Gambling has seen a significant increase in Italy in the last 10 years and has rapidly become a public health issue, and for these reasons the first National Helpline for Problem Gambling (GR-Helpline) has been established. The aims of this study are to describe the GR-Helpline users’ characteristics and to compare the prevalence rates of the users with those of moderate-risk/problematic gamblers obtained from the national survey (IPSAD 2010-2011). Statistical analysis was performed on data obtained from the counselling sessions (phone/e-mail/chat) carried out on 5,805 users (57.5% gamblers; 42.5% families/friends). This confirms that the problems related to gambling concern not only the gamblers but also their families and friends. Significant differences were found between gamblers and families/friends involving gender (74% of gamblers were male; 76.9% of families/friends were female), as well as age-classes and geographical area. Female gamblers had a higher mean age (47.3 versus 40.2 years) and preferred nonstrategy-based games. Prevalence rates of GR-Helpline users and of moderate risk/problematic gamblers were correlated (Rho = 0.58;
Opportunities for access to gaming venues have increased greatly. The wide availability of legalized games has led many to consider gambling to be a common social activity that is both legalized and a socially acceptable form of leisure activity.
Many studies have suggested that the high level of accessibility to legal gambling opportunities is associated with an increasingly prevalent participation and the appearance of disordered gambling [
A recent analysis by Williams et al. [
In Italy, a survey on prevalence in the general population (Italian Population Survey on Alcohol and Other Drugs—IPSAD), in 2007-2008, revealed that 42.1% of 15–64-year-olds had gambled during the previous 12 months and, of these, 5.2% were moderate-risk/problematic gamblers [
Researchers have suggested that the young people (i.e., younger than 29 years old) represent a segment more susceptible to gambling problems than adults [
Overall, gambling behaviors, both normal and problematic, are associated with males, whose rates are much higher than women (e.g., [
Overall, most people gamble recreationally, considering it a harmless form of entertainment. For some gamblers, however, this behavior becomes problematic and pathological, with adverse consequences for the gamblers, their families, and the community, involving impairment or loss of social relationships and financial resources, work and legal difficulties, and even physical health problems and antisocial behavior [
The individual, social, and economic costs associated with gambling behaviors are so large that gambling and its related problems have become a significant and growing public health issue [
The resistance to seek treatment for problem gamblers includes several personal factors (perceived stigma or shame, embarrassment/pride, difficulty in acknowledging the problem and denial, wariness about seeking professional help, or believing that they can handle the problem without external help) [
Helpline services and online counselling (e.g., telephone, e-mail, and chat) could serve as alternative forms of access to treatment for gamblers who reject more traditional options. These interventions are less expensive than formal treatment [
Some studies have shown several concerns using online treatment support service, namely, guaranteeing privacy and anonymity, emotionally safe environment, convenience and issues regarding time, confidentiality, and flexibility [
Out of concern about severe adverse psychosocial consequences and prevalence rates of gamblers and problem gamblers, the Italian Federation of Workers of the Departments and Services Addiction (FeDerSerD) initiated and managed the first helpline and website service GIOCARESPONSABILE (GR-Helpline). This operates under the patronage of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers and is funded by GTECH Group (Lottomatica Group, Italy). The service, operating 13 h by phone and 24 h by web (e-mail and chat) each day, is friendly, confidential, convenient, freely accessible, and anonymous. It is managed by therapists and other professionals (e.g., psychologists, psychotherapists, and lawyers) who provide counseling and assistance to people who seek help for gambling problems reaching not just gamblers but also families, friends, and others indirectly involved.
Briefly, the service GR-Helpline consists of helpline and website, accessible daily between 9 a.m. and 10 p.m., from landline and mobile phone to the toll-free number (800 921 121) or online through the portal
To promote awareness of this service, information leaflets were distributed to general practitioners and social and health services providers, besides the gambling venues themselves: the most important source of information appeared to be the network of general practitioners, followed by the web and the gaming establishments.
The anonymity of users is guaranteed by assigning a system-generated alphanumeric code: this enables deidentified surveys to collect information on gambling behavior and related problems. Moreover, this code enables retrieval of personal information and subsequent addition of information collected through further contact.
The team of psychologists, who have the initial contact with the caller, is supported by additional counselors (e.g., psychiatrists, psychotherapists, and lawyers) who can be activated upon caller request or by the team for issues that require more in-depth analysis. To better assist users, the gambling helpline also provides access to face-to-face counseling, by sending an e-mail containing the code of the users to the services that have joined the network GR-Helpline [
The main aims of the current study were to examine the characteristics of users to the gambling helpline, distinguishing between gamblers and those involved indirectly in gambling behavior (families/friends); to survey the characteristics of gamblers stratified by different age classes and by different forms of games; to compare the prevalence rates of users with the findings that have emerged from a national survey.
Data were obtained from recorded calls to GR-Helpline received between November 2009 and November 2012 and only involving gamblers and their families and/or friends. This excluded accesses by other users, for example, members of the professional community.
Online counselling is conducted using an interview based on the diagnostic protocol of Ladouceur and colleagues [
The psychologists, who conduct counselling via telephone and via web, perform an assessment of severity and enter in the data base only those subjects whose conditions can be considered problematic. As an additional criterion for validation, only calls via chat and phone that lasted more than 2 and 7 min, respectively, are considered valid.
The counseling sessions for gambling behavior considered valid were 11,113: 71.1% by phone, 22.4% by e-mail, and 6.5% via online chat; for 5,805 users, 3,337 were gamblers and 2,468 families/friends. Families/friends, compared to gamblers, preferred accessing the GR-helpline by phone (81.7% versus 64.0%), while gamblers preferred using e-mail (28.5% versus 13.1%).
The variables selected for the present analysis include demographic characteristics: gender, age, and geographical region of residence; source of information on service: public health services, media, gaming environments, or other places; forms of gambling, as defined in other studies [ strategy-based games: poker, blackjack, horse racing, sports, and other betting, non-strategy-based games: lottery, video lotteries and new slot machines, pull tabs, bingo, and keno, both; gambling behaviour: frequency: regular (up to 6 times a week); moderate (1-2 times a week); occasional (less than once a week), amount of money spent weekly: <1,000 euros; from 1,000 to 10,000 euros; >10,000 euros, amount of money lost: <1,000 euros; from 1,001 to 10,000 euros; >10,000 euros, presence of indebtedness (yes/no).
Other data for this study were drawn from IPSAD 2010-2011, a survey on the Italian population between 15 and 64 years old, and concerning the classification on gambling using the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI) Short form scale [
Analyses were performed using the statistical package SPSS (version 20).
Users were divided into two groups: gamblers (individuals directly exhibiting gambling behavior) and families/friends. Users’ demographic characteristics were summarized for each of the two groups, using percentages; and comparing between groups was done using the Chi-square tests.
Gambling behaviour was analysed across the three different gambling forms (strategy-based; non-strategy-based; both), stratified by age groups (15–24 years, 25–44 years, 45–64 years, and ≥65 years), and the Chi-square test was performed comparing each variable across the three groups.
Finally, to compare the characteristics of GR-Helpline users with those of moderate-risk/problematic gamblers obtained from the IPSAD 2010-2011 survey, we also used age stratification of 15–24 years and 25–64 years.
Spearman’s rho correlation analysis was evaluated to compare the regional prevalence of moderate-risk/problematic gamblers (IPSAD 2010-2011 survey) with those of regional users who seek help.
The analyzed sample included 5,805 users: 57.5% were gamblers and 42.5% were families/friends.
Table
Characteristics of gamblers and families/friends using GR-Helpline.
Characteristics | Gamblers |
Families/friends ( |
|
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | 74.0% | 23.1% | <0.05 |
Female | 26.0% | 76.9% | |
Age | |||
15–24 years | 7.6% | 4.7% | <0.05 |
25–44 years | 51.9% | 47.2% | |
45–64 years | 36.0% | 40.6% | |
≥65 years | 4.5% | 7.5% | |
Mean age | |||
Male | 40.2 years (ds 12.0) | 44.1 years (ds 14.3) | |
Female | 47.3 years (ds 12.6) | 44.7 years (ds 12.8) | |
Geographical area | |||
North | 52.2% | 50.2% | <0.05 |
Center | 17.8% | 16.5% | |
South/islands | 30.0% | 33.3% | |
Source of information | |||
Public health services | 39.2% | 53.7% | <0.05 |
Media (e.g., TV, web, or radio) | 22.5% | 24.8% | |
Gambling venues | 14.7% | 5.6% | |
Other modes | 23.6% | 15.9% |
Male gamblers were more frequent users than females (ratio for males/females is 3 : 1) and had a lower mean age (40.2 versus 47.3 years), while female families/friends were more frequent users than males (ratio for males/females = 1 : 3).
The prevalence of gamblers and families/friends was greater (52.2% and 50.2%, resp.) from regions in northern Italy than those from southern and central Italy.
Most of the gamblers preferred non-strategy-based games (77.4%; strategy-based games: 11.4%; both: 11.2%), increasing with increased age classes. Non-strategy-based games were preferred by females (m = 74.1%; f = 87.6%); a significant difference in gender was found within the 25–64-year-olds (
Characteristics of gamblers using GR-Helpline stratified by age classes and gambling form expressed as percentage.
15–24 years | 25–44 years | 45–64 years | ≥65 years | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics of |
Strategy-based | Non-strategy-based | Both |
|
Strategy-based | Non-strategy-based | Both |
|
Strategy-based | Non-strategy-based | Both |
|
Strategy-based | Non-strategy-based | Both |
|
(%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | |||||
Frequency | ||||||||||||||||
Regular | 94.7 | 84.4 | 94.4 | ns | 83.7 | 79.8 | 79.3 | ns | 79.6 | 84.0 | 76.8 | ns | 80.0 | 86.4 | 100.0 | ns |
Moderate | 5.3 | 8.9 | 0.0 | 7.3 | 13.8 | 12.4 | 14.8 | 10.1 | 14.6 | 20.0 | 6.8 | 0.0 | ||||
Occasional | 0.0 | 6.7 | 5.6 | 8.9 | 6.4 | 8.3 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 8.5 | 0.0 | 6.8 | 0.0 | ||||
Amount of money spent weekly | ||||||||||||||||
€1–1,000 | 94.1 | 94.9 | 94.7 | ns | 79.8 | 86.6 | 82.8 | ns | 78.9 | 84.2 | 85.3 | <0.05 | 80.0 | 94.4 | 57.1 | <0.05 |
€1,001–10,000 | 0.0 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 19.2 | 13.2 | 17.2 | 21.1 | 15.8 | 13.3 | 20.0 | 5.6 | 42.9 | ||||
€10,001 or more | 5.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | / | / | / | ||||
Amount of money lost | ||||||||||||||||
€1–1,000 | 18.2 | 5.5 | 0.0 | ns | 4.7 | 3.1 | 0.0 | <0.05 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.8 | ns | 0.0 | 3.4 | 0.0 | ns |
€1,001–10,000 | 63.6 | 43.6 | 41.7 | 27.1 | 28.1 | 17.0 | 8.3 | 25.6 | 18.3 | 0.0 | 34.5 | 0.0 | ||||
€10,001 or more | 18.2 | 50.9 | 58.3 | 68.2 | 68.8 | 83.0 | 88.9 | 72.1 | 78.9 | 100.0 | 62.1 | 100.0 | ||||
Presence of gambling indebtedness | ||||||||||||||||
No | 88.6 | 82.3 | 88.5 | ns | 59.9 | 70.6 | 67.6 | <0.05 | 57.4 | 68.1 | 55.7 | <0.05 | 100.0 | 73.6 | 37.5 | <0.05 |
Yes | 11.4 | 17.7 | 11.5 | 40.1 | 29.4 | 32.4 | 42.6 | 31.9 | 44.3 | 0.0 | 26.4 | 62.5 |
The percentage of those exhibiting a regular frequency of weekly gambling was high for all four age classes and the gambling forms.
Although in all age classes the most common category of weekly expenditure is <€1,000, compared to others, young strategic gamblers have the highest rate of spending in the category >€10,000 (5.9%).
Among young people, and in all gambling forms, the highest percentage of amount of money lost is in the category of €1,000–10,000. In all other age classes the gambler users claim to have lost >€10,000.
Indebtedness reported by the youngest age classes is distributed similarly across different gambling forms.
Between gamblers aged 25–64 years, the strategy-based gamblers reported having the greatest debt. In the older group, those who gamble both in strategy-based and non-strategy-based games have the highest percentage of those who have contracted debts.
Table
Characteristics of gamblers using GR-Helpline and of moderate-risk/problematic gamblers classified by CPGI included in IPSAD 2010-2011 survey.
Characteristics |
Gambler users |
Moderate-risk/problematic |
15–24 |
25–64 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15–24 years |
25–64 years |
15–24 years |
25–64 years |
|
|
|
Gender | ||||||
Men | 92.0 | 74.7 | 70.9 | 78.6 | <0.05 | ns |
Women | 8.0 | 25.3 | 29.1 | 21.4 | ||
Employment status | ||||||
Employed | 61.4 | 74.0 | 19.6 | 62.3 | <0.05 | <0.05 |
Unemployed/not economically active | 38.6 | 19.2 | 80.4 | 28.2 | ||
Retired | 0.0 | 6.8 | 0.0 | 9.4 | ||
Gambling forms | ||||||
Strategy-based | 20.1 | 11.0 | 39.6 | 7.7 | <0.05 | <0.05 |
Non-strategy-based | 64.9 | 77.9 | 18.9 | 52.7 | ||
Both | 14.9 | 11.1 | 41.5 | 39.6 |
Figure
Regional distribution of informative materials of GR-Helpline (a); regional distribution of gamblers and families/friends using GR-Helpline (b); regional distribution of moderate-risk/problematic gamblers of IPSAD 2010-2011 survey (c), expressed as rate 1/100.000 inhabitants aged 15–64 years.
Prevalence rates of gambler and families/friends users to GR-Helpline and of moderate-risk/problematic gamblers, as identified using the IPSAD 2010-2011 survey, were correlated, and Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients estimate was 0.58 (
This study is the first in the Italian population that explores the characteristics of the people who accessed, in the first 3 years of activity, the helpline and online service for problem gambling, GR-Helpline.
Our findings show that the use of counseling by telephone was more frequent than the other two online modalities (e-mail and chat), primarily for family members/friends and among middle-aged and older adults. This support, which is free and easily accessible and is more widespread and similar to face-to-face counselling, best meets the needs and habits of the middle-aged adults and the elderly, while younger people tend to also utilize chat and e-mail [
Although there are more non-strategy-based gamblers than those who prefer strategy-based forms or who use both forms of gambling, our findings suggest that the strategy-based games are associated with a greater gambling frequency (up to 6 times a week) and spending more money each week. Higher losses and indebtedness are also found among middle-aged and older groups in concordance with other studies [
As reported by Bellringer and colleagues [
Another finding that should be highlighted concerns gender differences related to gambling behavior: women gamblers are, on average, older than male gamblers and more likely to report problems with non-strategy-based forms of gambling. As reported in the studies by Potenza and colleagues [
From analysis of these early years of helpline activity and from the initially observed data we can state that problem gambling extends beyond the gamblers themselves. About half of the users were significant others who sought help due to someone else’s gambling behavior; these are largely female with a percentage similar to that of male gamblers. This finding was also observed by other gambling helplines (e.g., [
Although a correlation has been detected between the prevalence rates of users of GR-Helpline and moderate-risk/problematic gamblers, as the IPSAD 2010-2011 survey reported, it should be underlined that the studies investigated two different populations.
People who contact the helpline are therefore a self-selected population of individuals facing a problem and probably believe that they could personally deal with it, while the national survey IPSAD 2010-2011 estimates, in the general population, the existence of the problematic nature of gambling through a validated screening instrument (CPGI). The subjects identified in the survey show problematic profiles, but it is not obvious that they are aware of or want to report their problem [
As concerns the helpline, the request for help is also correlated to socioenvironmental variables (e.g., “what, where, and how” information is spread [
As already recognized by many authors [
It is important to acknowledge several limitations. Although the study involved the use of a semistructured clinical interview based on DSM-IV criteria [
Our findings show that the prevalence rate of GR-Helpline older age group users is nonnegligible: in Italy there are no specific studies on subjects aged over 64 years, so in the last IPSAD survey the sampled population was extended up to 75-year-old subjects.
The findings could be useful for assessing the evolution of the phenomenon and for programming public health and social care policies.
The present study, describing the first experience of the National Helpline for Problem Gambling (GR-Helpline) in Italy, shows that gambling is a problem that not only concerns the gambler, but involves a significant impact on the family. The users of the GR-Helpline are, in fact, equally gamblers and families/friends in an approximately similar rate.
Remote access (e.g., telephone, e-mail, and chat) is an effective instrument to counselling and to access treatment for problem gamblers and their families as an alternative and more immediate and private form than conventional services. The study also highlights the fact that problem gambling concerns all age groups, even the elderly, to whom we should be paying more attention.
The spread of problem gambling in this age group is likely to be found also in the marketing strategies that increase the gaming opportunities.
The prevalence rates of gamblers and families/friends users (GR-Helpline) are correlated with prevalence rates of moderate-risk/problematic gamblers detected by the national survey (IPSAD 2010-2011), and this evidence should be taken into account in the development and planning of national and regional social health policies.
For the design, management, and development of the helpline Gioca Responsabile (GR-Helpline), Maurizio Fea and Fabio Lucchini were funded by the Italian Federation of Workers of the Departments and Services Addiction (FeDerSerD). For this project, FeDerSerD has received funding from GTECH Group (Lottomatica Group, Italy). The other authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.