Exact Solutions to the Sharma-Tasso-Olver Equation by Using Improved G/G-Expansion Method

G 󸀠 /G-expansion method which is employed to investigate the solitary and periodic traveling waves of this equation. As a result, some new traveling wave solutions involving hyperbolic functions, the trigonometric functions, are obtained.When the parameters are taken as special values, the solitary wave solutions are derived from the hyperbolic function solutions, and the periodic wave solutions are derived from the trigonometric function solutions.The improvedG/G-expansionmethod is straightforward, concise and effective and can be applied to other nonlinear evolution equations in mathematical physics.


Introduction
In this paper, we consider the following double nonlinear dispersive, integrable equation: where  is a real parameter and (, ) is the unknown function depending on the temporal variable  and the spatial variable .This equation contains both linear dispersive term   and the double nonlinear terms ( 2 )  and ( 3 )  .Equation (1) be called Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation in the literature.Many physicists and mathematicians have paied their attentions to the Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation in recent years due to its appearance in scientific applications.In [1], the tanh method, the extended tanh method, and other ansatz involving hyperbolic and exponential functions are efficiently used for the analytic study of this equation.The multiple solitons and kinks solutions are obtained.In [2], Yan investigated the Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation (1) by using the Cole-Hopf transformation method.The simple symmetry reduction procedure is repeatedly used in [3] to obtain exact solutions where soliton fission and fusion were examined.Wang et al. examined the soliton fission and fusion thoroughly by means of the Hirotas bilinear method and the Bäcklund transformation method in [4].The generalized Kaup-Newelltype hierarchy of nonlinear evolution equations is explicitly related to Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation from [5].Using the improved tanh function method in [6], the Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation with its fission and fusion has some exact solutions.In [7], some exact solution of the Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation is given by implying a generalized tanh function method for approximating some solutions which have been known.In recent years, with the development of symbolic computation packages like Maple and Mathematica, which enable us to perform the tedious and complex computation on computer, much work has been focused on the direct methods to construct exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations.The   /-expansion method proposed by Wang et al. [8] is one of the most effective direct methods to obtain travelling wave solutions of a large number of nonlinear evolution equations, such as the KdV equation, the mKdV equation, the variant Boussinesq equations, and the Hirota-Satsuma equations.Later, the further developed methods, named, the generalized   /-expansion method, the modified   /-expansion method, and the extended   /-expansion method have been proposed in [9][10][11], respectively.The aim of this paper is to derive more exact solitary wave solutions and periodic wave solutions of the

The Improved Method
The main steps of improved   /-expansion method [12,13] are introduced as follows.
Step 1.Consider a general nonlinear PDE in the form  (,   ,   ,   ,   , . ..) = 0. ( Using a wave variable we can rewrite (2) as the following nonlinear ODE: where the prime denotes differentiation with respect to .
Step 2. Suppose that the solution of ODE ( 4) can be written as follows: where ,   ( = −, −+1, . ..) are constants to be determined later,  is a positive integer, and  = () satisfies the following second-order linear ordinary differential equation: where ,  is a real constant.The general solutions of ( 6) can be listed as follows.When  =  2 − 4 > 0, we obtain the hyperbolic function solution of ( 6) where  1 and  2 are arbitrary constants.When  =  2 −4 < 0, we obtain the following trigonometric function solution of (6): where  1 and  2 are arbitrary constants.When  =  2 −4 = 0, we obtain the solution of (6) as where  1 and  2 are arbitrary constants.
Step 3. Determine the positive integer  by balancing the highest order derivatives and nonlinear terms in (4).
Step 5. Assuming that the constants , , and   ( = −, − + 1, . ..) can be obtained by solving the algebraic equations in Step 4, then substituting these constants and the known general solutions of ( 6) into ( 5), we can obtain the explicit solutions of (2) immediately.

The Exact Solutions of the Sharma-Tasso-Olver Equation
In this section, we will construct travelling wave solutions of the Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation ( 1) by using the method described in Section 2.
Let (, ) = ( − ) = (), where  is the wave speed.Substituting the above travelling wave variable  =  −  into Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation (1) yields By integrating (10) with respect to the variable  and assuming a zero constant of integration, we obtain the following nonlinear ordinary differential equation for the function : Balancing   with  3 in (11), we find  + 2 = 3 so that  = 1, and we suppose that (11) owns the solutions in the form Substituting ( 12) along with ( 6) into (11) and then setting all the coefficients of (  /)  ( = 0, 1, . ..) of the resulting system's numerator to zero yield a set of overdetermined nonlinear algebraic equations about 0, 1, 1, .Solving the over-determined algebraic equations, we can obtain the following results.
where  are arbitrary constants.
where  are arbitrary constants.
where  are arbitrary constants.
where  are arbitrary constants.
where  are arbitrary constants.
where  are arbitrary constants.
where  are arbitrary constants.
Using Case 5, (12), and the general solutions of (6), we can find the following travelling wave solutions of Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation (1).
It is easy to see that if  1 ,  2 , , ,  are taken as other special values in a proper way, more solitary wave solutions of (1) can be obtained.Here we omit them for simplicity.
Using other 6 cases, (12) and the general solutions of (6), we could obtain abundant exact solutions of (1), and here we do not list all of them.

Conclusions
In this paper, the Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation is studied by using improved   /-expansion method.And we got many general solutions expressed by hyperbolic functions, the trigonometric functions, the validity of which is verified.The ansatz (2) is more general than the ansatz in   /expansion method [8] and modified   /-expansion method [10].If we set the parameters in ( 5) and ( 6) to special values, the above two methods can be recovered by this method.Therefore, the improved method is more powerful than the   /-expansion method and modified   /-expansion method, and some new types of travelling wave solutions and solitary wave solutions would be expected for some nonlinear evolution equations.