International Journal of Polymer Science
Volume 2020 (2020), Article ID 2175259, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2175259

Research Article

Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Terbium Complex Coordinated with 10-Undecenoic Acid for UV-Cured Coatings

Chenjie Jiao, Rong Zhong, Yanfang Zhou, and Hongfei Zhang

School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Rong Zhong; nuazr@163.com

Received 12 July 2019; Revised 13 December 2019; Accepted 14 January 2020; Published 3 February 2020

Academic Editor: Yulin Deng

Copyright © 2020 Chenjie Jiao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A UV-cured composite containing a rare earth complex was prepared for this study. First, the photoluminescent terbium complex was synthesized with a long-chain unsaturated fatty acid (10-Undecenoic acid) by a solution precipitation method, resulting in the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex. Its structure was proven by FTIR, elemental analysis, XRD, and TGA. The results indicated that the organic acid ligand successfully coordinated with the Tb³⁺ ion and that the complex had a chelate bidentate structure. The emission spectrum of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex indicated that the complex can emit a bright green light with the unique luminescence of the Tb³⁺ ion. Furthermore, the luminescence properties of complexes with different ratios of Tb³⁺ and ligand were studied, and the ratio of Tb³⁺ and the ligand had an obvious impact on the luminescence intensity of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex. Subsequently, the prepared rare earth complex was doped into a UV-cured coating in different proportions to obtain a UV-cured composite. The morphology of the rare earth UV-cured composite was observed by SEM. The images showed that the rare earth complex was dispersed uniformly in the polymer matrix. Moreover, the composites could emit fluorescence. Additionally, it has good thermal stability and compatibility with the resin. Therefore, these composites should have potential applications in UV curable materials, such as luminescence coatings.

1. Introduction

Lanthanide elements have excellent features that are unique to 4f electronic structures, such as abundant energy level transitions, large atomic magnetic moments, and strong spin coupling [1]. Moreover, when rare earth elements combine with other elements to form rare earth complexes, the crystal structure of the rare earth complexes will be diversified due to the coordination number being varied from three to twelve [2]. Therefore, rare earth elements and complexes are endowed with unique electrical, optical, magnetic, and thermal properties that have attracted widespread attention [3, 4]. In particular, the luminescence properties of rare earth ions have many applications, such as luminescent probes [5] and sensitizers for electroluminescent devices [6]. However, due to the weak light emitted from lanthanide ions themselves, they need suitable ligands to absorb ultraviolet light and then transmit the energy to the lanthanide ions to emit luminescence. The ability of organic ligands to sensitize rare earth ions is called the “antenna effect” [7]. Hence, organic ligands need to meet the following requirements: good ultraviolet absorbance, highly efficient energy transfer, acceptable energy in the launching state, and a moderate lifetime [8]. Rare earth organic ligands fall into three major categories: β-diketones [9], organic carboxylic acids [10], and supramolecular macrocycles [11]. Among them, the coordination ability between rare earth ions and organic carboxylic acids is strong because rare earth ions are hard acids, and oxygen atoms in carboxylic acids are hard bases whose coordination is in accordance with the affinity principle of acids and bases [12]. Furthermore, the coordination between carboxylate oxygen ions and lanthanide ions can be of various forms, such as a chelated bidentate, bridged bidentate, and monodentate; as a result, rare earth carboxylic acid complexes have numerous special structures, such as lamellar, catenulate, and reticular, which are relatively stable [13].

UV-curing technology is a green technology that is considered a “5E” technology due to many advantages, including high efficiency, wide adaptability, low cost, low energy cost, and environmental friendliness [14]. Moreover, UV-curing technology possesses other advantages, such as having simple operating conditions, requiring low equipment investment and being a relatively mature technology [15]. Thus, UV-curing technology has a wide range of applications as a coating [16] and adhesive [17] and in 3D printing [18]. In recent years, organic-inorganic hybrid materials have also received extensive attention because the utilization of nanosized inorganic particles is capable of improving the properties of polymers [19, 20]. It has been reported that nanoparticulate SiO₂ [21], TiO₂ [22], ZnO [23], and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) [24, 25] have been introduced into UV-cured systems and have shown improved properties. However, studies on the introduction of rare earth complexes into UV-cured systems have rarely been reported [26, 27]. In this work, the rare earth complexes were synthesized by solution precipitation, after which the rare earth complexes were doped into UV-cured systems form rare earth polymer composites. In order to obtain the desirable luminescent properties of UV curable materials, we dope fluorescent terbium complex into the UV curable system. And the composites will be new potential applications in the UV-curing fields.

Most rare earth complexes select aromatic cyclic carboxylic acids as ligands because they contain conjugate double bonds and rigid plane structures that have good absorption in the ultraviolet region [28–31]. Nevertheless, this study selected unsaturated fatty acids called 10-Undecenoic acids to coordinate with terbium ions that can emit a bright pure green light. The double bond and long chain of 10-Undecenoic acid could improve the compatibility of the rare earth complexes in the polymer matrix. The structural characterization of rare earth complexes was investigated by FTIR, XRD, and elemental analysis. The morphology of rare earth complexes and rare earth UV-cured composite was observed by SEM. Their luminescence properties and thermal stability were tested by a fluorescence spectrometer and TGA, respectively. The mechanical properties of the composite films were tested, including pencil hardness, adhesion, and flexibility.

2. Experimental Section

2.1. Materials and Instruments

Tb₄O₇ (99.99%) was purchased from Ganzhou Zhanhai Industrial and Trading Co., Ltd.; 10-Undecenoic acid (10-UA, AR) was obtained from Aladdin Chemistry Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); B-369 urethane acrylate, Irgacure 1173 photoinitiator, and reactive diluent TMPTA were all industry grade and were bought from Guangdong Boxing New Material Technology Co., Ltd. Other chemicals were supplied by Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd. and used without further purification.

The instruments used in this work included a Magna 380 infrared spectrometer (Nicolet Company, USA), F-7000 fluorescence spectrometer (Hitachi Co., Ltd., Japan), TG-209 thermogravimetric analyzer (Netzsch Company, Germany), Nova Nano SEM 450 field emission scanning electron microscope (FEI Company, USA), Flash EA1112 elemental analyzer (Thermo Company, USA), D8 ADVANCE X-ray diffractometer (Bruker Company, Germany), ST 1KW 230MM 220V UV-curing machine (Dongguan Ergu Photoelectric Technology Co., Ltd., China), and QHQ-A Portable Pencil Scratch Tester and QFH film masker (Tianjin Yonglida Material Testing Machine Co., Ltd.).

2.2. Synthesis of 10-UA-Tb(III) Complex

The synthetic route of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex is shown in Figure 1. Tb₄O₇ (0.5 mmol, 0.374 g) was dissolved in a mixed solution containing excess concentrated nitric acid and 10% hydrogen peroxide, and the mixture was heated to make the solution transparent. Then, the solution heating continued to remove excess nitric acid until it appeared as a white solid, resulting in Tb(NO₃)₃·6H₂O. After cooling, the Tb(NO₃)₃·6H₂O was dissolved in 20 mL anhydrous ethanol. The 10-Undecenoic acid (10-UA) ligand dissolved in 50 mL anhydrous ethanol was added in a three-necked flask equipped with a thermometer, condenser tube, and dropping funnel (note that the molar ratio of the ligand 10-UA to Tb³⁺ ion was 3 : 1). Subsequently, the prepared ethanol solution of terbium(III) nitrate was dripped slowly into a three-necked flask, and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 6-7 with a 1 mol/L NaOH solution until a large amount of precipitation was separated. Next, the coordination reaction was continued for 2 h at 70°C with magnetic stirring. After heating, the solution was allowed to stand overnight to precipitate completely. The product was filtered and washed with anhydrous ethanol and deionized water several times. The product was kept in a vacuum oven at 60°C for 24 h to obtain the white powder (1.058 g) that was the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex, and the yield was 72.8%. The elemental calculation resulted in 54.53% C, 8.20% H (C/H 6.65), and 15.40% O. The actual results were 53.60% C, 8.02% H (C/H 6.68), and 15.09% O. By changing the molar ratio of the ligand to the Tb³⁺ ion, other 10-UA-Tb(III) complexes were prepared based on the above process.

Figure 1: The synthetic route of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex.

2.3. Preparation of UV-Cured Film with 10-UA-Tb(III) Complex

80% of B-369 aliphatic urethane acrylate, 15% of TMPTA reactive diluent, and 5% of photoinitiator 1173 were successively added to the plastic beaker, after which it was mixed well and stirred in an ultrasonic cleaner for 5 minutes. Subsequently, a certain amount of 10-UA-Tb(III) complexes was doped into the formulation coating and uniformly dispersed for 20 minutes. The mixed coating stood for 10 minutes and was evenly coated on a glass substrate with a thickness of 20 μm. The films were cured under a high-pressure mercury lamp (1000 W) with a UV radiation intensity of 36 mJ/cm² and a main wavelength of 365 nm. Finally, rare earth UV-cured composites were produced.

2.4. Measurement and Characterization

2.4.1. FTIR Spectra

The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the samples were collected using a USA Nicolet Magna 380 infrared spectrometer through KBr tablets for wavenumbers of 400-4000 cm⁻¹.

2.4.2. XRD Spectra

X-ray diffraction with Cu-Kα radiation was carried out to characterize the crystal phase of the sample at 40 kV and 40 mA. The 2θ angle was collected from 3° to 80°.

2.4.3. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM)

FESEM images of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex and UV-cured film doped with the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex were collected using a Nova SEM450 field emission scanning electron microscope. The specimens were prepared by smearing the test samples on a conductive adhesive and then depositing gold on the surface.

2.4.4. Fluorescence Spectra

The luminescence excitation and emission spectra of 10-UA-Tb(III) complexes were performed with an F-7000 fluorescence spectrometer. The sample powder was added into a sample pool. The width of the excitation and emission slits was both 2.5 nm, and the voltage was 400 v. The scanning speed was 1200 nm/min. For the rare earth UV-cured films, the width of excitation and emission was adjusted to 5.0 nm.

2.4.5. Thermogravimetric Analysis

The thermal stability of the samples was collected with a TG-209 thermogravimetric analyzer. The temperature range was 50~1000°C, and the heating rate was 10°C/min. The atmosphere was nitrogen with a gas flow rate of 100 mL/min. The data were recorded every 0.5 s.

2.4.6. Mechanical Property Tests

The mechanical properties of the rare earth UV-cured films were investigated using pencil hardness, adhesion, and flexibility tests. The pencil hardness test was conducted according to the ASTM D3363-05 standard. The adhesion was conducted according to ASTM D3002 (0B-5B). The flexibility of the coatings was measured by the T-Bend test according to ASTM D4145-10. The cured coating films were tested water resistance, solvent resistance, acid resistance (0.1 mol/L HCl), and alkali resistance (0.1 mol/L NaOH).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Infrared Spectra

The FTIR spectra of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complexes with different ratios (Tb³⁺:10-UA) and the organic ligand 10-UA are shown in Figure 2. According to Figure 2, the spectral bands of these complexes were roughly consistent. The band owing to of the carboxylic group in 10-UA at 1715 cm⁻¹ disappeared and split into two new peaks at 1567 cm⁻¹ and 1444 cm⁻¹, which corresponded to asymmetric vibration absorption and symmetric vibration absorption of the carboxylate ion (COO⁻), respectively. This result indicated that rare earth Tb(III) ions successfully coordinated with carboxyl acid ligands. Moreover, the values of all complexes were approximately 123 cm⁻¹, which is less than 200 cm⁻¹, indicating that the Tb(III) ion and ligands were in the form of chelate bidentate coordination [30, 32]. There were two absorption peaks from the ethylenic bond at 3075 cm⁻¹ and 1644 cm⁻¹, which were assigned to and , respectively. The bands at 2930 cm⁻¹ and 2856 cm⁻¹ were attributed to the asymmetric vibration absorption and symmetric vibration absorption of methylene, respectively. In addition, the in-plane rocking vibration of -CH₂ was at approximately 723 cm⁻¹. In comparison, there was a broad absorption band at approximately 3434 cm⁻¹ due to asymmetric vibration absorption of -OH in the 10-UA-Tb(III) complexes.

Figure 2: FTIR spectra of 10-UA and 10-UA-Tb(III) complexes.

3.2. XRD Spectra

As shown in Figure 3, the phase structure of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex with a ratio of 1 : 3 (Tb³⁺:ligand) was revealed by XRD. There were two sharp X-ray diffraction peaks at and . The strong and sharp peak at belongs to the (111) reflection of Tb-10-UA. In addition, there was a weak diffuse reflection at . These data confirmed the existence of a crystal structure, and a characteristic peak of Tb₄O₇ appeared at 29.46°, which proved that the terbium ion successfully coordinated with the 10-Undecenoic acid ligand.

Figure 3: XRD curve of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex.

3.3. Morphology Analysis

With a cotton swab, the powder sample was smeared on a conductive adhesive. The surface of the sample was sprayed with gold and then tested. The SEM images of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex are presented in Figure 4. The result showed that the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex had a rough rock structure with a size belonging in the microscopic regime. Its edge line was clear. There was an agglomeration phenomenon that resulted in the appearance of large particles.

Figure 4: SEM image of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex.

The morphology of the rare earth UV-cured film containing 2.0% of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex was studied by SEM. Figure 5(a) shows the surface morphology of the rare earth polymer film, and Figure 5(b) shows the cross-section morphology of the rare earth polymer film. It is shown that the Tb-UA complex cannot be dissolved in the polymer matrix. The rare earth UV-cured composite exhibited a heterogeneous morphology. There were discrete particles of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex mixed uniformly in the polymer matrix, and they were evenly dispersed, although they appeared aggregated.

(a)

(b)

Figure 5: SEM images of rare earth UV-cured composite: (a) surface morphology and (b) section morphology.

3.4. Luminescence Testing

The excitation spectra and the emission spectra of 10-UA-Tb(III) complexes with different ligand contents are shown in Figures 6(a) and 6(b), respectively. As shown in Figure 6(a), the 10-UA-Tb(III) complexes had a wide absorption range from 270 nm to 400 nm. Among them, the maximum excitation wavelength of all complexes was 273 nm. Selecting 273 nm as the excitation wavelength to excite samples, the emission spectra are measured in Figure 6(b). From the emission spectra, the emission peaks from the 10-UA-Tb(III) complexes with different ligand contents were similar. The emission peaks from the rare earth complexes were at 491, 548, 586, and 623 nm, which belonged to the characteristic peaks of the Tb³⁺ ions. The first was attributed to the transition of , the second to the transition of , the third to the transition of , and the fourth to the transition of . Among these transitions, the highest fluorescence intensity emission peak was the transition at 548 nm, which resulted in a green emission. The emission bands were narrow, and the peak shapes were sharp, which indicated that the 10-UA-Tb(III) complexes possessed good monochromatic properties. Furthermore, the proportion of ligands had a significant impact on fluorescence intensity. From Figure 6(b), the fluorescence intensity of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex with a ratio of 1 : 4 (Tb³⁺:10-UA) was the strongest. It is possible that when the organic ligand content increases, more ultraviolet light is absorbed to transfer energy to the Tb³⁺ ion, and the Tb³⁺ ion radiated more energy through the f-f energy level transition. Moreover, the triplet energy level of the 10-UA was better matched with the f energy level of the terbium(III) ion, which could be sensitized effectively. However, the fluorescence intensity decreased when the ratio was 1 : 5. This phenomenon was caused by the concentration quenching effect. That is, the proportion of ligands had a significant impact on fluorescence intensity. At first, the increase of fluorescence intensity follows with the increase of the ligand number. The fluorescence intensity will decrease when the ligand number reached a number.

(a)

(b)

Figure 6: Excitation spectra (a) and emission spectra (b) of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex.

Different amounts of 10-UA-Tb(III) complexes were doped into the as-prepared UV-cured coatings to obtain rare earth polymer composite coatings; the thin doped films were coated on glass slides and cured under a 1000 W UV-curing machine. The luminescence of the composites containing 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 wt % of 10-UA-Tb(III) complexes was investigated, as shown in Figure 7. According to Figure 7(a), there were two obvious excitation peaks at 272 nm and 306 nm in all of the UV-cured composites. Selecting 272 nm as the maximum excitation wavelength to excite the sample, the emission spectra of the rare earth polymer composites are shown in Figure 7(b). The films doped with different amounts of the rare earth complex all radiated the characteristic emission peaks of terbium ions, which are located at 492 nm, 547 nm, and 588 nm. Moreover, the concentration was too low to emit strong fluorescence. When the content of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex in the UV-cured film increased gradually, the fluorescence intensity was enhanced correspondingly.

(a)

(b)

Figure 7: Luminescence properties of rare earth UV-cured composite: (a) excitation spectra and (b) emission spectra.

3.5. Thermal Stability

Figure 8 shows the thermal stability of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex. The decomposition process of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex from 50°C to 1000°C was roughly divided into the following stages: 50~200°C, 200~499.7°C, and 499.7~1000°C. There was a low weight loss of approximately 2.20% within 50~200°C due to the trace amount of water removed. Subsequently, there was an evident decline from 200.0°C to 499.7°C with a total of 67.48% weight loss, which could be attributed to cracking of the 10-Undecenoic acid skeleton. There were two maximum decomposition rates for this process at 347.8°C and 465.1°C. Then, there was a gentle incline from 499.7°C to 699.2°C, which decomposed by 6.71% and remained at approximately 23.61%. This process could be the decomposition of the terbium hydroxide, where Tb(OH)₃ decomposed into TbO(OH) and then TbO(OH) was transferred to Tb₂O₃. The test result was in agreement with the speculative structure of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex above. This proved that the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex had good thermal stability.

(a)

(b)

Figure 8: (a) TG and (b) DTG curves of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex.

The stability of the UV-cured coating films doped with different contents of rare earth complexes was explored, as shown in Figure 9. According to the TG curves, the addition of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex did not have a strong influence on the UV-cured coatings because their thermal stability was approximately the same from 50°C to 700°C. It began to slowly decompose from 100°C to 240°C. In this interval, the stability of the rare earth UV-cured composite was slightly better than that of the UV-cured coating undoped with a rare earth complex. Subsequently, it decomposed rapidly at 240°C, and the decomposition was completed at 500°C. As a whole, the addition of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex did not have a distinct impact on the original UV-cured coating. The reason may be that the thermal properties of UV-cured film are mainly influenced from the polymer matrix. The addition of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex did have a slightly influence on decomposed rate of the UV-cured films from 100°C to 240°C. The low amount of Tb-UA complex has a slight influence on the thermal properties of the UV-cured film.

Figure 9: (a) TG and (b) DTG curves of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex.

3.6. Mechanical Properties of the UV-Cured Film

The photopolymerization efficiency and mechanical properties of the rare earth UV-cured composites were evaluated, including curing time, pencil hardness, adhesion, and flexibility, as shown in Table 1. The curing time of the rare earth UV-cured films was slightly shortened with an increase with the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex. A possible explanation is that the addition of rare earth complexes enhanced the ability to absorb ultraviolet light from the entire UV-cured system, which led to the promotion of the cleavage of the photoinitiator 1173. Thus, it effectively promoted cross-linking curing of the resin and monomer. The pencil hardness of all films was high at 6H. The addition of rare earth complexes had a little effect on the pencil hardness. The adhesion of the composite films decreased perhaps because the cross-linking density was reduced after curing with the addition of the rare earth complexes. However, the flexibility of the films was good. From Table 1, we can notice that the UV-cured films showed good solvent resistance for methyl ethyl ketone. It revealed that the UV-cured films had the structure of tight cross-link network. That the rare earth complexes had no effect on solvent resistance may be the 10-UA containing double bond copolymerized with the resin or reactive diluent. Moreover, the rare earth UV-cured films were soaked in 0.1 mol/L HCl, 0.1 mol/L NaOH, and water. After 48 h, the composite films were detached and wrinkled in hydrochloric acid solution and sodium hydroxide solution, but there was no change in water.

Table 1: The curing time and properties of UV-cured films.

Content (wt %)
0
1.0
3.0
5.0
10.0

Curing time (s)
28
28
24
25
21

Pencil hardness
6H
6H
6H
6H
6H

Adhesion/grade
5B
4B
3B
3B
3B

Flexibility
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T

Solvent resistance/MEK
>250
>250
>250
>250
>250

4. Conclusions

A novel terbium complex was synthesized and coordinated with 10-Undecenoic acid via a solution precipitation method. The coordinated structure and molecular component of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex were studied by a series of characterization methods that indicated that the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex was a chelate bidentate complex, and its molecular formula was Tb(C₁₁H₁₉O₂)₃·H₂O. The 10-UA-Tb(III) complex showed excellent luminescence properties. In particular, the complex with a ratio of 1 : 4 (Tb³⁺:10-UA) emitted the highest fluorescence intensity. Next, the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex was doped into a UV-cured coating to prepare rare earth UV-cured composites. As a result, the composite exhibited a heterogeneous morphology, as seen in SEM images, and the composite also possessed a luminescence peculiarity that emitted a green light. For mechanical properties, the curing time slightly shortened. The hardness, adhesion, and flexibility were good. The addition of the 10-UA-Tb(III) complex did not conspicuously change the thermal stability of the UV-cured coating. In summary, this research can provide a direction to further explore rare earth organic hybrid composites that could be applied to UV-cured coatings and luminescence materials. The complex of Te-Undecenoic acid is suitable for UV-curing material. The composites of them can be cured less than 60 s and have good photoluminescent, mechanical properties after UV irradiation.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

There are no conflicts to declare.

Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate the financial support provided by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (21364008), the Natural Science and Technology Foundation from the Jiangxi Education Department (DA201702347), and the Graduate Innovation Funds of Nanchang Hangkong University (YC2017011).

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