 for a reaction time of 60 min, the COD of the wastewater could reach a reduction of 85–90% which meets the effluent standard of EPA, Taiwan (COD < 100 mg/L). In addition, it was found that solar light could be concentrated, which resulted in an increase in intensity for 1.89 to 3.76 times and the temperature of the wastewater could be raised for 8 to 16°C. Therefore, the residual COD of the electro-optical industry wastewater was also kept under 100 mg/L after a 60 min of treatment even in winter season. Furthermore, the microtoxicity of the wastewater was essentially removed. Accordingly, these results illustrated that the IPCC reactor showed a synergistic effect on the solar photo-Fenton process not only in effectively dealing with a large amount of industrial organic wastewater, but also in the sector of energy conservation in terms of effective utilization of solar energy.

1. Introduction

Organic wastewater from the electro-optical industry generally contains so many residuals such as TMAH (C₄H₁₃NO), PGMEA (C₆H₁₂O₃), acrylic resin, and pigments and it is variable in composition and strength at different stages of process. The effluent is usually characterized as a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) of wastewater. Therefore, biological treatment processes are susceptible for treatment of electro-optical industry wastewater. Instead, activated carbon adsorption or coagulation is commonly used. However, new environmental laws may consider the spent adsorbents or sludge as hazardous waste and require further treatment. Consequently, intensive research for novel technologies with higher efficiency and less amount of waste generated has been stimulated. For that reason, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been previously described as a promising option to remove persistent pollutants from contaminated water [1] when conventional water treatment processes are not efficient enough. AOPs are able to produce a highly reactive, nonspecific oxidant, mainly hydroxyl radicals (). The hydroxyl radical possesses inherent properties that enable it to attack refractory organic pollutants in water to achieve a complete mineralization. However, the production of photons with artificial light sources requires significant electrical energy demand and UV lamp consumption, leading in a high operation cost in AOPs [2].

Alternatively, solar energy is essentially unlimited and its utilization is ecologically benign. In the wastewater treatment sector, solar technology has been extensively used as alternative to UV lamps to reduce the operation cost in AOPs [3]. In particular, photo-Fenton process (1)–(3) using solar irradiation has been used as an economically viable process and has attracted great interest in recent years [4]. However, solar photo-Fenton process was usually carried out by using solar irradiation directly, resulting in a lower absorption and utilization of solar energy [5]. To improve the efficiency and actual practice of solar photo-Fenton process, it is necessary to maximize the absorption of solar energy for process reactor. Hence, a solar light concentrated compound parabolic collector (CPC) was effectively used to treat landfill leachate in the study of Vilar et al. [6]. Additionally, Fresnel lens has been proven as an appropriate concentrating device for using in solar photo-Fenton process [7, 8]:

In this study, a pilot-scale Fresnel lens mounted inclined plate curvature channel (IPCC) reactor was well designed, established, and evaluated for treatment of the electro-optical industry wastewater in different seasons.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Materials

The industry wastewater used in this study was obtained from an electro-optical industry plant located in Miao-Li, Taiwan, during 2010–2012. The characteristics of electro-optical industry wastewater are shown in Table 1. Basically, the wastewater has the properties of high pH (10.7−11.2), COD (563−593 mg/L), and TOC (174−180 mg/L). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) with a concentration of 35% was supplied by Panreac Co., EU. FeSO₄·7H₂O (Panreac Co., EU) with a purity of 99% was used as a source of ferrous ion. All other chemicals used in this study were analytical grade and used as received.

Table 1: Characteristics of electro-optical industry wastewater.

Item
Range

pH
10.76~11.24

UV₂₅₄
0.770~0.801

COD, mg/L
563~593

TOC, mg/L
174.1~180.3

SS, mg/L
0.67~2.17

Color (ADMI value)
507~565

2.2. Procedures

All experiments were carried out in a pilot-scale Fresnel lens (5 Fresnel lens, which was made of PMMA with a thickness of 2 mm, a pitch of 0.5 mm, a facet depth of 0.2 mm, and Fresnel circles of 395 were used) mounted inclined plate curvature channel (IPCC) reactor (Figure 1). The distance between Fresnel lens and inclined plate is 16 cm. An 8 L of the electro-optical industry wastewater was used for each experiment with an initial pH of 3.0, a [H₂O₂]₀/COD₀ ratio of 2.0 g/g, and a [H₂O₂]₀/[Fe²⁺]₀ ratio of 7.5 (i.e., an initial H₂O₂ dosage of 1173 mg/L (34.5 mM); an initial Fe²⁺ dosage of 256 mg/L (4.6 mM)) for a reaction time of 60 min, which was on the basis of the results from a previous study with 3*3 RSM central composite design experiments [9]. During the experiments, the pH of the solution was monitored using a pH meter (SP-701LI 120, Suntex Co., Taiwan) equipped with a glass electrode. Samples were withdrawn from the reactor at preset time intervals, quenched with sodium hydrogen sulfite to avoid further reactions, then tested for H₂O₂ consumption according to the method reported by Sellers [10] and iron as Fe²⁺ ion is determined by Fe(II)/1,10-phenanthroline complex at 510 nm [11] using a Hitachi (Japan) U-2001 spectrophotometer instantly. The remaining samples were then stored at 4°C for the following COD, TOC, and microtoxicity analysis.

(a) With Fresnel lens

(b) Without Fresnel lens

Figure 1: Photograph of pilot-scale solar inclined plate curvature channel (IPCC) reactor.

The solar irradiation was measured with a LI-250 radiation indicator (LI-COR Co., USA) of pyranometer LI-200SA and adetector of PMA 2100 (Solar Light Co., USA).

2.3. Analysis

2.3.1. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Measurement

COD of solution via a DR 4000 photometer (HACH Co., USA) by using a K₂Cr₂O₇ as the reacting reagent was measured in order to understand the changes of degree of oxidation for color filter wastewater.

2.3.2. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Measurement

TOC of solution was measured by using a Shimadzu VCPH analyzer (Shimadzu Co., Japan) in order to know the amount of organics in color filter wastewater degraded to CO₂ during oxidation.

2.3.3. Microtoxicity Measurement

The microtoxicity of each sample was measured using an SDI M500 (SDI Co., USA) analyzer. Microtoxicity is expressed as EC₅₀ (5 min, 15°C), which was defined as the effective concentration of solution for a 50% reduction of the luminescence of the bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum. A lower EC₅₀ value indicates a higher amount of toxic constituent presented in the pollutant solution. The EC₅₀ values are expressed as percentage (% v/v) of the sample [12, 13]. In addition, EC₅₀ values could be transformed to toxicity units (TU₅₀), which was equal to 1/EC₅₀. The EC₅₀ of electro-optical industry wastewater was measured and it was 300~400%. Toxicity Unit (TU₅₀) was therefore in the range of 0.25~0.33. In this study, the TU₅₀ value was used to trace the change in toxicity of the electro-optical industry wastewater due to solar photo-Fenton treatment.

3. Results and Discussion

Table 2 showed the average light intensity and temperature of different seasons in Miao-Li, Taiwan. Basically, it was found that the solar light concentrating effect of Fresnel lens for IPCC reactor could result in an increase of 1.89~3.76 times of solar light irradiation () (Table 3), which is higher than that (1.2 times) of CPC reactor [15], and a raising heat irradiation in terms of 8~16°C increase of wastewater temperature in this study. Figure 2 showed the effect of Fresnel lens on the pH, H₂O₂ consumption, and residual Fe²⁺ concentration in the electro-optical industry wastewater treated by solar IPCC reactor. The observed final pH of the treated wastewater was around 2.6–2.8. With the assistance of Fresnel lens, IPCC reactor had a higher H₂O₂ consumption efficiency due to a higher residual Fe²⁺ concentration to react with H₂O₂. Moreover, Figure 3 showed the effect of Fresnel lens on the COD and TOC degradation efficiency of the electro-optical industry wastewater by solar IPCC reactor in different seasons. As shown in Figure 3, the COD of the wastewater could have a reduction of 85–90% and reach the effluent standard of EPA, Taiwan (COD < 100 mg/L), within a reaction of 60 min. An increase in COD degradation of 6–20% and a TOC degradation of 5–20% of the electro-optical industry wastewater were reached with the assistance of Fresnel lens. Also, it was found that the degradation efficiency of the electro-optical industry wastewater with the use of Fresnel lens at a reaction time of 45 min was higher than that without the assistance of Fresnel lens at a reaction time of 60 min in summer season (Sep.). This could be due to a higher light irradiation and water temperature increased the consumption of H₂O₂ as shown in Figure 4, that is, increasing the reaction rate between hydrogen peroxide and any form of ferrous/ferric ion, thus increased the rate of generation of oxidizing species such asradical [16]. Furthermore, the microtoxicity (TU₅₀) of electro-optical industry wastewater decreased almost to 0 as the reaction proceeded only 15 min for each season, indicating that the treated wastewater was essentially nontoxic. A similar phenomenon was also found in the study of Will et al. [17]. Its result indicated that the TOC degradation efficiency of phenol wastewater was 45% and 55% for a solar irradiation of 450 W/m² and 750 W/m², respectively. In addition, Rodriguez et al. [18] also showed that the degradation efficiency of textile wastewater increased, while the temperature of water was raised obviously from 30°C to 60°C in photo-Fenton process.

Table 2: Average light intensity and temperature of different seasons in Miao-Li, Taiwan.

Light range
Summer—Sep.
Winter—Feb.
Spring—May

VIS, W/m²
749.8
711.2
817

UVa+b, W/m²
39.92
35.18
39.91

UVa, W/m²
39.58
36.54
38.16

UV₃₆₅, W/m²
8.41
7.5
8

UV₂₅₄, W/m²
5.14
3.54
3.8

Temp., °C
33.9
26
34.66

Table 3: Effect of Fresnel lens on the light amplification of IPCC in different seasons.

Light range
Amplification of light intensity

Summer—Sep.
Winter—Feb.
Spring—May

VIS
>2
>2
>2

UVa+b
3.76
1.89
2.55

UVa
3.86
1.74
2.64

UV₃₆₅
3.28
1.74
2.76

UV₂₅₄
3.35
1.83
2.74

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: Effect of Fresnel lens on the pH, H₂O₂ consumption, and residual Fe²⁺ concentration in the electro-optical industry wastewater treated by solar IPCC reactor (initial pH: 3.0; [H₂O₂]₀/COD₀ = 2.0 g/g; [H₂O₂]₀/[Fe²⁺]₀ = 7.5).

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: Effect of Fresnel lens on the degradation efficiency of (a) COD and (b) TOC of electro-optical industry wastewater treated by solar IPCC reactor in different seasons (initial pH: 3.0; [H₂O₂]₀/COD₀ = 2.0 g/g; [H₂O₂]₀/[Fe²⁺]₀ = 7.5).

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: H₂O₂ consumption (a) and water temperature (b) of the electro-optical industry wastewater treated by solar IPCC reactor in different seasons (initial pH: 3.0; [H₂O₂]₀/COD₀ = 2.0 g/g; [H₂O₂]₀/[Fe²⁺]₀ = 7.5).

To quantitatively analyze the effect of Fresnel lens on the degradation rate of electro-optical industry wastewater treated by solar IPCC reactor in different seasons, a pseudo-first order model expressed by (4) was applied to obtain the rate constants:

in whichis the concentration of COD or TOC in solution at time andis the pseudo-first order rate constant. It was found that both COD and TOC degradation rate of the electro-optical industry wastewater with or without Fresnel lens followed the pseudo-first order reaction kinetics as indicated by a high determination coefficient () (Table 4). It was found that an enhancement for the degradation rate of electro-optical industry wastewater was observed by the aid of Fresnel lens. In summer season, the COD and TOC degradation rate of the electro-optical industry wastewater was increased by a factor of 1.7 and 1.2, respectively.

Table 4: Effect of Fresnel lens on IPCC for treatment of the electro-optical industry wastewater in different seasons.

Condition
a, min⁻¹
c
Fresnel lens effect
b, min⁻¹
c
Fresnel lens effect

With Fresnel lens (Summer—Sep.)
0.056
0.958
1.7
0.018
0.964
1.20

Without Fresnel lens (Summer—Sep.)
0.033
0.906
—
0.015
0.969
—

With Fresnel lens (Spring—May)
0.046
0.944
1.44
0.015
0.975
1.07

Without Fresnel lens (Spring—May)
0.032
0.915
—
0.014
0.955
—

With Fresnel lens (Winter—Feb.)
0.024
0.907
1.04
0.007
0.937
1.4

With Fresnel lens (Winter—Feb.)
0.023
0.900
—
0.005
0.962
—

Operation condition: pH₀: 3.0, 2.0 g H₂O₂/g COD, [H₂O₂]₀/[Fe²⁺]₀ = 7.5.

a: pseudo-first order rate constant based on the degradation of COD in solution.

b: pseudo-first order rate constant based on the degradation of TOC in solution.

c: coefficient of determination.

Furthermore, in order to evaluate precisely the operation performance of IPCC, a comparison among IPCC, compound parabolic collecting reactor (CPC) [14], and falling film reactor (FFR) [14] was made as shown in Table 5. It was found that IPCC had a greater COD degradation efficiency as compared to CPC and FFR reactors even though the accumulation irradiated energy per liter wastewater of IPCC (7.45 kJ/L*h) was lower than that (11.42 kJ/L*h) of CPC.

Table 5: Comparisons of operation performance for compound parabolic collecting reactor (CPC), falling film reactor (FFR), and inclined plate curvature channel (IPCC) reactor.

Reactor type
Waste-water type and vol. (L)
Radiation area on reactor (m²)
Reaction time (h)
Accumulation irradiated energy (kJ/L*h)
Initial COD (mg/L)
Final COD (mg/L)
Operation dosage

CPC [14]
Olive mill waste-water 30 L
3.08
12
11.42
3400
1700
= 5000 mg/L

= 5 mM

FFR [14]
Olive mill waste-water 19 L
1
14
5.64
3000
1700
= 5000 mg/L

= 5 mM

IPCC (this study)
Electro-optical industry waste-water 8 L
0.12
1
7.45
588
44
= 1173 mg/L

= 4.6 mM

4. Conclusions

With the treatment of Fresnel lens assisted solar IPCC reactor, the COD of the wastewater could reach a reduction of 85–90% and meet the effluent standard of EPA, Taiwan (COD < 100 mg/L), after a 60 min treatment even in winter season. Moreover, the residual COD of the treated wastewater was below 100 mg/L for a merely 45 min treatment, and a COD degradation efficiency of 93% and a mineralization efficiency of 65% in summer/autumn season (September) could be reached. Accordingly, these results illustrated that the well designed Fresnel lens assisted IPCC reactor showed a synergistic effect on the solar photo-Fenton process not only in effectively dealing with a large amount of industrial organic wastewater, but also in the sector of energy conservation in terms of effective utilization of solar energy.

Acknowledgment

Many thanks to the kind sponsorship of National Science Council, Taiwan (Project no.: NSC 99-2221-E-239-011), without which this work would not have been possible.

References

F. Al Momani, O. Gonzalez, C. Sans, and S. Esplugas, “Combining photo-Fenton process with biological sequencing batch reactor for 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation,” Water Science and Technology, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 293–298, 2004.

L. A. Pérez-Estrada, S. Malato, A. Agüera, and A. R. Fernández-Alba, “Degradation of dipyrone and its main intermediates by solar AOPs. Identification of intermediate products and toxicity assessment,” Catalysis Today, vol. 129, no. 1-2, pp. 207–214, 2007.

M. I. Maldonado, P. C. Passarinho, I. Oller et al., “Photocatalytic degradation of EU priority substances: a comparison between TiO₂ and Fenton plus photo-Fenton in a solar pilot plant,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A, vol. 185, no. 2-3, pp. 354–363, 2007.

S. Malato, P. Fernández-Ibáñez, M. I. Maldonado, J. Blanco, and W. Gernjak, “Decontamination and disinfection of water by solar photocatalysis: recent overview and trends,” Catalysis Today, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 1–59, 2009.

J. M. Monteagudo and A. Durán, “Fresnel lens to concentrate solar energy for the photocatalytic decoloration and mineralization of orange II in aqueous solution,” Chemosphere, vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 1242–1248, 2006.

V. J. P. Vilar, S. M. S. Capelo, T. F. C. V. Silva, and R. A. R. Boaventura, “Solar photo-Fenton as a pre-oxidation step for biological treatment of landfill leachate in a pilot plant with CPCs,” Catalysis Today, vol. 161, no. 1, pp. 228–234, 2011.

J. M. Monteagudo, A. Durán, J. Guerra, F. García-Peña, and P. Coca, “Solar TiO₂-assisted photocatalytic degradation of IGCC power station effluents using a Fresnel lens,” Chemosphere, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 161–167, 2008.

W. S. Kuo and C. L. Wu, “Treatment of color filter wastewater by fresnel lens enhanced solar photo-Fenton process,” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2012, Article ID 679206, 6 pages, 2012.

D. Y. Liu, Treatment of color filter wastewater by a pilot-scale IPCC solar photo-Fenton reactor [M.S. thesis], National United University, Taiwan, 2012.

R. M. Sellers, “Spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen peroxide using potassium titanium(IV) oxalate,” The Analyst, vol. 105, no. 1255, pp. 950–954, 1980.

APHA/AWWA/WEF, Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Washington DC, USA, 20th edition, 2000.

O. González, C. Sans, and S. Esplugas, “Sulfamethoxazole abatement by photo-Fenton. Toxicity, inhibition and biodegradability assessment of intermediates,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 146, no. 3, pp. 459–464, 2007.

A. S. Koparal, Y. Yavuz, C. Gürel, and U. B. Öǧütveren, “Electrochemical degradation and toxicity reduction of C.I. Basic Red 29 solution and textile wastewater by using diamond anode,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 145, no. 1-2, pp. 100–108, 2007.

W. Gernjak, M. L. Maldonado, S. Malato et al., “Pilot-plant treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW) by solar TiO₂ photocatalysis and solar photo-Fenton,” Solar Energy, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 567–572, 2004.

O. M. Alfano, D. Bahnemann, A. E. Cassano, R. Dillert, and R. Goslich, “Photocatalysis in water environments using artificial and solar light,” Catalysis Today, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 199–230, 2000.

J.-H. Sun, S.-P. Sun, G.-L. Wang, and L.-P. Qiao, “Degradation of azo dye Amido black 10B in aqueous solution by Fenton oxidation process,” Dyes and Pigments, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 647–652, 2007.

I. B. S. Will, J. E. F. Moraes, A. C. S. C. Teixeira, R. Guardani, and C. A. O. Nascimento, “Photo-Fenton degradation of wastewater containing organic compounds in solar reactors,” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 34, no. 1–3, pp. 51–57, 2004.

M. Rodriguez, V. Sarria, S. Esplugas, and C. Pulgarin, “Photo-enton treatment of a biorecalcitrant wastewater generated in textile activities: biodegradability of the photo-treated solution,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A, vol. 151, no. 1–3, pp. 129–135, 2002.