A Coordinated Pumped Storage Dual Compensated Hydro Governor with PSS Action to Damp Electromechanical Power Oscillations

Subject to increasing penetrations of renewable sources like solar photovoltaic (SPV) and wind energy sources, power system oscillation damping is going to be a critical challenge for system operators. This work proposes a new dual compensated governor (DCG) in coordination with a power system stabilizer (PSS) of a pumped storage hydro plant for power oscillation damping subject to intermittent SPV and wind penetration for a hydro, wind, and SPV integrated power system. The phase lag provided by the hydro governor is compensated by additional phase lead contributed by the dual compensation, where speed and real power deviations brought by uncertain SPV and wind penetrations are simultaneously controlled by two lead-lag controllers before being applied to conventional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) governor. Again, subject to critical oscillatory unstable conditions, the DCG is coordinated with PSS through a multiobjective function employing a new modiﬁed Diﬀerential Evo-lutionary-Particle swarm optimization (MDEPSO) algorithm. Diﬀerent case studies with sudden and random SPV and wind penetrations being executed with the proposed controller considering a two area four machine and 39 bus multimachine system with pumped storage hydro units to observe system oscillations are considered. The proposed damping control action has been implemented to damp these oscillations, and the damped response has been analyzed with eigenvalue distributions and Bode plots with sensitivity analysis. The proposed action is found to be much more eﬃcient in contrast to conventional PID governor and PSS damping action. Also, the usage of present hydro governors can be much improved by this coordinated controller action.


Introduction
Renewable power generation (RPG) is going to be an integral part of bulk electric power generation, which includes generation from the hydropower plant (HPP), SPV, wind source, tidal, biomass, etc. [1]. For the integration of RPG, much more effort has been implemented worldwide including new transmission topology or technologies with PV generation [2,3]. Out of several renewable sources, HPP is an important constituent in power generation sharing to counteract increasing load demands [4]. ere are different categories of HPPs, including conventional, run of river, and pumped storage. A conventional HPP employs a dam for storing water. Run of river HPP usually has either no water storing or very less water storing capability. For HPP, proper storing and utilizing of water resources is an important issue for optimal power generation, which can be met by a pumped storage hydropower plant (PSHPP). In PSHPP the water resources can be efficiently utilized by storing the water and pumping as per load demand [5]. PSHPP has different states of operation, which are pumping and generating modes.
ere are upper and lower reservoirs in PSHPP. In the pumping state, the water is pumped to the upper reservoir from the lower reservoir, where the power demand is less. In the generation state, the water from the upper reservoir is utilized for power generation when the power demand increases. erefore, PSHPP plays a very important role in power balancing. A battery energy storage system (BESS) is usually employed to meet the challenge of uncertainty and intermittence in RPG integration, like SPV and wind sources. But there are several drawbacks of BESS, like less current carrying capability of semiconductor switches, lower power handling capability, and short life time [6].
1.1. Literature Review. Due to randomness in SPV and wind generation, electromechanical oscillation (EMO) generated in the power system poses much more challenges to the system operator. In [7], an analysis has been presented depicting the impact of uncertain wind penetration on the stability of the power system. As per [8], the damping capability of wind sources can be imparted if wind turbines run at a constant speed. But as per [9], the small signal stability is a challenging issue with intermittent wind penetration, and the stability depends on the operating condition. e wind and synchronous generator may interact to provide positive or weak damping to EMO [10], and the stability may sacrifice if there is a strong coupling between wind and conventional generation [11]. So as per this research, variable wind integration creates a challenge to damping EMO. In a similar way, varying SPV also poses a challenge to EMO damping. In [12,13], research have been conducted predicting the impact of undertrained SPV penetration on small signal stability of power system. e contribution to EMO depends on the characteristics of SPV, which have been analyzed in [14,15]. Sudden and random SPV integration with the power system aggravated EMO [16]. As in [17], the mechanical mode of oscillation is more excited with heavy SPV penetration, and critical machines need to be identified to damp oscillations, which may be a difficult task. Time domain simulation and analysis have been performed in [18] with different RPGs subject to small signal stability, which explained optimal usage of different sources for stability improvement. Also, in [19], it has been observed that undertrained SPV penetration poses challenges for EMO damping. erefore, as per the research stated above, damping EMO is a critical challenge for system operators when there are uncertain SPV and wind penetrations. A power system stabilizer (PSS) is usually employed to dampen EMO, which creates an electrical damping torque in the generator through an excitation system [20]. In [21], a criterion has been developed for selecting an optimal node to install PODs and PSSs, but the setting of parameters of the damping controller and its impact can be studied further. So, an important issue is selecting the proper PSS controller. e PSS control action may hamper regulating voltage and provides leading pf, which are demerits of PSS controller. Again, in the current state of deregulation in the power sector the optimal use of existing resources like mechanical torque control imparted by generator governor action would be an efficient technique if the governor's performance is improved. In [22], the efficiency of turbine governor action for oscillation damping has been presented, where it has been shown that speed control and excitation loop may be decoupled and do not influence each other. e governor can efficiently provide mechanical torque to stabilize frequency [23], but there may be a modification in turbine governor performance if additional phase compensation is provided with the governor [24]. But in the report of [25], it has been presented that hydro governors are generally blocked to damp interarea oscillation. So, although the governor can impact damping torque, its controllability needs to be improved much to counteract low interarea oscillations. e governor parameters need to be tuned efficiently to provide adequate damping torque. If steam valve control and excitation control are coordinated, then the control action would be enhanced as reported in [26], but using an efficient optimization technique may reduce a detailed mathematical model for efficient control action. In the current and future content of power system, HPP is going to take an important role so there can be a modification in hydro turbine governor action along with proper coordination by excitation system provided by PSS. is attempt has been performed in this work where the turbine governor action is coordinated with PSS to create damping torque with randomly changing loads, uncertain renewable penetration, varying operating condition, several disturbances, and interconnection of the power system network. e modern power system is going to face a lot of challenges penetrating to damping of EMO. Hence for optimal usage of turbine governor control to meet these challenges, a new modification in governor control action is performed in this work, in coordination with PSS action. Usually, the input to the governor is speed deviations, but if real power deviation can also be given simultaneously with additional phase compensation, the performance of the governor would be much enhanced. In this work, the hydro turbine governor is given dual inputs, which are speed and real power deviation, and both are fed simultaneously through different phase lead compensation which has been named here as dual compensated governor (DCG). e next aspect is setting control action gains optimally to enhance controller efficacy. In this context, currently, much research have been performed on advanced optimization processes. In [27], a low computational burden model predictive control based on a social ski driver algorithm has been presented for intelligent vehicular applications. In [28], arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) tuned model predictive control paradigm is proposed for automatic voltage regulators against uncertainty. So, on lightning search algorithm has been applied for variable structure control for a nuclear reactor power system in [29]. Whale optimization algorithm has been applied in [30] in contrast to other metaheuristics to design a new robust control method for wind energy conversion systems. Different researchers also have investigated the impact of a suitable control action and appropriate algorithm to regulate frequency in a power system. Genetic algorithm tuned fuzzy gain scheduling controller and optimal regulator are proposed in [31,32] and an integrating layered recurrent ANNbased control action is proposed in [33] with various operating conditions including DFIG-based wind energy integration for automatic generation control.
e system dynamic response can be regulated and improved with an energy storage device like a redox flow battery and an appropriate controller like fuzzy PID action as reported in [34], where the controller parameters are tuned with the SSA algorithm. In this work, different nonlinearities that 2 International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems resembled real world systems are also included to justify the control action. e coyote optimization algorithm is proposed in [35] with a fuzzy controller to improve frequency stability along with wind turbine units. Metaheuristic algorithms are justified to be much more efficient for handling different optimization problems, as reported by researchers. For this work, a new hybrid modified DE with PSO technique is proposed. DE and PSO are efficient evolutionary and swarm control laws being employed by many researchers for optimization. But, in contrast to DE, modified DE can choose suitable F and CR at the time of the program run, which exponentially decays from 1 to 0.01 and speeds up the computational time [36]. Due to lack of storage in MDE, the result may be local optima, which is the demerit of MDE. PSO provide a global best value and cover up the storage problem and can be easily implemented. Hence hybrid MDEPSO optimization technique has been developed here including the merits of both DE and PSO. is algorithm has been tested with some standard benchmarks.

Research Gap and Motivation.
e research gap identified by the author is that hydro governors are under usage to damp EMO which is an important concern for modern power system networks subject to uncertain penetrations of renewable sources. ough researches focus on the utilization of the governor for frequency control still, there is not much for EMO damping as per the author knowledge. In [37], eigen analysis has been performed for hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical coupling systems but optimal coordinated control of the system may improve system dynamic response with modification in control action provided by the governor and PSS. For a modern power system, hydro plant is going to be an indispensable energy source; especially pumped storage units provide an additional advantage of addressing energy storage problems and challengeable to battery energy storage systems. But, the varying penetrations of renewable like solar and wind sources give rise to electromechanical oscillations in the power system, which need to be damped at an earlier stage, or else may lead to eventual loss of synchronism. So, to address this issue, a variable renewable penetrated PSHP dominated power system is considered in this work. Here the PSHP governor is modified with a dual compensated network and coordinated with PSS by a control strategy to impart an effective damping torque for power oscillations brought by random changes in solar and wind outputs. By this action, the utilization of governor action would be much improved so as to tackle critical oscillations in the power system. e prime contribution of the present work is a modification in PSHPP governor with PSS and coordination between them to handle electromechanical oscillations in power systems even to the critical oscillatory condition due to renewable penetrations. Also, the traditional governor needs to be much improved to provide effective damping torque for critical oscillations.

Research Contribution.
As per the reviews of literature mentioned in previous sections, hydro governors need to be modified in contrast to existing models to counteract critical oscillatory conditions. In this model, compensation networks are implemented in the path of speed and real power signals to impart effective damping torque by the governor. Also, as per existing works, PSS are not properly coordinated so as to handle critical system oscillations, but in this model, PSS have been coordinated with a modified governor so that sufficient damping torque can be contributed for system oscillations. So, the proposed approach can enhance the effective damping torque contribution of both the governor and PSS. e prime contribution of this work can be stated in brief as follows:

Paper
Organization. e rest part of this manuscript has been organized as follows: Section 2 presents the modeling of PSHPP with PSS and governor action, Section 3 illustrates modified governor and proposed control action, Section 4 describes the multiobjective function and proposed optimization technique. e case studies and analysis with proposed control action are presented in Section 5 and the conclusion in the conspectus is presented in Section 6.

Modeling of PSHPP with PSS and
Governor Action e PSHPP has an upper and a lower reservoir and can meet the requirement of energy storage. It can operate in generating or pumping mode. Generating mode is initiated for high energy demand and the pumping mode is for low energy demand. When demand for energy is less, the PSHPP turbine works in pumping mode, thereby pumping water from the low to the upper reservoir, and so, during the hereby demand of energy period, the turbine works in generating mode thereby utilizing upper reservoir water for generation purpose so as to meet the load. Figure 1 depicts a PSHPP connected to the grid.

PSHPP Modeling with PSS.
e hydro generator is modeled here in terms of transfer function pertained to small signal analysis, where K 1 to K 6 are constants of the generator model dependent on operating conditions [19]. e real power, output voltage, and field emfs can be presented by the following equations: International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems e linearized equation of the machine is given below: e PSS is connected through an excitation system to the generator and change in PSS output voltage is depicted by ΔV pss by equation (9), where K ps, T 1, T 2 are PSS tuning parameters.
Governor Δω ref and ΔP eref are not considered here. e gate opening ΔY can be presented by Equation (10). ΔY 1, and ΔY 2 are outputs of the integrator and servo system. ΔX 1 , ΔX 2 are integral and derivative outputs. e governor dynamics are presented by the following equations [38] in the required form: Taking the length of penstock as L (cm), c. s area (m 2 ), water discharge q (m 3 /sec), and static head h s (m), the discharge rate is given by equation (15) and in pu in equation (16):

International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems
where T tw is water time constant given by equation (17) and the output prime mover power is presented by equation (18) on the MVA base of the hydro generator.
A t (Turbine MW rating) (Generator MVA rating) h rated q rated − q n . (19) e linearized prime mover output power are given in the following: where e transfer function of the linearized turbine is given by equation (21) by taking Y 0 q 0 and neglecting the damping coe cient.

Modeling of SPV and Wind Energy
Generation. P spv is SPV generation in watt can be presented as follows [18]: Here P spv depends on T a and ϕ v , which are temperature and radiation and η c and S a are constants, which are e ciency and area. Temperature T a is taken as 25°C. Figure 2 shows the SPV modeling. For wind energy generation, the natural wind speed is employed to rotate the turbine. e speed of rotation of the shaft is raised by gear box. e wind mechanical energy is transformed into electrical energy through the grid and fed to transformers.
Models of wind speed: the di erent wind types are classi ed as random, gradient, gusty, and basic types [18].
Random type: here, Gaussian noise is employed to express the random speed of the wind as given by the following equation: Gradient wind can be expressed as follows: Gusty wind can be expressed as follows: Equation (28) shows the wind turbine power output as presented by the following: where P w varies with ρ d 1.25 kgm − 3 and A b 1735 m 2 , which are the density of air and sweeping blade area, respectively. V W in ms − 1 is the velocity of wind, which depends on C p, which varies with λ p and β p, which are tip ratio and International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 5 blade pitch angle, respectively. Blade radius and speed are 23.5 m and 3.14 rads − 1, respectively. C p is given by the following: Figure 3 represents the output power in pu versus V W and model of wind power generation, respectively. is model is given by the following:

Modified Governor and Proposed Control Action
Generally, the governors are not associated with interarea oscillation damping because their parameters are not set properly [25]. So, to enhance the usefulness of conventional hydro governor, a modi cation is proposed in the present work. e dynamics of conventional governor provide negative damping to oscillations, and the system eigenvalues are shifted to the right half of s-plane. Hence as a remedy to this, a damping torque can be created by the governor if a signal in phase with angular rotor frequency variations is applied. As shown in Figure 4 the mechanical power P m0 is shifted to P m and the damping component shifted to P d from P do , thereby creating a +ve damping torque. In this work, the input to the governor is both speed and electrical power deviation signal. In dual controlled governor, two simultaneously controlled phase compensation networks are inserted in parallel with the speed and real power variation signals, as shown in Figure 5, where the PID governor is supplemented by dual phase compensation network. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems In the above equations, ΔC 1 ,ΔC 2 &ΔC 3 are the lead-lag compensator, washout block& delay outputs, respectively, for angular speed variation, which is given in equations (30)- (32). ΔU 1 &ΔU 2 are the lead-lag compensator & washout block outputs, respectively, for real power variations, which are given in equations (33)- (34). Modi cation of ΔY 2 , ΔX 1 &ΔX 2 due to DCG are given in equations (35)- (37). Figure 5 shows the proposed control action with turbine and synchronous generator small signal modeling. In the proposed controller, dual compensated governor (DCG) and PSS are coordinately tuned and the strategy of coordination is presented in Figure 6. A multiobjective function is utilized to coordinate DCG and PSS by a modi ed DE and PSO control algorithm. Now governor provides mechanical damping torque and PSS provides electrical torque, so proper coordination between them is performed in the proposed control action. A time delay is incorporated with a speed deviation signal for the governor system as it is a remote signal. Equation (38) presents state-space model of PSHPP with the proposed controller. e elements of matrix [A] are given in the appendix. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems where ΔX

Multiobjective Function.
A multiobjective function in the time domain has been implemented here to damp system oscillations by minimizing speed and real power variation, overshoot, undershoot, and settling time simultaneously. e objective of the proposed work is to damp power system oscillations, for which two different objectives J 1 and J 2 are considered here. e objective J 1 is of ITAE type to damp variations is speed and real power as shown by equation (39). For multimachine systems, Δω e and ΔP e are sum of speed and real power variations of all generators. e range of gain values K ps, Kw, K pe are taken from 0 to 100. PID parameters K p , K i, and K d gain values range from 0 to 50, 0-2, and 0-5, respectively. e range of time constants T 1 , T 2 , T e1 , T e2 , T p1, and T p2 are taken from 0 to 1.
For objective function J 2 the system response characteristics such as undershoot (US), overshoot (OS), and settling time (T se ) have been considered with the same constraints as for J 1 . Equation (40) shows function J 2 , where normalized values of 4000 and 1000 are taken for US and OS, respectively.
e multiobjective function J 3 represented by equation (41) combines both J 1 and J 2 through weighing factor w 1 and w 2 and both are taken 0.5 in this study. (41)

Modified DE Algorithm.
Differential evolution technique mainly depends upon the mutation strategies and control parameters, scaling factor (F), crossover rate (CR), Population (NP), and generation (G). For convergence in the modified differential evolution technique, F and CR are selected by the following expressions [36]: Initially G � 0 which gives F G � F MAX and CR G � CR MAX and in last generation when G � G MAX , F G � F MIN and CR G � CR MIN , where F G and CR G � Generation value of F and CR. F MAX and F MIN � maximum and minimum values of F, which are taken as 1 and 0, respectively. CR MAX and CR MIN � maximum and minimum values of CR, which are taken as 1 and 0, respectively. a 1 and a 2 � constants taken as 0.5 & 0.6, respectively.

PSO Algorithm.
Velocity and position of swarms are the two main parameters of particle swarm optimization in a particular area. Equations (44) and (45) represent the velocity and the position of swarms, where acceleration coefficients and inertia weight are c 1 , c 2, and w, respectively, whose limits are between 0.4 to 0.9. Two random values are rand 1 and rand 2, whose range is (0-1). Equation (45) represents the next iteration for the best solution. v k+1  [39] as presented in Figure 7 are shown in Figure 8. Minimization data with different benchmarks are depicted in Table 1.  International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems  (3

Case Studies and Analysis
In this work, the electromechanical oscillations are to be damped by the proposed control action. So, different cases are experimented with to justify the controller objective. A four-machine, two-area, and 39-bus new England system is considered for study. e system data is presented in Table 2. At first, the governor performance was compared with dual compensated governor and the coordinated DCG-PSS actions are observed with different operating conditions of hydro generators are considered equipped with DCG and PSS. MDEPSO algorithm is employed to tune controller parameters with multiobjective function J 3 .

Case-I. Performance Analysis of Dual Compensated
Governor. Here a two-area system with four hydro generators is considered with sudden penetration of SPV and wind sources. e system is shown in Figure 9 and the initial operating state of hydro generators is in Table 3. With this operating condition, three different conditions are executed with sudden SPV and wind variations. In condition-I, SPV output is raised suddenly to 0.5 pu, in condition-II, wind output is suddenly raised to 0.5 pu, and in condition-III, both SPV and wind output are raised suddenly to 0.3 pu and 0.7 pu, respectively. e system response comparisons for DCG and uncompensated governors are presented in Figures 10 and 11, subject to local oscillations of all generators. Table 4 presents optimal parameters for all generators for different conditions. e system response predicts that DCG provides a better response as compared to only governor action to damp oscillations.

Time and Frequency Domain Analysis.
In this case, sudden SPV and wind penetration are executed subject to different operating conditions. A two-area four hydro generator system is shown in Figure 9 and has been taken for this case. e initial operating state of all generators is given in Table 1. With these generators, sudden SPV and wind penetration are executed at Bus-1 to Bus-4 at different instants. e SPV and wind penetrations are suddenly raised by 0.3 pu and 0.7 pu, respectively. e local oscillations for all generators are examined independently with only PSS, Gov-PSS, Single compensated governor with PSS (CG-PSS), and proposed dual compensated governor with PSS (DCG-PSS) tuned by DE, PSO, and multiobjective MDEPSO algorithms. e local oscillations for G 1 and G 2 are shown in Figure 12, for G 3 and G 4 are shown in Figure 13, and interarea oscillations are shown in Figure 14. Figure 15 depicts settling time comparisons with different control actions.
ese interarea oscillations are observed when sudden SPV and wind penetrations are applied to machine-1, machine-2, machine-3, and machine-4 separately and presented for ω 14 , ω 23, ω 32, and ω 41, respectively. Tables 5 and 6 present mechanical oscillatory mode and optimized gains, respectively. In Table 5, the oscillatory mode with governor and excitation system as reported in [37] has also been compared with the proposed control action, and the eigenvalues are found to move towards a more stable region with the proposed control action. In [37], the governor and excitation control action has been implemented for a single machine system, but in this work, this action has been implemented for all four generators separately for analysis purposes. Stability analysis in the frequency domain has also been performed in this case, subject to simultaneous solar and wind penetration. For this analysis, Bode plots have been performed and Table 7 represents the Bode plot for local oscillations of all the generators. e positive gain margin and phase margin in the Bode plots signify the stability of the system with the proposed control action. e higher synchronous generation contribution led to a better stability region in frequency analysis via Bode plots. It is found that oscillations are more excited with fewer generator output contributions. Oscillations are damped heavily with a higher operating state of generators with more active power contributions. Also, dual compensation of the governor in coordination with PSS can provide efficient damping to these oscillations, which has been justified by system oscillatory responses.

Sensitivity Analysis for Parametric Variations.
e robustness of the system with the proposed control action can be analyzed with different uncertainties occurring in a practical power system. Besides changes in system operating conditions and variation in renewable power generation, as considered earlier, the parametric variation has been considered in this section. Sensitivity analysis has been performed in this case subject to variation in excitation system, governor, and prime mover parameters considering G1 in a multimachine system as shown in Figure 9. e system local eigenvalues, settling time, and minimum damping ratios are presented in Table 8. In this case, the excitation system International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems             parameter T a , the governor servo motor parameter T c and prime mover water time constant T tw are raised and lowered by 50%. From the system eigen-distribution, it is observed that subject to parametric variation, which may occur in a practical power system, all the eigenvalues have negative real part predicting stability of the system. So, with the proposed controller, the stability of the system can be justi ed pertaining to parameter variation, which signi es robustness of the control action. Also, the minimum damping ratio with less settling time within 5 s predicts that even though system    parameters are largely varied, the system becomes stable within less time.

Case-III. Intermittent Variation in SPV and Wind
Penetration. In this case, the four-machine system, as taken in the previous case and a modi ed new-England 39 bus system have been investigated for random SPV and wind penetrations penetrating to electromechanical oscillations. e pattern of this penetration is given in Figure 16. For a 4-machine system, this variation in SPV and wind generations have been applied independently and shown in Figures 17 and 18 for G 1 , G 2, and G 3 , G 4, respectively, for SPV variations. Similarly, Figures 19 and 20 for G 1 , G 2, and G 3 , G 4, respectively, for wind variations. e 39-bus system is being shown in Figure 21 with SPV and wind penetrations are executed at bus-6 and bus-25, respectively. e initial operating state of 10 machines is given in Table 9. ese SPV and wind perturbations are executed separately at di erent timings. Figure 22 presents local oscillations for G 4 , G 5 , G 6 , G 7, and interarea oscillations ω 46 , ω 58 when random SPV penetrations are executed at bus-6 and Figure 23 presents similar oscillations with random wind penetration is executed at bus-25. For this case, the proposed multiobjective coordinated dual compensated to damp oscillations. e e ectiveness of the proposed controller is observed with oscillations for generators with di erent initial states subject to intermittent SPV and wind penetrations at bus-6 and bus-25. For the practical implementation of the proposed work,  the hardware control action and complexity of the model are mainly responsible. Also, there may be chances of instability during the running of the model for new parameters, and to tackle this, the ow of the MDEPSO algorithm can terminate simulation under this condition. Real time digital simulator (RTDS) can be implemented for testing the system in real-time. It is found from experimentations that intermittency in SPV and wind     penetration excites local and interarea oscillations and the proposed controller can e ciently dampen these oscillations.

Conclusion
e present work employed a coordinated damping control action of mechanical torque provided by hydro governor and electrical torque provided by PSS through excitation system by the help of a multiobjective function with a modi ed DE-PSO control algorithm for a hydro, wind, and SPV integrated power system. e experimentations with the ndings of this study can be presented as follows: (1) At rst, the governor performances with dual compensation are compared with only conventional PID action, and the oscillations due to sudden SPV and wind variations are found to be damped better by additional dual phase lead incorporated with the governor. (2) e PSS has been traditionally employed to damp oscillation, but when coordinated with a dual compensated governor (DCG), the damping capability is further enhanced. e multiobjective function employs minimization of speed and real power deviations, US, OS, and settling time for e cient damping action. (3) e proposed control action is justi ed considering a four-machine two-area and 39-bus 10 m/c system as compared with conventional PID governor and PSS action. e local and remote signals, which are real power and speed deviations undergone through phase compensation and coordination of governor with PSS, are found to provide heavy damping action for critical oscillatory conditions. (4) is work can be further extended to a large-scale extended power system with more renewable penetrations. For future work, multiple hydro governors with PSS can be optimally coordinated with time delay coordination to handle governor and excitation system dynamics. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 21

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.