Journal of Applied Mathematics

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 569674, 9 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/569674

Research Article

Approximate Solutions of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations by Modified -Homotopy Analysis Method

Shaheed N. Huseen¹ and Said R. Grace²

¹Mathematics Department, Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Thi-Qar University, Thi-Qar, Iraq

²Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

Received 27 May 2013; Accepted 23 September 2013

Academic Editor: Alexander Timokha

Copyright © 2013 Shaheed N. Huseen and Said R. Grace. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A modified -homotopy analysis method (m-HAM) was proposed for solving th-order nonlinear differential equations. This method improves the convergence of the series solution in the HAM which was proposed in (see Hassan and El-Tawil 2011, 2012). The proposed method provides an approximate solution by rewriting the th-order nonlinear differential equation in the form of first-order differential equations. The solution of these differential equations is obtained as a power series solution. This scheme is tested on two nonlinear exactly solvable differential equations. The results demonstrate the reliability and efficiency of the algorithm developed.

1. Introduction

Homotopy analysis method (HAM) initially proposed by Liao in his Ph.D. thesis [1] is a powerful method to solve nonlinear problems. In recent years, this method has been successfully employed to solve many types of nonlinear problems in science and engineering [2–17]. HAM contains a certain auxiliary parameter , which provides us with a simple way to adjust and control the convergence region and rate of convergence of the series solution. Moreover, by means of the so-called -curve, a valid region of can be studied to gain a convergent series solution. More recently, a powerful modification of HAM was proposed [18–20]. Hassan and El-Tawil [21, 22] presented a new technique of using homotopy analysis method for solving nonlinear initial value problems (HAM). El-Tawil and Huseen [23, 24] established a method, namely, -homotopy analysis method, (-HAM) which is a more general method of HAM, The -HAM contains an auxiliary parameter as well as such that the case of (-HAM; ) and the standard homotopy analysis method (HAM) can be reached. In this paper, we present the modification of -homotopy analysis method (m-HAM) for solving nonlinear problems by transforming the th-order nonlinear differential equation to a system of first-order equations. we note that the HAM is a special case of m-HAM (m-HAM; ).

2. Analysis of the -Homotopy Analysis Method (-HAM)

Consider the following nonlinear partial differential equation:

where is a nonlinear operator, denotes independent variables, and is an unknown function. Let us construct the so-called zero-order deformation equation as follows:

where , denotes the so-called embedded parameter, is an auxiliary linear operator with the property when , is an auxiliary parameter, and denotes a non-zero auxiliary function. It is obvious that when and , (2) becomes

respectively. Thus, as increases from 0 to , the solution varies from the initial guess to the solution . We may choose , and and assume that all of them can be properly chosen so that the solution of (2) exists for .

Now, by expanding in Taylor series, we have

where

Next, we assume that , and are properly chosen such that the series (4) converges at and that

Let

Differentiating equation (2) for times with respect to and then setting and dividing the resulting equation by , we have the so-called th order deformation equation as follows:

where

It should be emphasized that for is governed by the linear equation (8) with linear boundary conditions that come from the original problem. Due to the existence of the factor , more chances for convergence may occur or even much faster convergence can be obtained better than the standard HAM. It should be noted that the case of in (2), standard HAM, can be reached.

The -homotopy analysis method (-HAM) can be reformatted as follows.

We rewrite the nonlinear partial differential equation (1) in the following form:

where , is the highest partial derivative with respect to is a linear term, and is a nonlinear term. The so-called zero-order deformation equation (2) becomes

we have the following th order deformation equation:

Hence,

Now, the inverse operator is an integral operator which is given by

where are integral constants.

To solve (10) by means of -HAM, we choose the following initial approximation:

Let , by means of (14) and (15); then (13) becomes

Now from , we observe that there are repeated computations in each step which caused more consuming time. To cancel this, we use the following modification to (16):

Now, for , , and

Substituting this equality into (17), we obtain

For , , and

Substituting this equality into (17), we obtain

The standard -HAM is powerful when , and the series solution expression by -HAM can be written in the following form:

But when , there are too many additional terms where harder and more time consuming computations are performed. So, the closed form solution needs more numbers of iteration.

3. The Proposed Modified -Homotopy Analysis Method (m-HAM)

When , we rewrite (1) as in the following system of first-order differential equations:

Set the initial approximation

Using the iteration formulas (19) and (21) as follows:

For , , and

Substituting in (17), we obtain

It should be noted that the case of in (27), the HAM, can be reached.

To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed m-HAM, comparison between m-HAM and the HAM are illustrated by the following examples.

4. Illustrative Examples

Example 1. Consider the following nonlinear sine-Gordon equation:

subject to the following initial conditions:

The exact solution is

In order to prevent suffering from the strongly nonlinear term in the frame of -HAM, we can use Taylor series expansion of as follows:

Then, (28) becomes

In order to solve (28) by m-HAM, we construct system of differential equations as follows:

with the following initial approximations:

and the following auxiliary linear operators:

From (25) and (27), we obtain

Now, for , we get

And the following results are obtained:

, can be calculated similarly. Then, the series solution expression by m-HAM can be written in the following form:

Equation (39) is a family of approximation solutions to the problem (28) in terms of the convergence parameters and . To find the valid region of , the -curves given by the 6th-order HAM (m-HAM; approximation and the 6th-order m-HAM approximation at different values of are drawn in Figures 1 and 2, respectively, and these figures show the interval of in which the value of is constant at certain , and ; we chose the horizontal line parallel to - axis  as a valid region which provides us with a simple way to adjust and control the convergence region. Figure 3 shows the comparison between of  HAM and of m-HAM using different values of with the solution (30). The absolute errors of the 6th-order solutions HAM approximate and the 6th-order solutions m-HAM approximate using different values of are shown in Figure 4. The results obtained by m-HAM indicate that the speed of convergence for m-HAM with is faster in comparison to (HAM). The results show that the convergence region of series solutions obtained by m-HAM is increasing as is decreased as shown in Figures 3 and 4.

Figure 1: -curve for the HAM (m-HAM; ) approximation solution of problem (28) at different values of and .

Figure 2: -curve for the (m-HAM; ) approximation solution of problem (28) at different values of and .

Figure 3: Comparison between of HAM (m-HAM; ) and m-HAM () with exact solution of (28) at with , , , , , respectively.

Figure 4: The absolute error of   of  HAM (m-HAM; ) and m-HAM for problem (28) at using , , , , , respectively.

By increasing the number of iterations by m-HAM, the series solution becomes more accurate, more efficient, and the interval of (convergent region) increases as shown in Figures 5, 6, 7, and 8.

Figure 5: The comparison between the , , and of HAM (m-HAM; ) and the exact solution of (28) at and .

Figure 6: The comparison between the , , and of  m-HAM and the exact solution of (28) at and .

Figure 7: The comparison between the absolute error of  , , and of HAM (m-HAM; ) of (28) at , , and .

Figure 8: The comparison between the absolute error of  , , and of m-HAM of (28) at , , and .

Example 2. Consider the following Klein-Gordon equation:

subject to the following initial conditions:

The exact solution is

In order to solve (40) by m-HAM, we construct system of differential equations as follows:

with the following initial approximations:

and the following auxiliary linear operators:

From (25) and (27), we obtain

For , we get

The following results are obtained:

, can be calculated similarly. Then, the series solution expression by m-HAM can be written in the following form:

Equation (49) is a family of approximation solutions to the problem (40) in terms of the convergence parameters and . To find the valid region of , the -curves given by the 6th-order HAM (m-HAM; approximation and the 6th-order m-HAM approximation at different values of are drawn in Figures 9 and 10; these figures show the interval of in which the value of is constant at certain , and ; we chose the horizontal line parallel to as a valid region which provides us with a simple way to adjust and control the convergence region. Figure 11 shows the comparison between of HAM and of m-HAM using different values of with the solution (42). The absolute errors of the 6th-order solutions HAM approximate and the 6th-order solutions m-HAM approximate using different values of are shown in Figure 12. The results obtained by m-HAM indicate that the speed of convergence for m-HAM with is faster in comparison to (HAM). The results show that the convergence region of series solutions obtained by m-HAM is increasing as is decreased as shown in Figures 11 and 12.

Figure 9: -curve for the HAM (m-HAM; ) approximation solution of problem (40) at different values of and .

Figure 10: -curve for the m-HAM () approximation solution of problem (40) at different values of and .

Figure 11: Comparison between of  HAM (m-HAM; ) and of  m-HAM () with exact solution of (40) at with , respectively.

Figure 12: The absolute error of of HAM (m-HAM; and of m-HAM () for problem (40) at using , respectively.

By increasing the number of iterations by m-HAM, the series solution becomes more accurate, more efficient, and the interval of (convergent region) increases as shown in Figures 13, 14, 15, and 16.

Figure 13: The comparison between the , of HAM (m-HAM; ), and the exact solution of (40) at and .

Figure 14: The comparison between the , of m-HAM , and the exact solution of (40) at and .

Figure 15: The comparison between the absolute error of   and of  HAM (m-HAM; ) of (40) at , , and .

Figure 16: The comparison between the absolute error of   and of m-HAM of (40) at , , and .

Figure 17 shows that the convergence of the series solutions obtained by the 3rd-order m-HAM is faster than that of the series solutions obtained by the 6th order HAM. This fact shows the importance of the convergence parameters in the m-HAM.

Figure 17: The comparison between the of m-HAM , of  HAM (m-HAM; ), and the exact solution of (40) at and .

5. Conclusion

In this paper, a modified -homotopy analysis method was proposed (m-HAM). This method provides an approximate solution by rewriting the th-order nonlinear differential equations in the form of system of first-order differential equations. The solution of these differential equations is obtained as a power series solution, which converges to a closed form solution. The m-HAM contains two auxiliary parameters and such that the case of (m-HAM; ); the HAM which is proposed in [21, 22] can be reached. In general, it was noticed from the illustrative examples that the convergence of m-HAM is faster than that of HAM.

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