International Journal of Polymer Science
Volume 2021 (2021), Article ID 7053143, 10 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7053143

Research Article

Improved Wettability and Dimensional Stability of Bamboo Timber by Coating Graphene/Silica Composites

Jin Wang,¹ Ye Zhou,² Jingpeng Li,³ Yongshun Feng,¹ Jian Zhang,¹ Haixia Yu,¹ and Xiaowei Zhuang¹

¹Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biological and Chemical Utilizing of Forest Resources, Zhejiang Forestry Academy, Hangzhou 310023, China
²College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
³Key Laboratory of High Efficient Processing of Bamboo of Zhejiang Province, China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou 310012, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Jingpeng Li; lijp@caf.ac.cn, Haixia Yu; ivyyhx@126.com, and Xiaowei Zhuang; zhuang413@sina.com

Received 3 June 2021; Accepted 30 July 2021; Published 17 August 2021

Academic Editor: Alenka Vesel

Copyright © 2021 Jin Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Bamboo timber (BT) is a kind of natural porous material, and usually bamboo cracking and deformation are caused by the change of humidity in the environment. Inspired by the natural structure of the shell, a multilayer structure was designed to fabricate a kind of graphene/silica composite coating on the BT surface. The multilayer bamboo composite (FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT) was prepared by using the self-assembly process of nanospherical silica on graphene followed by hydrophobic modification. A possible formation mechanism of FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT was discussed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT has excellent hydrophobic properties for tea, orange juice, milk, coffee, blue ink, red wine, and green juice. Also, the FAS-RGO@ SiO₂BT has an obvious hydrophobic effect on any of the various solutions with a pH of 1 to 14. In addition, after a 90-day immersion test, the water absorption rate of FAS-RGO@ SiO₂BT is 9.7% and the thickness swelling rate is 0.5%. The wettability and dimensional stability of the FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT are significantly improved compared to those of BT.

1. Introduction

Bamboo is a kind of natural porous material and has different pores, such as cell cavity and microfilament space. Moreover, the bamboo chemical composition contains lots of hydrophilic groups. Water absorption and fiber swelling result from the combination of bamboo’s moisture and chemical components via the carbon-carbon bond or hydrogen bond. The size changes of bamboo products are often caused by the change of humidity in the environment, resulting in further cracking and deformation [1]. Thus, it is necessary to study waterproof treatment methods for bamboo to improve dimensional stability. The common methods are usually oil painting, waxy coating, and high-temperature treatment [2]. Recently, a large number of studies have been devoted to the study of hydrophobic treatment of bamboo or wood. Seo et al. reported that stable and water droplet shock-resistant superhydrophobic surfaces can be rapidly prepared using only a single candle [3]. The fabrication process is very simple and does not require additional solvents. Wang et al. used the sol-gel method to deposit SiO₂ particles on the surface of the wood. After vapor deposition of 1H-, 2H-, and 2H-perfluoroalkyl trimethoxysilane (POTS), superhydrophobic wood was obtained [4]. The water contact angle on the wood surface was 164°, and the rolling angle was less than 3°. A series of studies [5–9] on the preparation of superhydrophobic wood by a hydrothermal method and low-temperature hydrothermal method have been conducted. Nanoparticles, such as FeOOH, TiO₂, Cu₂O, CoFe₂O₄, and WO₃, were synthesized on the wood surface by the hydrothermal method and then modified with low surface energy using hydrophobic silane reagents and fluorine-containing reagents. The prepared coatings have excellent superhydrophobic properties, high temperature and humidity, light radiation, and wear resistance. Lozhechnikova et al. used the electrophoresis process to assemble carnauba wax particles and ZnO nanoparticles on the wood surface to form a protective coating. The coating has unique superhydrophobicity and certain ultraviolet protection ability [10]. Li et al. used several media treatments on bamboo scriber and found that the oil heat-treated group had higher dimensional stability [11].

Inspired by the strong adhesion ability of natural marine mussels, bionic mussel surface modification technology has gained widespread attention as a green, mild, efficient, and sustainable method [12]. Inspired by the natural structure of the shell, a multilayer structure was designed to fabricate a kind of superhydrophobic coating on the bamboo surface [13]. The BT was set as the bottom layer, the graphene sheets were set as the middle layer, and the surface layer was synthesized silicon dioxide nanoparticles. The composite material with three-layer structure was prepared by two-step hydrothermal treatment and further hydrophobic agent modification. The performance test shows that the as-prepared bamboo samples have excellent superhydrophobic performance and improved dimensional stability.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Graphite powder (<20 μm) was supplied by Boyles Chemical Company (Shanghai). Sulfuric acid and nitric acid were supplied by Liudongshan Chemical Company (Lanxi). Methylene blue, methyl orange, rhodamine B, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, and ethanol were supplied by Kelong Chemical Company (Chengdu). The tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) was supplied by Bodi Chemical Company (Tianjin). Hydrochloric acid, ammonia, and (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetradecyl)trimethoxysilane (FAS-17) were supplied by Huipu Chemical Company (Hangzhou). The Phyllostachys pubescens bamboo of 5 years was collected from Anji County, Zhejiang Province. The bamboo specimens were processed into blocks with dimensions of and (). These bamboo specimens were then cleaned by washing sequentially with deionized water and then ethanol for 30 min and were finally dried under vacuum at 50°C for 24 h. The original bamboo timber subjected to the above process was abbreviated as BT.

2.2. Preparation of RGO@SiO₂BT and FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT

The bamboo block with a reduced graphene oxide loading layer, which was abbreviated as RGOBT, was fabricated according to the previous method [14]. Then, 85 ml of absolute ethanol, 9 ml of deionized water, and 1.5 ml of ammonia were added to a clean beaker and uniformly mixed under magnetic stirring. In the stirring process, 4.5 ml ethyl orthosilicate was added slowly, which will make the colloid yellowish. The prepared RGOBT samples and the solution were placed in a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave at a specific volume ratio. The autoclave was sealed and kept at 110°C for 3 h. After the hydrothermal reaction, the treated bamboo samples were removed and rinsed with deionized water and then dried at 50°C for 24 h in a vacuum. The treated bamboo with a silica/graphene coating was abbreviated as RGO@SiO₂BT.

To reduce the surface free energy and achieve a superhydrophobic surface, the as-prepared RGO@SiO₂BT was further modified with FAS-17. The FAS-17 and methanol were mixed according to 1.0 wt.% and stirred evenly. The RGO@SiO₂BT was immersed into the mixed liquid and after magnetic stirring 24 h at room temperature (20°C), and then, the sample was removed. The surfaces were washed with methanol, and the samples were dried at 50°C for 24 h in a vacuum. The above-treated BT was abbreviated as FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT.

2.3. Characterization

The surface morphologies of the samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Quanta 200, FEI, USA). The surface chemical compositions of the samples were determined via energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX, attached to the SEM). The crystalline structures of the samples were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD, D/MAX 2200, Rigaku, Japan) using radiation () at a scan rate of 4°·min⁻¹, 40 kV, and 40 mA, ranging from 5° to 80°. The presence of functional groups in the samples was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (Spectrum One, PerkinElmer, USA). The surface elemental composition analyses were performed based on the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Fisher Scientific-K-Alpha 1063, UK) with an Al Ka monochromatic X-ray source, in which all binding energies were calibrated regarding the C 1s peak (284.8 eV).

2.4. Wettability Test

The water contact angle of BT, RGOBT, RGO@SiO₂BT, and RGO@SiO₂BT samples was measured using a contact angle tester (SL200KB). At room temperature, the liquid was 5 μl distilled water, and the water contact angle was the average value of the five measurements. To test the hydrophobic effect of the sample surface, these eight kinds of liquid were collected, such as tea, orange juice, milk, coffee, edible oil, blue ink, red wine, and green fruit juice. Also, the hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide were used to test the hydrophobic effect of the bamboo surface for each pH solution in the range of 1-14. Finally, the prepared sample was subjected to a water boiling test and a long-term placement to test the hydrophobic effect.

2.5. Dimensional Stability Test

According to the relevant provision test method in GB/T 1928-2009 “General rules for wood physical and mechanical test methods,” the dimensional stability of the samples was measured [15]. The size of the bamboo block was 20 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm, and the number of samples was 15 for each test. The water absorption and thickness swelling rate were performed according to the above method.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. SEM Analysis

Figure 1 shows the typical low- and high-magnification SEM images of BT and RGO@SiO₂BT. A large number of silica nanoparticles are grown on the surface of the bamboo material under low magnification. The silica nanoparticles are densely distributed on the surface layer of reduced graphene oxide. In high magnification, it is clear that the silicon dioxide is spherical with a diameter of 0.4 μm. It can be observed that the surface roughness increases after silica nanoparticle loading. After the hydrophobic treatment of the FAS-17, as shown in Figures 1(e) and 1(f), the rough spherical surface is covered with a waxy material. The surface presents various mastoid structures similar to the lotus leaf wax structure of papillae [16].

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Figure 1: Typical low- and high-magnification SEM images of BT (a), RGO@SiO₂BT (b, c, and d), and FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT (e, f).

3.2. EDX Analysis

Figure 2 shows the chemical elements and element content of the three samples including BT, RGOBT, and RGO@SiO₂BT. Elements of C, O, and Au can be detected in BT and RGOBT. Au originated from surface spraying of the three samples. The carbon and oxygen signals originated from the bamboo substrate and RGO coating [17]. The presence of Si in RGO@SiO₂BT indicates that the silicon is successfully deposited on the surface of BT. Combined with the SEM analysis, it can be proved that the spherical silica nanoparticle is loading successfully on the RGOBT sample. Thus, the Si element could be detected as shown in Figure 2(c). Due to the silica particle coating, the element contents of Si and O on RGO@TiO₂BT increased when compared with those of RGOBT.

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Figure 2: EDX spectra and element contents of BT (a), RGOBT (b), and RGO@SiO₂BT (c).

3.3. XRD Analysis

Figure 3 shows the XRD patterns of BT, RGOBT, and RGO@SiO₂BT. The typical diffraction peaks of cellulose from BT and RGOBT at and 22.5° were observed [18]. After the hydrothermal treatment of graphene oxide dispersion, the characteristic diffraction peak of the graphene oxide disappeared. These prove that graphene oxide absorbed on the bamboo surface was reduced. The RGOBT was loaded with silica nanoparticles [19]. No new characteristic diffraction peaks were observed. It is found that the silica crystal loaded on the BT surface is an amorphous structure.

Figure 3: XRD pattern of BT (a), RGOBT (b), and RGO@SiO₂BT (c).

3.4. FTIR Analysis

Figure 4 presents the FTIR spectrum of BT, RGOBT, and RGO@SiO₂BT. In the process of graphene oxide reduction, the absorption peaks of hydroxyl absorption were shifted to a high band of 3335 cm⁻¹. Parts of the oxygen-containing functional groups are restored, resulting in fewer hydroxyl groups [20]. On the contrary, the formation of a C-O bond between the hydroxyl group and graphene oxide on the surface of bamboo reduces the number of hydroxyl groups. The number of hydroxyl groups decreases as more silica nanospheres were deposited on the bamboo surface. This is consistent with the hydrophobic effect in the later waterproof test. The new absorption peak of the RGO@SiO₂BT at 1644 cm⁻¹ is the vibrational absorption peak of the graphene carbon skeleton. The absorption peak at 1104 cm⁻¹ is the characteristic absorption peak of Si-O-Si. The silica nanoparticles were bonded to the reduced graphene network by a C-O bond during the hydrothermal process and then accumulated to form a nanosilica sphere layer.

Figure 4: FTIR spectra of BT (a), RGOBT (b), and RGO@SiO₂BT (c).

3.5. XPS Analysis

To further characterize the elements and valence states of the samples, XPS analysis was performed. Figure 5 is the XPS diagram of BT, RGOBT, and RGO@SiO₂BT. The peaks at 285 EV can be regarded as C 1s. The peaks at 398 EV can be regarded as N 1s. The peaks at 539 EV can be regarded as O 1s. The typical absorption peaks of C, N, and O were detected in the BT, RGOBT, and RGO@SiO₂BT samples. These samples all contain these three elements, and their main valence states are the same. The peaks at 109 and 150 EV can be regarded as Si 2p and Si 2s [21]. However, the Si typical absorption peaks were detected only in RGO@SiO₂BT. The existence of Si⁴⁺ was confirmed by the Si 2p peak, and the existence of silica in RGO@SiO₂BT was confirmed.

Figure 5: XPS spectra of BT (a), RGOBT (b), and RGO@SiO₂BT (c).

3.6. Analysis of the Forming Mechanism

The formation mechanism of RGO@SiO₂BT is shown in Figure 6. The GO solution was first absorbed by the original BT and reduced to an RGO coating on the bamboo surface in the first hydrothermal process. This continuous surface of the assembled GO was formed on the bamboo block and was a reduction to RGOBT with a graphene network. The multiple layers of the RGO sheet were assembled onto the bamboo surface via hydrogen bonding and physical adsorption. As the hydrothermal reaction goes on in the second hydrothermal step, the silica nanoparticles were formed from the TEOS system and were deposited on the surface by the graphene reticular structure [22]. The graphene network provides more binding sites than bamboo, indicating that more silica nanospheres were deposited on the surface. The dense silica crystal layer is formed on the RGO@SiO₂BT surface. Finally, to reduce the surface energy of RGO@SiO₂BT, the FAS modification layer on the surface was obtained via Si-OH through the combination of hydrogen and silica nanospheres.

Figure 6: Schematic illustration and synthetic mechanism of FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT.

3.7. Wettability Analysis

Figure 7 is the water contact angle (WCA) image of BT, RGOBT, RGO@SiO₂BT, and FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT samples. The WCA of the BT sample is 19° in Figure 7(a). Bamboo is a hydrophilic matrix, and its WCA value is low [23]. Through the loading of reduction of graphene oxide, the RGOBT surface becomes more hydrophilic, and its WCA is 0°, as shown in Figure 7(b). One of the possible reasons is speculated that graphene oxide still exists on the bamboo surface with carboxyl, hydroxyl, and other oxygen-containing groups. Another possible reason is that reduced graphene oxide nanosheets deposited on the surface are not uniform. The intermediate layer-by-layer stacking has pores resulting in the infiltration of water droplets with improved hydrophilicity [24]. Figure 7(c) shows that the WCA of RGO@SiO₂BT reaches 140°, which proves that RGO@SiO₂BT has higher hydrophobic properties. According to the SEM analysis, silica nanospheres were loaded over the entire surface of the RGO network. The hydrophobicity of the BT surface with micro- and nanoscale protuberance can be significantly improved. However, the WCA still did not meet the requirements of superhydrophobicity with a WCA above 150°.

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Figure 7: WCA of (a) BT, (b) RGOBT, (c) RGO@SiO₂BT, and (d) FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT.

Jiang et al. studied the causes of Aquarium paludum Fabricius walking on the water surface and found that the two scales with micro- and nanostructures show superhydrophobicity [25, 26]. The self-cleaning and superhydrophobic materials were prepared by bionically designing a similar structure with the lotus leaf and the Aquarium paludum Fabricius. It is found that the hierarchical structure of nanometer and micron structure can effectively reduce the rolling angle of water droplets on the surface, which directly affects the movement trend of water droplets. Further, by the FAS-17 modification, the surface free energy of FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT goes down. When 5 μl of water droplet was close to the surface of FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT, the droplet still does not spread to the surface and always maintains the circular shape. Until after the bamboo is away from the needle, the liquid is still hanging on the needles, which is shown in Figure 7(d). The WCA of FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT shows an inaccurate value; however, it is far more than 150°. It is proven that the FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT has a good hydrophobic effect.

Typically, bamboo products have good hydrophilicity and can easily absorb water. The hydrophilicity of bamboo leads to deformation, crack, and mold, among others, thus affecting its application. It is very interesting to achieve the conversion of a bamboo surface from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity. Figure 8 is the hydrophobic effect of BT, RGOBT, RGO@SiO₂BT, and FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT in contact with several liquids.

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Figure 8: Digital photos of (b) BT, (c) RGOBT, (d) RGO@SiO₂BT, and (e) FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT in contact with the (a) eight common liquids in daily life.

By comparison, it was found that BT and RGOBT had no hydrophobic effect on the eight types of liquid. Both the RGO@SiO₂BT and FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT have a hydrolysis effect on tea, orange juice, milk, coffee, blue ink, red wine, and green juice. However, the FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT is superior to RGO@SiO₂BT, which is consistent with the test results of WCA. In addition, both the RGO@SiO₂BT and FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT are lipophilic through the results of contact with oil. The RGO@SiO₂BT and FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT were not hydrophobic on oil. Thus, it is necessary to further study the superhydrophobicity to oil.

Figure 9 is the digital photos of FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT in contact with various pH solutions. The FAS-RGO@ SiO₂BT has an obvious hydrophobic effect on any of the various solutions with a pH of 1–14. It can be intuitively observed that the preparation of FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT still maintains a good hydrophobic effect on the strong acid or strong alkali solution. As a result, the FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT, to be developed as an outdoor material, will have good hydrophobic characteristics and can resist acid rain.

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Figure 9: Digital photos of FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT in contact with solution of pH 1 to 14.

3.8. Dimensional Stability Analysis

The BT and FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT samples were immersed in water separately. Because the density of the bamboo material used in this experiment is ~0.4 g/cm³, it is significantly less than the density of water, so the two samples will float on the water surface. Without considering pore and water absorption, in the formula of buoyancy theory, the bamboo block should be immersed in water with a thickness of 40%. The FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT in Figure 10(a) has been dipped into the water due to its weight (actually less than 40%). FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT does not absorb water, and only the bottom surface adheres to the water surface. The material is significantly larger than FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT due to its gravity and moisture absorption. In Figure 10(b), both samples were immersed in water by external forces. Without the external forces, the bamboo will quickly pop out of the water, as shown in Figure 10(a). FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT samples were still kept above the surfaces and were not moist. As shown in Figures 10(c) and 10(d), if water drops were added to the bamboo blocks, the surface was all saturated with water, while the surface water beads of the FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT maintained a high WCA. With the external forces, BT and FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT were immersed in water at room temperature, and the measurement and analysis of water absorption weight and thickness were repeated regularly.

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Figure 10: Digital photos of immersion of BT and FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT into water.

The weight and thickness of BT and FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT were measured for a long time. And we tested the water absorption rate and thickness swelling rate of BT and FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT at room temperature for 90 days. As the results shown in Figure 11, the BT samples absorb more water in a short period and expand to a higher thickness. However, the water absorption and weight change of FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT are much lower than those of BT. Under the same treatment time, the thickness swelling rate of FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT is also much smaller than that of BT. After a 90-day test, the water absorption of BT samples increased to 145%, and the thickness swelling rate reaches 16.3%.

Figure 11: Water absorption and thickness swelling rate of BT and FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT immersion in water for 90 days.

4. Conclusions

The RGO@SiO₂BT samples have been successfully prepared by the two-step hydrothermal method. The samples were analyzed using SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, and XPS. The results showed that the reduced graphene oxide and silica nanosphere were combined by a C-O bond. The silica on the bamboo surface is amorphous. The diameter of the silica nanosphere is ~0.4 μm, and the surface roughness of RGO@SiO₂BT increases. The formation mechanism of FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT was proposed: it can be expressed as follows: the graphene oxide is reduced and deposited on the bamboo surface, and the RGOBT is obtained by self-assembly layer accumulation. In the TEOS colloidal solution, the silica nanoparticles are accumulating on the surface of RGOBT. Finally, the silica nanosphere crystal with a diameter of 0.4 μm is formed in the outermost layer. The FAS modification layer was obtained by impregnating the methanol solution in FAS-17. The surface energy of the RGO@SiO₂BT was reduced. The interface is combined with the hydrogen bond and silica nanomaterial.

The FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT bamboo has excellent hydrophobic properties, such as the tea, orange juice, milk, coffee, blue ink, red wine, and green juice liquid. Simultaneously, the FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT has an excellent hydrophobic effect on the pH 1-14 solution. The FAS-RGO @SiO₂BT bamboo can be used as an outdoor material and has the application prospect in resisting acid rain. The RGO@TiO₂BT has excellent dimensional stability. After the 90-day bubble water test, for the BT samples, the absorption increased to 145% and the thickness expanded to 16.3%; however, for the FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT samples, the water absorption rate is 9.7% and the thickness swelling rate is 0.5%. The wettability and dimensional stability of the FAS-RGO@SiO₂BT significantly improved compared to those of BT.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Cooperation Project of Zhejiang Province Project of Scientific Research Institutes (Grant no. 2021F1065-7), Zhejiang Province & China Forestry Academy (Grant no. 2014SY13), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 31470586) for the financial support.

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